Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

Sediment toxicity

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

sediment toxicity: long-term

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: QSAR model

Principles of method if other than guideline:

EPI Suite v 4.1/ECOSARv1.00

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

not applicable. QSAR model

Analytical monitoring:

not required

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

other: Earthworm

Details on test organisms:

no further information

Study type:

other: QSAR model

Test type:

other: QSAR model

Water media type:

freshwater

Type of sediment:

not specified

Limit test:

no

Duration:

14 d

Exposure phase:

total exposure duration

Hardness:

not applicable to QSAR models

Test temperature:

not applicable to QSAR models

pH:

not applicable to QSAR models

Dissolved oxygen:

not applicable to QSAR models

Salinity:

not applicable to QSAR models

Ammonia:

not applicable to QSAR models

Details on test conditions:

100% Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt
SMILES : O([Na])S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)CCCCCCCCCCCC
CHEM : Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt
CAS Num: 25155-30-0
MOL FOR: C18 H29 O3 S1 Na1
MOL WT : 348.48
Log Kow: 3.00 (KowWin estimate)
Wat Sol: 800 mg/L (experimental database)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

14 d

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect conc.:

477.471 mg/kg sediment dw

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

other: QSAR model

Details on results:

LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 477.471 mg/L (ppm)
1 kg of water has a volume of 1 L and the mg/kg and mg/L are the same.
LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 477.471 mg/kg soil dw

Overview of QSARs estimations on sediment toxicity of  

 Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate/Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt

Method	Results	Remarks	Reference
QSAR estimate	LC50 (14-day, earthworm)=477.471 mg/L (ppm)	Reliable with restrictions, QSAR estimated data	ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

 

   

LC50 (14-day, earthworm)=477.471mg/L (ppm)

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Conclusions:

LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 477.471 mg/L (ppm)
1 kg of water has a volume of 1 L and the mg/kg and mg/L are the same.
LC50 (14-day, earthworm)= 477.471 mg/kg soil dw

Executive summary:

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that 14 -day LC50 value would to be 477.471 mg/L (ppm) for freshwater sediment.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

sediment toxicity: long-term

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Twenty grams (wet weight) of the prepared sediment was added to clean 60 mL glass vessels followed by 30 mL of groundwater drawn from an aquifer. After 24 hours of equilibration, 10 mature Lumbriculus (ca. 15 mm in length, 8 mg dry weight) were added to each vessel. Vessels were aerated for 5 minutes every day and the overlying water replenished with distilled water every two days. Each test concentration was replicated 6 times. LAS concentrations were measured at 0 and 28 days. After 28 days the sediment was removed and all live worms counted, blotted dry, and wet weighed prior to air drying for 48 hours to a constant dry weight.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

Liquid scintillation monitoring with and without HPLC.

Vehicle:

yes

Details on sediment and application:

Natural sediment was collected on Nov. 21, 1997 from ARC Study Centre, UK. The composition was 44% sand, 48% silt, and 8% clay. Total organic carbon content was 1.7%. Dried sediment samples were mixed with wet sediment for 1 hr. 10 +/-1 g samples of sediment were spiked with aliquots of LAS in dichloromethane (100 mg LAS/ml dichloromethane) and radiolabeled LAS. Samples were left overnight so the vehicle could evaporate. Unspiked sediment was used for control.

Test organisms (species):

Lumbriculus variegatus

Details on test organisms:

Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaete)

Study type:

laboratory study

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Type of sediment:

natural sediment

Limit test:

no

Duration:

28 d

Exposure phase:

total exposure duration

Hardness:

250 mg/L CaCO3

pH:

8.0

Nominal and measured concentrations:

nominal: 50, 75, 100, 150 300 and 600 mg/kg dry weight

Details on test conditions:

Twenty grams (wet weight) of the prepared sediment was added to clean 60 mL glass vessels followed by 30 mL of groundwater drawn from an aquifer. After 24 hours of equilibration, 10 mature Lumbriculus (ca. 15 mm in length, 8 mg dry weight) were added to each vessel. Vessels were aerated for 5 minutes every day and the overlying water replenished with distilled water every two days. Each test concentration was replicated 6 times. LAS concentrations were measured at 0 and 28 days. After 28 days the sediment was removed and all live worms counted, blotted dry, and wet weighed prior to air drying for 48 hours to a constant dry weight.

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : survival, reproduction, and biomass measurements at end of study
The mode of reproduction (architomy) necessitates the treatment of survival and reproduction as a single endpoint, i.e., number of organisms at test termination.

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

>= 105 mg/kg sediment dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

Survival and Growth

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

81 mg/kg sediment dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks:

Survival and Growth

Details on results:

LAS half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days. This is shorter than studies conducted in the same sediment without worms (half-life of 38 days), most likely due to increased bioturbation due to worm activity.

There was a loss of between 15 and 78% of the LAS radioactivity over the duration

of the test, which was attributed to mineralization of LAS by the worms and microorganisms

present in the sediment (biodegradation).   

Results are therefore based on the average of day 0 and day 28 measured sediment concentrations.  

 All results are shown in the following table.

                                    

	Sediment Concentration (mg/kg dw)
Survival/Reproduction Endpoint	NOEC	LOEC	EC20	EC50
Based on nominal values	100	150	90	136
Based on measured day 0 values	136	170	131	164
Based on mean of days 0 & 28 values	81	110	73	105
Biomass Endpoint
Based on nominal values	100	150	108	144
Based on measured day 0 values	136	170	146	166
Based on mean of days 0 & 28 values	82	110	102	109

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 28-day EC50 is >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.

Executive summary:

This study determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with test substance at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/dry weight. 10 test organisms of species Lumbriculus variegatus were then added. Exposure lasted 28 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and biomass. The test substance half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days. The EC50 was >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

sediment toxicity: long-term

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

A 3-day chronic study was conducted using sediment spiked with cold-material LAS.Nominal concentrations were in the range of 10 to 1,000 mg/kg/dw. The test species is an infaunal bacterial feeder with a short life cycle, so 72 hours (3 days) is considered a chronic test. The nominal concentrations were 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, 600 mg/kg/dry weight and controls. The test sediment contained 44% sand, 48% silt, and 8% clay, with 2% organic matter.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

Liquid scintillation monitoring with and without HPLC.

Vehicle:

yes

Details on sediment and application:

The test sediment contained 44% sand, 48% silt, and 8% clay, with 2% organic matter.

Test organisms (species):

Caenorhabditis elegans

Details on test organisms:

The test species is an infaunal bacterial feeder with a short life cycle, so 72 hrs (3 days) is considered a chronic test.

Study type:

laboratory study

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Type of sediment:

artificial sediment

Limit test:

no

Duration:

72 h

Exposure phase:

total exposure duration

Hardness:

250 mg/L CaCO3

pH:

8.0

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal concentrations were in the range of 10-1000 mg/kg dw. The nominal concentrations were 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw and controls.

Details on test conditions:

At the start of the test, ten juvenile worms of the first stage (270 ± 16 µm body length) were transferred to each test vial containing 0.75 g wet weight of spiked sediment mixed with 0.25 mL of a bacterial suspension. Five replicates were set up for each treatment, and the samples were incubated on a shaker at 20°C. After 72 hours the test was stopped by heat-killing the worms at approximately 50°C. The samples were mixed with an aqueous solution of rose Bengal to stain the worms for easier recovery. Sublethal toxicity endpoints were determined for growth based on the body length of the organisms, and fecundity by counting the number of eggs in the body of the test organism (egg production).

Duration:

3 d

Dose descriptor:

EC10

Effect conc.:

275 mg/kg sediment dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Duration:

3 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

200 mg/kg sediment dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Details on results:

The test was regarded as valid as the fertility of the test organisms in the control was ¿ 80%.

Nominal Sediment Concentration (mg/kg dw)
Test Parameter	NOEC	LOEC	EC10	EC30
Growth	200	300	275
Fertility	200	300		258
Egg Production	100	200		125

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 3-day EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.

Executive summary:

This study determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw mg/kg dw and controls. 10 test organisms of species Caenorhabditis elegans were then added. Exposure lasted 3 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and reproduction. The EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.

Description of key information

The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with test substance at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/dry weight. 10 test organisms of species Lumbriculus variegatus were then added. Exposure lasted 28 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and biomass. The test substance half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days. 
The EC50 was >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw. 
The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw mg/kg dw and controls. 10 test organisms of species Caenorhabditis elegans were then added. Exposure lasted 3 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and reproduction. 
The EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate. 

Key value for chemical safety assessment

EC50 or LC50 for freshwater sediment:

105 mg/kg sediment dw

EC50 or LC50 for marine water sediment:

10.5 mg/kg sediment dw

EC10, LC10 or NOEC for freshwater sediment:

275 mg/kg sediment dw

EC10, LC10 or NOEC for marine water sediment:

27.5 mg/kg sediment dw

Additional information

The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with test substance at concentrations of 50, 75, 100, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/dry weight. 10 test organisms of species Lumbriculus variegatus were then added. Exposure lasted 28 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and biomass. The test substance half-life in aerobic sediment was approximately 20 days.

The EC50 was >= 105 mg/kg sediment dw.

 

The study of Comber, S.D.W.,et all 2004 determined the toxicity to sediment dwelling organisms. Samples of natural sediment were spiked with concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg dw mg/kg dw and controls. 10 test organisms of species Caenorhabditis elegans were then added. Exposure lasted 3 days, at which time the organisms were observed for survival and reproduction.

The EC10 was 275 mg/kg sediment dw based on growth rate.

 

The available data for marine water sediment are limited and to obtaine the value for PNECs for saltwaters is taken account a assesment factor 10 to extrapolate to LC50 following the “Guidance on Information Requirement and Chemical Safety Assessment R.10: Characterisation of dose [concentration]- response for environment”and “Table R.10-5 Assessment factors proposed for deriving PNEC water for saltwater for different data sets”, to account for the possibility that greater taxonomic diversity in the marine environment makes it likely that some marine taxa may be more sensitive than the most sensitive freshwater taxa.