Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate

Long-term toxicity to fish

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

fish life cycle toxicity

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: QSAR

Principles of method if other than guideline:

ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

not applicable to QSAR models

Analytical monitoring:

not required

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

other: Fish species

Details on test organisms:

no further information

Test type:

other: QSAR model

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

30 d

Hardness:

not applicable. QSAR model

Test temperature:

not applicable. QSAR model

pH:

not applicable. QSAR model

Dissolved oxygen:

not applicable. QSAR model

Salinity:

not applicable. QSAR model

Details on test conditions:

100% Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt
SMILES : O([Na])S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)CCCCCCCCCCCC
CHEM : Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt
CAS Num: 25155-30-0
MOL FOR: C18 H29 O3 S1 Na1
MOL WT : 348.48
Log Kow: 3.00 (KowWin estimate)
Wat Sol: 800 mg/L (experimental database)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

30 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

3.965 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

not specified

Remarks on result:

other: cited as a ChV value

Details on results:

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for fresh water fish of 3.965 mg/l was established.
Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm)
Fish (SW) 30-day ChV = 9.198 mg/L (ppm)
Fish 14-day LC50 = 36.580 mg /L (ppm)

Overview of QSARs estimations on long-term aquatic toxicity of  Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate/Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt to fish

 

Method	Results	Remarks	Reference
QSAR estimate	Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm) Fish (SW) 30-day ChV = 9.198 mg/L (ppm) Fish 14-day LC50 = 36.580 mg /L (ppm)	Reliable with restrictions, QSAR estimated data	ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

 

 Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for fresh water fish of 3.965

mg/l was established.

 

Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm)

Fish (SW) 30-day ChV = 9.198 mg/L (ppm)

Fish 14-day LC50 = 36.580 mg /L (ppm)

 

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Conclusions:

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for fresh water fish of 3.965 mg/l was established.
Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm)
Fish (SW) 30-day ChV = 9.198 mg/L (ppm)
Fish 14-day LC50 = 36.580 mg /L (ppm)

Executive summary:

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for fresh water fish of 3.965 mg/l was established.

 

Reference 2

Endpoint:

fish, juvenile growth test

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 204 (Fish, Prolonged Toxicity Test: 14-day Study)

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The effect of LAS on the structure and function of microbial communities was studied in a flow-through model ecosystem containing several trophic levels. Duplicate 19-L glass aquaria containing model ecosystems at four nominal concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/L) contained water and 2.5 cm lake sediment (Winton Lake, Cincinnati, OH) and several trophic levels (bacteria, algae, macrophytes [Elodea canadensis,Lemna minor], macroinvertebrates [Daphnia magna, Paratanytarsus parthenogenica], and fish [Lepomis macrochirus]). Flow rate in the proportional diluter delivered approximately 8 replacement volumes per day. Additionally, at each cycle of the diluter, 1.5 mL of a Daphnia food suspension diluted with a culture of Selenastrum was added to each chamber. Following an initial 3 day acclimation period to analytically confirm test concentrations, 4 glass periphyton slides (5 x 5 cm), 8 vegetative shoots of Elodea, 10 early instar Daphnia, 25 midge eggs and 5 pre-weighed juvenile bluegills (2.5-5.0 cm length) were added to each aquarium. Fish were screened from access to the macroinvertebrates by a 60 mesh stainless steel screen and were fed a daily supplement of frozen brine shrimp. Test duration was 28 days. Effects monitored included population and community effects. Nominal concentrations were confirmed with MBAS analysis.

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

no

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION: Preparation of test solutions is not reported. The test concentrations were delivered to the duplicate test vessels by a modified Mount and Brungs 1L proportional diluter.

Test organisms (species):

Lepomis macrochirus

Details on test organisms:

Lepomis macrochirus (Fish, fresh water)
TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Bluegill fish
- Strain: Not reported
- Source: Not reported
- Length at study initiation: 2.5-5.0 cm
- Age at study initiation: Juvenile
- Weight at study initiation: Not reported
- Method of breeding: Not applicable

FEEDING DURING TEST
- Food type: Frozen brine shrimp
- Amount: Fed at approx. 2% of total body weight/day
- Frequency: Daily

Test type:

flow-through

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

28 d

Hardness:

120 mg/L CaCO3

Test temperature:

21 ± 2 °C

pH:

8.1 ± 0.2

Dissolved oxygen:

Mean Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (DOC): 7.8 mg/L (ranged, 7.0-9.0)

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal test concentrations were: 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/L. MBAS and radiometric counts confirmed the expected nominal concentrations. Two figures in the study report show the confirmation of nominal test concentrations, but details not provided.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Aquaria
- Type: Open
- Material: 19 L glass
- Aeration: No (test was flow-through)
- Type of flow-through: Proportional diluter
- Renewal rate of test solution: 8 replacement volumes/d
- No. of organisms per vessel: Five
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): Two
- No. of vessels per negative control (replicates): Two
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): Not applicable
- Biomass loading rate: Not reported. There were ¿5 pre-weighed juvenile bluegills per each aquarium,¿ according to the study report. Loading rate was therefore 1 juvenile bluegill/4 L test solution.

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: The dilution water was carbon and reverse-osmosis filtered well water of 120 mg/L CaCO3 hardness.
- Total organic carbon: Not reported
- Particulate matter: Not reported
- Metals (mg/L): Zinc: <0.001; Lead: <0.01; Iron: <0.05; Copper: <0.001,
- Nitrate (mg/L): <0.05
- Pesticides: Not reported
- Chlorine: Not reported
- Alkalinity: Not reported
- Ca/mg ratio: Not reported
- Conductivity: Not reported
- Salinity: Not applicable
- Culture medium different from test medium: Not reported
- Intervals of water quality measurement: Twice weekly
- Other:
- Temperature was monitored continuously with a recording thermograph

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: Not reported
- Photoperiod: Not reported
- Light intensity: Not reported

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: (1) The growth of juvenile bluegills was determined from 10 individuals at each treatment concentration measured and weighed (wet weight) before and after the exposure. (2) Amount of 14C-LAS taken up by the fish was measured by combustion analysis.

NEGATIVE CONTROL PERFORMED: Yes (received only filtered well water)

SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: Only on Day 28, as sampling of test species were not carried out during exposure period, to avoid disturbance of the developing fishes. On Day 28, all 10 fish per test concentration were recovered.
- Sampling method: For the amount of 14C-LAS taken up by the fish, triplicate samples of the test species were taken at 28 d sampling period, rinsed, dried at 30°C for 24 h, and weighed in tared plancets prior to combustion analyses for radiometric counting of 14C-LAS content
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: For growth rate, fish were weighed immediately after conclusion of test. For 14C-LAS analysis, samples were dried at 30°C for 24 h before analysis

RANGE-FINDING STUDY: No

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other: Nominal concentration confirmed by analytical measurement

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Details on results:

- Fish weights (individual and mean values) on day 0, 14 (if measured) and 28: Not reported
- Tank-average or pseudo-specific growth rates for periods 0-28 or 0-14 and 0-28 (if possible): Not reported
- Type of and number with morphological abnormalities: Not reported
- Type of and number with behavioural abnormalities: Not reported
- Other biological observations: Fish growth was reduced at both 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L test concentrations with no effect at 1.0 mg/L. At the end of the exposure period, test species had a biomass of 44 and 10.5 g/m2 at test concentration of 1 and 2 mg/L respectively. Control fish production was 42.5 g/m2
- Bioconcentration Data: The BCF value was found to be 252 based on a wet weight basis
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: No
- Incidents in the course of the test which might have influenced the results: Not reported

Results with reference substance (positive control):

Positive control was not included in the study

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Not reported

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 28 d NOEC of C12 LAS to juvenile Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was 1 mg/L, based on growth rate in a flow-through model ecosystem study. Analytical measurements confirmed the nominal test concentrations.

Executive summary:

A long term toxicity test to fish (juvenile Lepomis macrochirus) was conducted on C12LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate),following the OECD 204 guideline. The growth of juvenile bluegills was determined after 28 days in a flow-through model ecosystem study. The nominal test concentrations were 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/L, confirmed by analytical measurements.

The growth of juvenile bluegills (wet weight after 28 d exposure) was not affected at 0.5 and 1.0 mg LAS/L, but was reduced at 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L. At the end of the exposure period, fish at 1.0 mg/L LAS had a biomass of 44 gm/m2 compared to 10.5 gm/m2 for the 2.0 mg/L concentration, and 42.5 gm/m2 for the controls.

The No observed effect concentration (NOEC) was 1.0 mg/L, based on growth rate.

This Chronic toxicity test is classified as acceptable, and satisfies the guideline requirements for the OECD 204.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

fish, juvenile growth test

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: APHA 1975

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Tests generally followed the standard methods of APHA 1975, with the following specifics. Tests were conducted in outdoor earthen vats (62 cm diameter, 30 cm mean depth) containing 60-L of borehole water and 5 kg of uncontaminated soil. Borehole water is unchlorinated water with the following parameters: pH 7.1 ± 0.1, dissolved oxygen 10 mg/L, hardness 290 mg/L as CaCO3, and temperature 27.9 ± 0.14 °C. Fifteen fish purchased from local farms (35 mm, 0.786 g) and acclimated to the test conditions for 168 hours were added per vat. Test concentrations were 0.25, 0.38, 0.51, and 1.10 mg/L. Fish were exposed six times at 15 day intervals with the water renewals and were fed daily with a 1:1 mixture of rice bran and mustard oil cake. Standard acute toxicity tests were also conducted in the laboratory. Statistical analysis was done using F and t tests and the significance of any change was measured at a 5% level of probability.

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

other: Tilapia mossambica

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Source: local farms
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 0.786 g
- Length at study initiation (length definition, mean, range and SD): 35 mm
- Feeding during test
- Food type: 1:1 mixture of rice bran and mustard cake
- Frequency: daily


ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 168 hrs

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

90 d

Hardness:

hardness 290 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

temperature 27.9 ± 0.14 °C

pH:

pH 7.1 ± 0.1,

Dissolved oxygen:

dissolved oxygen 10 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Test concentrations were 0.0, 0.25, 0.38, 0.51, and 1.10 mg/L.

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: Tests were conducted in outdoor earthen vats (62 cm diameter, 30 cm mean depth)
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): 15 days
- No. of organisms per vessel: 15
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 60-L of borehole water and 5 kg of uncontaminated soil

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: Borehole water is unchlorinated water


EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) : feeding, growth rate, fecundity, and yield.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

90 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

0.25 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Feeding, growth rate, fecundity, yield

Duration:

90 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

0.51 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Feeding, growth rate, fecundity, yield

Details on results:

The feeding rates decreased significantly at 0.25, 0.38 and 1.10 mg/L. Fish showed erratic behaviour, irregular opercular movement, and at higher concentrations, blood exuded from the base of the pectoral and pelvic fins and head. No apparent difference in condition factor (K) was observed at any concentration. The maturity index (MI) of both male and female fish appeared to decrease at all concentrations, but the biological significance of this is questionable because historic control values for this parameter were not provided and the magnitude of the response did not increase with dose. Fecundity decreased at 0.51 mg/L but not at 1.10 mg/L. The gastrosomatic index (GSI) was significantly different at 0.51 and 1.10 mg/L. Based on the most reliable endpoints (GSI and fecundity), the NOEC would be 0.38 mg/L and the LOEC would be 0.51 mg/L. However, the study is incompletely documented, so details of the test substance composition and testing procedure are uncertain. True replicates were not used so statistics can not be validly conducted, though they are reported by the authors. In view of these limitations, and previous evaluations of the study which have reported a NOEC of 0.25 mg/L (van de Plassche et al., 1999), a conservative (protective) NOEC for this study is 0.25 mg/L.

The feeding rates decreased significantly at 0.25, 0.38 and 1.10 mg/L. Fishshowed erratic behaviour, irregular opercular movement, and at higherconcentrations, blood exuded from the base of the pectoral and pelvic finsand head. No apparent difference in condition factor (K) was observed at anyconcentration. The maturity index (MI) of both male and female fish

appeared to decrease at all concentrations, but the biological significance ofthis is questionable because historic control values for this parameter werenot provided and the magnitude of the response did not increase with dose.

Fecundity decreased at 0.51 mg/L but not at 1.10 mg/L. The gastrosomaticindex (GSI) was significantly different at 0.51 and 1.10 mg/L. Based on themost reliable endpoints (GSI and fecundity), the NOEC would be 0.38 mg/Land the LOEC would be 0.51 mg/L. However, the study is incompletelydocumented, so details of the test substance composition and testingprocedure are uncertain. True replicates were not used so statistics can not bevalidly conducted, though they are reported by the authors. In view of theselimitations, and previous evaluations of the study which have reported a NOEC of 0.25 mg/L (van de Plassche et al., 1999), a conservative(protective) NOEC for this study is 0.25 mg/L.

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 90-day NOEC for fish was 0.25 mg/L. The 90-day LOEC for fish was 0.51 mg/L.

Executive summary:

The long-term toxicity of the test substance to fish was determined. Groups of 15 fish were exposed to concentrations of 0.0, 0.25, 0.38, 0.51, and 1.10 mg/L for 90 days. Test solutions were renewed every 15 days. The 90 -day NOEC was 0.25 mg/L, and the LOEC was 0.51 mg/L.

Reference 4

Endpoint:

fish, juvenile growth test

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

other: Dutch Standard Organization NEN 6505

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Fish were 3-4 weeks old at test initiation. Fifty fish were used per group. Temperature was maintained at 23 ± 2°C. The test volume (10-L per chamber) was renewed three times per week. Circadian lighting (16:8 light:dark) was used. Fish were fed a Tetramin/Tetraphyll mixture. Dissolved oxygen, water hardness and pH were measured during the study.

GLP compliance:

no

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Poecilia reticulata

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 3 to 4 weeks
- Food type: TetraMin, TetraPhyll

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

28 d

Hardness:

measured

Test temperature:

23 ± 2 °C

pH:

measured

Dissolved oxygen:

measured

Nominal and measured concentrations:

not reported

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 10-L per chamber
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): renewed three times per week
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): Fifty fish were used per group

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: circadic
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable): mortality and immobility

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

3.2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Mortality, behavior, and growth

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

10 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Mortality, behavior, and growth

Details on results:

The only effect (98% mortality at 10 mg/L) occurred within 2 days of study initiation.
The NOEC normalized by van de Plassche et al. (1999) to C11.6LAS was 3.2 mg/L.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 28-day NOEC for fish was 3.2 mg/L (nominal). The 28-day LOEC was 10 mg/L (nominal).

Executive summary:

Groups of 50 Poecilia reticulata were exposed to various concentrations of the test substance for 28 days. Test solution was renewed three per week. The 28-day NOEC for fish was 3.2 mg/L (nominal). The 28-day LOEC was 10 mg/L (nominal).

Reference 5

Endpoint:

fish life cycle toxicity

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Justification for type of information:

Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acids (CAS# 27176-87-0 , EC Number; 248-289-4) ) is a very close analogue of Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (CAS No. 25155-30-0, EC Number; 246-680-4) ) and the dissociated acid it readily dissociates in water and release the dodecylbenzene sulfonic anion in solution

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Fish, mollusks, and crustaceans were caged in the tail pool of streams during a C(12)LAS (dodecyl benzene sulfonate) model ecosystem experimental program. Bioconcentration of total C(12)LAS and individual isomers and acute and chronic toxicity were investigated during this study. Toxicity endpoints were based on water and tissue (i.e., body burden) concentrations at which adverse effects were observed.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Vehicle:

no

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas, length 29.2 mm (3.0), weight 0.19 g (0.053))

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

32 d

Hardness:

140 mg/L as CaCO3

Test temperature:

18 degree C

pH:

7.8–8.3

Dissolved oxygen:

8.1

Nominal and measured concentrations:

0.126, 0.293, 0.927 mg/L (measured)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

32 d

Dose descriptor:

other: EC20

Effect conc.:

1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

mortality

Remarks on result:

other: 0.597-1.29

Details on results:

During the 32-day chronic exposures, the EC(20) values were 0.95 (0.597-1.29), and approximately 1.0 mg/L for fathead minnow (survival), respectively.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

During the 32-day chronic exposures, the EC(20) values were 0.95 (0.597-1.29), and approximately 1.0 mg/L for fathead minnow (survival), respectively.

Reference 6

Endpoint:

fish early-life stage toxicity

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

During the first four months a serial-dilution unit was used to maintain the LAS at the desired concentration in System I and a proportional dilution unit was used in System II, both to provide continuous exposures to fathead minnows. During the latter part of the test, the flows from a new proportional dilution unit were divided to supply both exposure systems and a fry exposure system.
Either a serial or proportional dilution unit was used to provide continuous exposures to fathead minnows. Each of the four test concentrations plus control received 12 randomly assigned fish obtained from ponds at the Newtown Fish Farm, Ohio Division of Wildlife. Pieces of half-tile were placed in each 10-gal aquarium for spawning sites. After spawning had been completed, the cluster of eggs was removed and counted. Four replicates of 100 eggs from each concentration were reared for 14 days and mortality of eggs and fry recorded daily.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

Fish were obtained from the ponds at the Newtown Fish Farm, Ohio Division of Wildlife. The small young-of-the-year fish were collected in late September and held in cold water. During the last week of December, 25 fish were placed randomly into each exposure chamber where they were maintained in a continuous flow of dilution water similar to that used during the test. The four largest and eight smallest fish from each aquarium were selected in order to reduce the number of fish and to try to get a more equal distribution of sexes. The exposure to LAS was started during the last week of February.

Test type:

other: other, open-system

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

196 d

Hardness:

water hardness ranged from 194-214 mg/L CaCO3

pH:

pH ranged from 7.50-7.95

Dissolved oxygen:

Mean dissolved oxygen 5.84-6.42 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Test concentrations were 0.34, 0.63, 1.2 and 2.7 mg/L.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Duration:

196 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

0.63 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (geom. mean)

Basis for effect:

other: fry survival

Duration:

196 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

1.2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (geom. mean)

Basis for effect:

other: fry survival

Details on results:

Hatchability and growth were not significantly affected. This study was on C12-LAS and when normalized to C11.6, the value is 0.90 mg/L (van de Plassche et al., 1999).

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Not reported

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The 196 day NOEC level was 0.63 mg/L. The LOEC was 1.2 mg/L.
.

Executive summary:

Fathead minnows were exposed to LAS in continuous flow systems for a total of 196 days. Results indicate that lethality of LAS to newly hatched fry was the most critical factor found

Reference 7

Endpoint:

fish life cycle toxicity

Type of information:

other: published data

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Chronic toxicity values were developed for Daphnia magna with six surfactants and a detergent builder, each selected on the basis of previously existing chronic fish test data.
Predictive correlations were examined for testing end points between 21-d Daphnia chronics and 1-yr fish chronics to provide a short-term alternative chronic test species while developing toxicity data for an intermediate trophic level species. For the detergent materials tested, a strong correlation (r0.98) exists between =  Daphnia and fish no-effect concentrations. A replacement term, NOEC (No observed effect concentration), is suggested to clarify interpretive ambiguities associated with the definition of the MATC (maximum acceptable toxicant concentration) value.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

no

Test organisms (species):

Pimephales promelas

Details on test organisms:

Pimephales promelas (Fish, fresh water)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

28 d

Hardness:

200 mg/L CaCO3

Dissolved oxygen:

200 mg/L

Nominal and measured concentrations:

-Mean measured conc. (mg/L) : control, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.53, 1.09

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

0.9 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

number of eggs/spawn

Remarks on result:

other: NOEC (C11.8) = 0.9 mg/L

Duration:

28 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

0.15 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (initial)

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

number of eggs/spawn

Remarks on result:

other: NOEC (C13) = 0.15 mg/L

Details on results:

The NOEC value of C11.8LAS is 0.9 mg/L. Although no effects were observed for C11.8LAS at the highest test concentration of 1.09 mg/L under hard water conditions of 200 mg/L CaCO3, larval survival was impaired in a similar test at 0.74 mg/L C11.8LAS when tested in soft water of 39.0 mg/L CaCO3.Results of these two tests then yeild an NOEC of 0.9 mg/L C11.8LAS when interpolated to the 120 mg/L hardness level at which the Daphnia tests were completed.

Table. Chromic toxicity for C11.8 LAS of Fathead Minnow

Material	Mean measured concn(mg/L)	Number of females	Number of spawnings	Total eggs produced	Number of eggs per female
C11.8LAS	1.09 0.53 0.25 0.12 0.06 Controls	19 8 14 15 12 19	37 37 60 27 33 19	3616 3131 7531 2020 2169 2401	190 391 538 135 181 126

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of this study NOEC (C11.8) was 0.9 mg/L

Reference 8

Endpoint:

fish life cycle toxicity

Type of information:

(Q)SAR

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification

Justification for type of information:

QSAR prediction: US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: QSAR

Principles of method if other than guideline:

ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

not applicable to QSAR models

Analytical monitoring:

not required

Vehicle:

not specified

Test organisms (species):

other: Fish species

Details on test organisms:

no further information

Test type:

other: QSAR model

Water media type:

saltwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

30 d

Hardness:

not applicable. QSAR model

Test temperature:

not applicable. QSAR model

pH:

not applicable. QSAR model

Dissolved oxygen:

not applicable. QSAR model

Salinity:

not applicable. QSAR model

Details on test conditions:

100% Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt
SMILES : O([Na])S(=O)(=O)c1ccc(cc1)CCCCCCCCCCCC
CHEM : Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt
CAS Num: 25155-30-0
MOL FOR: C18 H29 O3 S1 Na1
MOL WT : 348.48
Log Kow: 3.00 (KowWin estimate)
Wat Sol: 800 mg/L (experimental database)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

30 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

9.198 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

not specified

Conc. based on:

not specified

Basis for effect:

not specified

Remarks on result:

other: cited as a ChV value

Details on results:

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for marine water fish of 9.198 mg/l was established.
Fish (SW) 30-day ChV = 9.198 mg/L (ppm)
Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm)
Fish 14-day LC50 = 36.580 mg /L (ppm)

Overview of QSARs estimations on long-term aquatic toxicity of  Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate/Benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, sodium salt to fish

 

Method	Results	Remarks	Reference
QSAR estimate	Fish (SW) 30-day ChV = 9.198  mg/L (ppm)   Fish 30-day ChV =3.965  mg/L (ppm) Fish 14-day LC50 = 36.580 mg /L (ppm)	Reliable with restrictions, QSAR estimated data	ECOSAR Program (v1.00)

 

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for marine water fish of 9.198 mg/l was established.

Fish (SW) 30-day ChV =9.198 mg/L (ppm) 

 Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm)

Fish 14-day LC50 =36.580 mg /L (ppm)

 

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Remarks:

US EPA accepted QSAR method for chemicals properties assessment.

Conclusions:

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for marine water fish of 9.198 mg/l was established.
Fish (SW) 30-day ChV =9.198 mg/L (ppm) 
 Fish 30-day ChV =3.965 mg/L (ppm)
Fish 14-day LC50 =36.580mg /L (ppm)

Executive summary:

Using the EPIWIN ECOSAR QSAR model, a 30-day NOEC , cited as a ChV (chronic value) for marine water fish of 9.198 mg/l was established.

 

Description of key information

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that NOEC, cited as a ChV (chronic value) for fresh water fish  would to be 3.965 mg/l therefore the substance is moderate toxic to fishes.
The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that NOEC, cited as a ChV (chronic value) for marine water fish (SW) would to be 9.198 mg/l therefore the substance is moderate toxic to fishes.
During the 32-day chronic exposures, the EC(20) values were 0.95 (0.597-1.29), and approximately 1.0 mg/L for fathead minnow (survival).
The 28 d NOEC of C12 LAS to juvenile Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was 1 mg/L, based on growth rate in a flow-through model ecosystem study.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water fish

Fresh water fish

Effect concentration:

3.965 mg/L

Marine water fish

Marine water fish

Effect concentration:

9.198 mg/L

Additional information

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that NOEC, cited as a ChV (chronic value) for fresh water fish would to be 3.965 mg/l therefore the substance is moderate toxic to fishes.

The ECOSAR QSAR model predicts that NOEC, cited as a ChV (chronic value) for marine water fish (SW) would to be 9.198 mg/l therefore the substance is moderate toxic to fishes.

During the 32-day chronic exposures, the EC(20) values were 0.95 (0.597-1.29), and approximately 1.0 mg/L for fathead minnow (survival).

The 28 d NOEC of C12 LAS to juvenile Bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was 1 mg/L, based on growth rate in a flow-through model ecosystem study.