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EC number: 204-633-5 | CAS number: 123-51-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 73.16 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: DNEL based on German OEL
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 292 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- other: DNEL based on German OEL
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - workers
- The maternal NO(A)EC of 2500 mg/m3appears to be an appropriate point of departure for derivation of a local long-term DNEL. Based on different experimental conditions, the experimental NOAEC is corrected to match 8 h exposure under light activity: 2500 mg/m³ * 6h / 8h * 6.7 m³ / 10 m³ = 1256 mg/m³.
- No additional factor was deemed necessary for differences in exposure duration. Local irritation was observed in the OECD 414 study at 10 mg/m³. This value matches the RD 50 values obtained in mice in the Alarie assays. It also corresponds well to the acute inhalation study by Scala & Burtis (1973) in rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs, where local irritation was seen at 14 mg/m3. Overall, no worsening of effects over time is expected.
- The standard factor of 5 was chosen for intraspecies difference.
- An additional factor of 2.5 was applied for remaining differences.
- 1256 mg/m³ / 1 (duration) / 5 (intraspecies) / 2.5 (remaining differences) / 1 (database quality) = 100 mg/m³
Although members of the category “pentanols” are reported to occur in nature, they are used mainly in industrial applications. The primary routes of anticipated industrial exposure to the members of the category are via inhalation and skin contact.
Based on the available data 3-methylbutan-1-ol causes irritation to the respiratory tract (STOT SE Cat. 3), skin irritation (Cat. 2) and damage to the eyes (Cat. 1).
Workers – hazard via inhalation route
No valid sub-chronic or chronic animal study by the inhalation route, suitable for DNEL derivation, is available for 3-methylbutan-1-ol or its structurally related isomers. Nevertheless, in an OECD TG 414 study in Himalayan rabbits conducted with 3-methylbutan-1-ol (CAS No. 123-51-3) local irritation effects were observed. Rabbits were exposed to vapours of 0.5, 2.5 and 10 mg 3-methylbutan-1-ol/L for 6 hours/day on days 7 - 19 of gestation (BG-Chemie 1990; Testing Lab.: BASF AG). As result, a slight but statistically significant retardation of body weight gain was observed in the dams of the highest dose group, while the fetuses did not show any embryo-/fetotoxic or teratogenic findings in all dose groups. In addition, irritation effects to the eyes were evident in the animals of the 10 mg/L air dose group. Thus, the NO(A)EC was 2.5 mg/L air for maternal toxicity based on local irritation effects and probably as secondary effect on body weight reduction and 10 mg/L air for developmental toxicity in rabbits, respectively.
In 2007, the German MAK Commission determined a scientific OEL for the category of pentanol isomers of 20 ppm (= 73.16 mg/m3) based on local irritation effects observed in subchronic vapour inhalation studies in rats, mice and dogs with the structurally related tertiary alcohol 2-methyl-2- butanol (DFG, 2008). In humans, concentrations of 3-methylbutan-1-ol of 100 – 150 ppm (366 – 549 mg/m3) were reported to be irritating to the respiratory tract (Nelson, 1943).
The German scientific OEL of 20 ppm (73.16 mg/m3) is in the same range as the DNEL for local effects derived following the REACH Guidance R8 from the OECD TG 414 study in rabbits. In view of worker safety and consistency between regulations, the OEL value of 73.16 was chosen as the final DNEL value.
To account for short-term effects, the German MAK Commission recommended an excursion factor of 4, resulting in a short-term STEL of 292 mg/m3 (= 80 ppm) which is considered appropriate as short-term DNEL for local and systemic effects.
The human pungency threshold determined for pentan-1 -ol for 3 volunteers was 1600ppm (app. 5000mg/m³), which is significantly abovethe derived short term DNEL. The DNEL is thus considered sufficiently conservative.
References
ECHA (2012). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health. November 2012.
ECHA (2012). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.13: Risk management measures and operational conditions. October 2012.
ECHA (2012). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Part E: Risk Charactersisation. November 2012.
ECETOC (2010).Guidance on Assessment Factors to Derive a DNEL. Technical Report No 110. October 2010.
DFG (2008). MAK, 44.Lieferung. Pentanol isomers.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 13 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 218 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- irritation (respiratory tract)
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- skin irritation/corrosion
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 12.5 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 80
- Modified dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
- No route-to route extrapolation was conducted.
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- The dose response is considered unremarkable.
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 2
- Justification:
- The default extrapolation factor for exposure duration from subchronic (starting route) to chronic (end route) is used.
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- The default allometric scaling factor for the differences between rats and humans is used.
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- No additional factor is required.
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Recommended AF for intraspecies differences.
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- The qualitiy of the whole database is considered to be sufficient and uncriritcal.
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- The approach used for DNEL derivation is conservative, since no systemic effects have been observed. No further assessment factor is required.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- medium hazard (no threshold derived)
Additional information - General Population
Although members of the category “pentanols” are reported to occur in nature, they are used mainly in industrial applications. Consumer exposure has to be considered as well. The possible routes of consumer exposure to 3-methylbutan-1-ol are via oral intake, inhalation and skin contact.
Based on the available data 3-methylbutan-1-ol has to be considered as irritating to the respiratory tract (STOT SE Cat. 3 according to Regulation (EC) No 1271/2008), irritation to skin (Cat. 2) and as causing damage to eyes (Cat. 1).
General Population – hazard via inhalation route
In 2007, the German MAK Commission determined a scientific OEL for the category of pentanol isomers of 20 ppm (= 73.16 mg/m3) based on local irritation effects observed in subchronic vapour inhalation studies in rats, mice and dogs with the structurally related tertiary alcohol 2-methyl-2-butanol (DFG, 2008). In humans, concentrations of 3 -methylbutan-1-ol of 100 – 150 ppm (366 - 549 mg/m3) were reported to be irritating to the respiratory tract (Nelson, 1943).
The German OEL is regarded to be safe for workers; this value was modified for the consumer. According to the ECHA Guidance, the intraspecies factor differs by 2 between the general population and workers. Also the possible exposure time may be by a factor 3 (8 hrs. vs. 24 hrs) and by a factor 1.4 (5 days/week vs. 7 days/week) longer. Therefore an additional AF of 8.4 is applied to the OEL value of 20 ppm. After correcting the inhalation volume for light work (10 m3/6.7 m3), a DNEL for the general population of 3.55 ppm (13 mg/m3) is derived.
The respective short term DNEL for the consumer is calculated from the short term DNEL for the worker of 292 mg/m3correcting for the inhalation volume (10 m3/6.7 m3) and an additional safety factor of 2 (worker to general population) leading to a short term inhalative consumer DNEL of 218 mg/m3. These DNELs cover both systemic and local effects.
References
ECHA (2012). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration] -response for human health. November 2012.
ECHA (2012). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Chapter R.13: Risk management measures and operational conditions. October 2012.
ECHA (2012). Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment, Part E: Risk Charactersisation. November 2012.
ECETOC (2010).Guidance on Assessment Factors to Derive a DNEL. Technical Report No 110, October 2010.
DFG (2008). MAK, 44.Lieferung. Pentanol isomers.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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