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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
5.69 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
By inhalation
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
25
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
142 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC mouse (mg/m3) = (NOAEC (ppm) x MW) / Vmol = (50 x 136.24) / 24.05 = 283.24 mg/m3; Modification for exposure (experiment to human): 6/8 (Mouse Exposure condition (6h) / Worker Exposure condition (8 h) ; Modification for respiratory volume: 6.7/10 (respiratory rate difference under standard conditions and under conditions of light activity for 8 hours) Thus, the corrected starting point for inhalation is : 283.24 mg/kg bw/d x (6 h/8 h) x (6.7 m3 for 8h exposure /10 m3 for 8h exposure) = 142 mg/m3
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
Starting point is a NOAEC
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
Sub-chronic to chronic extrapolation
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
AF not used for oral to inhalation extrapolation
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic remaining differencies
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
Default factor for workers
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Appropriate database
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
None
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.8 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
By inhalation
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
175
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
142 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC mouse (mg/m3) = (NOAEC (ppm) x MW) / Vmol = (50 x 136.24) / 24.05 = 283.24 mg/m3; Modification for exposure (experiment to human): 6/8 (Mouse Exposure condition (6h) / Worker Exposure condition (8 h) ; Standard respiratory volume for mice: Standard respiratory volume for humans x allometric scaling x duration of exposure = 0.2 L/min/kg x 7 x 60 min x 8 h = 0.672 m3/kg. Thus, the corrected starting point for inhalation is : 283.24 mg/kg bw/d x (6 h/8 h) x 0.2 L/min/kg x 7 x 60 min x 8 h= 142 mg/kg bw/d
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
Starting point is a NOAEC
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
Sub-chronic to chronic extrapolation
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
7
Justification:
Allometric scaling from mouse to human
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic remaining differencies
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
Default factor for workers
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Appropriate database
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
None
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
54 µg/cm²
Most sensitive endpoint:
sensitisation (skin)
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
135
Dose descriptor:
other: NOAEL
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
EC3 is considered as a NOEL
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
3
Justification:
Repeated (long term) exposure
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
3
Justification:
From all animal studies assessing skin sensitisation, the lowest concentration inducing a positive response was found in an LLNA with EC3=29%. In humans, the highest concentration without positive response was 10%; therefore, an AF of 3, corresponding to the difference of concentration without effect between animals and humans, was considered
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
None
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
Default factor for workers
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
Dermal integrity and exposure conditions (matrix effects)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no DNEL required: short term exposure controlled by conditions for long-term
Most sensitive endpoint:
sensitisation (skin)

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - workers

Justification for the selection of the key study (repeated dose toxicity study) for the calculation of systemic long-term DNELs

alpha-Pinene and beta-pinene are structurally similar compounds. They are bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons and are positional isomers. A great extent of similar patterns was demonstrated for physico-chemical properties, (eco)toxicological properties and environmental fate. Therefore the use of repeated dose toxicity studies on alpha-pinene for establishing the DNELs for beta-pinene is fully justified.

Two 90-day inhalation studies were conducted by NTP (National Toxicological Program) with alpha-pinene, one in rats, the other in mice. Mortality was observed in female rats in the high dose group. As no specific target organ was sufficiently impaired by the treatment to cause mortality, it may be concluded that these deaths have a general systemic toxicity origin (NOAEL 200 ppm). The lowest NOAEL was found in male and female mice (50 ppm) based on minimal to moderate hyperplasia in the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder from 100 ppm. Although the relevance of this effect for humans is uncertain, this study is selected for calculating the systemic long-term DNELs for (-)-beta-pinene, in a conservative approach.

Justification for the selection of the key study (LLNA assay) for the calculation of local long-term DNELs

Skin sensitisation is the most critical local effect of (-)-beta-pinene.

Among all available animal studies, a recent LLNA assay conducted according to GLP guidelines is the most reliable (Pelcot, 2010).

According to the EC3 value (29%) observed in this experiment, (-)-beta-pinene is considered as a weak sensitiser.

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
1 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
By inhalation
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
50
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
50.6 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC mouse (mg/m3) = (NOAEC (ppm) x MW) / Vmol = (50 x 136.24) / 24.05 = 283.24 mg/m3; Modification for exposure (experiment to human): (6/24)*(5/7) (Mouse Exposure condition (6h – 5/7 days) / General population Exposure condition (24 h – 7/7 days). Thus, the corrected starting point for inhalation is : 283.24 mg/kg bw/d x (6 h/24 h) x (5 d / 7 d) = 50.6 mg/m3
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
Starting point is a NOAEC
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
Subchronic to chronic extrapolation
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
AF not used for oral to inhalation route extrapolation
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic remaining differencies
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
Default factor for general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Appropriate database
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
None
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown (no further information necessary)
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.3 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
By inhalation
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
350
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC mouse (mg/m3) = (NOAEC (ppm) x MW) / Vmol = (50 x 136.24) / 24.05 = 283.24 mg/m3; Modification for exposure (experiment to human): (6/24)*(5/7) (Mouse Exposure condition (6h – 5/7 days) / General population Exposure condition (24 h – 7/7 days) ; Standard respiratory volume for mice: Standard respiratory volume for humans * allometric scaling * duration of exposure = 0.2 L/min/kg * 7 * 60 min * 24 h = 2.02 m3/kg. Thus, the corrected starting point for inhalation is : 283.24 mg/kg bw/d x (6 h/24 h) x (5 j/7j) x 0.2 L/min/kg x 7 x 60 min x 24 h= 102 mg/kg bw/d
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
Starting point is a NOAEC
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
Subchronic to chronic extrapolation
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
7
Justification:
Allometric scaling from mouse to human
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic remaining differencies
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
Default factor for general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Appropriate database
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
None
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
27 µg/cm²
Most sensitive endpoint:
sensitisation (skin)
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
270
Dose descriptor:
other: NOAEL
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
EC3 is considerd as a NOEL
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
3
Justification:
Repeated (long term) exposure
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
3
Justification:
From all animal studies assessing skin sensitisation, the lowest concentration inducing a positive response was found in an LLNA with EC3=29%. In humans, the highest concentration without positive response was 10%; therefore, an AF of 3, corresponding to the difference of concentration without effect between animals and humans, was considered
AF for other interspecies differences:
1
Justification:
None
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
Default factor for general population
AF for remaining uncertainties:
3
Justification:
Dermal integrity and exposure conditions (matrix)
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no DNEL required: short term exposure controlled by conditions for long-term

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.3 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
By inhalation
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
350
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
102 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC mouse (mg/m3) = (NOAEC (ppm) x MW) / Vmol = (50 x 136.24) / 24.05 = 283.24 mg/m3; Modification for exposure (experiment to human): (6/24)*(5/7) (Mouse Exposure condition (6h – 5/7 days) / General population Exposure condition (24 h – 7/7 days) ; Standard respiratory volume for mice: Standard respiratory volume for humans * allometric scaling * duration of exposure = 0.2 L/min/kg * 7 * 60 min * 24 h = 2.02 m3/kg. Thus, the corrected starting point for inhalation is : 283.24 mg/kg bw/d x (6 h/24 h) x (5 j/7j) x 0.2 L/min/kg x 7 x 60 min x 24 h= 102 mg/kg bw/d
AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
Starting point is a NOAEL
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
Subchronic to chronic extrapolation
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
7
Justification:
Allometric scaling from mouse to human
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
Toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic remaining differencies
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
Default factor for general population
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
Appropriate database
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
None
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - General Population

Justification for the selection of the key study (repeated dose toxicity study) for the calculation of systemic long-term DNELs

alpha-Pinene and beta-pinene are structurally similar compounds. They are bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons and are positional isomers. A great extent of similar patterns was demonstrated for physico-chemical properties, (eco)toxicological properties and environmental fate. Therefore the use of repeated dose toxicity studies on alpha-pinene for establishing the DNELs for beta-pinene is fully justified.

Two 90-day inhalation studies were conducted by NTP (National Toxicological Program) with alpha-pinene, one in rats, the other in mice. Mortality was observed in female rats in the high dose group. As no specific target organ was sufficiently impaired by the treatment to cause mortality, it may be concluded that these deaths have a general systemic toxicity origin (NOAEL 200 ppm). The lowest NOAEL was found in male and female mice (50 ppm) based on minimal to moderate hyperplasia in the transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder from 100 ppm. Although the relevance of this effect for humans is uncertain, this study is selected for calculating the systemic long-term DNELs for (-)-beta-pinene, in a conservative approach.

Justification for the selection of the key study (LLNA assay) for the calculation of local longterm DNELs

Skin sensitisation is the most critical local effect of (-)-beta-pinene.

Among all available animal studies, a recent LLNA assay conducted according to GLP guidelines is the most reliable (Pelcot, 2010).

According to the EC3 value (29%) observed in this experiment, (-)-beta-pinene is considered as a weak sensitiser.