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EC number: 231-441-9 | CAS number: 7550-45-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to soil macroorganisms except arthropods: long-term
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Data from conference poster, full study not available
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: conference poster
- Title:
- Toxicity of seven different nanoparticles to Eisenia fetida.
- Author:
- Heckman et al
- Year:
- 2 008
- Bibliographic source:
- SETAC 25-29 May, 2008, Warsaw, Poland
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 222 (Earthworm Reproduction Test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei))
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Titanium dioxide
- EC Number:
- 236-675-5
- EC Name:
- Titanium dioxide
- Cas Number:
- 13463-67-7
- Molecular formula:
- O2Ti
- IUPAC Name:
- dioxotitanium
- Reference substance name:
- Rutile (TiO2)
- EC Number:
- 215-282-2
- EC Name:
- Rutile (TiO2)
- Cas Number:
- 1317-80-2
- IUPAC Name:
- dioxotitanium
- Details on test material:
- - Molecular formula (as other than submission substance): TiO2
- Molecular weight (as other than submission substance): 79.899 g/mol
- Smiles notation (as other than submission substance): [Ti](=O)=O
- InChl (as other than submission substance): InChI=1/2O.Ti/rO2Ti/c1-3-2
- Structural formula attached as image file (as other than submission substance): O=Ti=O
* TiO2 nanoparticles (from Evonik Degussa), nominal particle size 21 nm, surface area 50 m²/g.
* bulk TiO2
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
JUSTIFICATION FOR READ ACROSS
In the present study the soil was spiked with the analogue material titanium dioxide and thus with exactly the substance formed by hydrolysis of the target chemical.
OECD TGD 222 (2004) recommends “The soil pH should not be adjusted when acidic or basic substances are tested“. Thus the additionally released hydrogen chloride should be regarded according to the relevant test guidelines nonetheless the additional chlorine is nontoxic and with regard to the high natural background concentrations irrelevant.
As hydrogen chloride fully dissociates in ions the substance self will not reach the sediment/terrestrial environment except via direct exposure, which is not expected in quantities exceeding the soil buffering capacity. In conclusion the test was conducted with the relevant transformation product.
Recalculation of the measured threshold values is required on an isomolar basis as the analogue material results from isomolar transformation of the target chemical.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Eisenia fetida
- Animal group:
- annelids
Study design
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- yes
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 wk
- Post exposure observation period:
- hatching of produced cocoons was monitored during the following 4 weeks
Test conditions
- Details on test conditions:
- 4 replicates
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal: 1000 mg/kg dry soil
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 4 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- bulk TiO2
- Basis for effect:
- other: cocoon production
- Duration:
- 8 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- bulk TiO2
- Basis for effect:
- other: hatchability and juvenile production
- Duration:
- 8 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 2 137 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- estimated
- Conc. based on:
- other: target chemical titanium tetrachloride
- Basis for effect:
- other: hatchability and juvenile production
- Remarks on result:
- other: Converted from 12.5 mmol TiO2 corresponding to 1000 mg (MW TiO2 = 79.899 g/mol, MW TiCl4 = 189.712 g/mol)
- Details on results:
- data derived from graph
The nanoparticles tested in parallel showed no effects on the 4 wk cocoon production (± 20% effect variability)), but 8 wk hatchability and juvenile production were hampered (± 25 and 50% effect variability)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The study indicates no chronic toxic effects to soil macroorganisms exposed to microdisperse matter, while nanoscaled material could exhibit effects.
- Executive summary:
The chronic toxicity of titanium dioxide (CAS 13463-67-7) to earthworm (Eisenia fetida) reproduction was studied in a limit test according to the OECD TGD 222 protocol. In the present study the soil was spiked with the analogue material titanium dioxide and thus with exactly the substance formed by hydrolysis of the target chemical titanium tetrachloride (CAS 7550-45-0). Recalculation of the measured value was made on an isomolar basis as the analogue material results from isomolar transformation of the target chemical.
The information is derived from a poster and thus the documentation is to poor for assessing the reliability.
The insoluble test item was applied in one concentration of nominal 1000 mg/kg soil dw. The loading is far above the water solubility of the test article, which is about 1 µg/L. No analytical dose verification was performed. The test organisms were during 8 weeks exposed to bulk or nanoscaled test article. Cocoon production was assessed after 4 weeks and hatchability and juvenile production after 8 weeks.
The bulk material exhibited no effects. While the nanoparticles tested in parallel showed no effects on the 4 wk cocoon production (± 20% effect variability, as data derived from graph), the 8 wk hatchability and juvenile production were hampered (± 25 and 50% effect variability.
In the highest concentration corresponds to 2137 mg/kg soil dw of the target chemical, titanium tetrachloride. As it is assessed that the titanium dioxide formed by hydrolysis is unlikely to reach the soil in nanoscaled crystalline particle form, it is concluded that no hazard exists with regard to the target chemical. Thus no threshold concentration for titanium tetrachloride can be derived. Nonetheless the study could indicate that crystalline nanoparticles may have and impact of the reproduction of soil macroorganisms such as earthworms.
In conclusion the study indicates no chronic toxic effects to soil macroorganisms exposed to microdisperse matter, while nanoscaled material could exhibit effects.
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