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EC number: 235-795-5 | CAS number: 12738-64-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation, other
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1981
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Justification for type of information:
- The study described in this section is a key study in the RAC (2012) opinion on benzoic acid with the reference Rop, D. A., IRDC Report no: 163-676 (1981)
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- other: Background document for RAC oppinion on benzoic acid
- Title:
- Background document to the Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of Benzoic acid, CHL report
- Author:
- Committee for Risk Assessment, RAC
- Year:
- 2 012
- Bibliographic source:
- Background document to the Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of Benzoic acid, CHL report, Committee for Risk Assessment, RAC, November 2012, ECHA/RAC/CLH-O-0000001687-65-02/A1
- Report date:
- 2012
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 412 (Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study)
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study was performed before 1. of June 2008
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Benzoic acid
- EC Number:
- 200-618-2
- EC Name:
- Benzoic acid
- Cas Number:
- 65-85-0
- Molecular formula:
- C7H6O2
- IUPAC Name:
- benzoic acid
- Test material form:
- not specified
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: dust
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- other: no vehicle, exposure to particles of the substance
- Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD):
- 4.7 µm
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- 5 d/wk, 6 h/d for 4 weeks
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/L air
- Remarks:
- Controls
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.025 mg/L air
- Dose / conc.:
- 0.25 mg/L air
- Dose / conc.:
- 1.2 mg/L air
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Evaluation of survival, body weight and organ weight and microscopic examinations
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Evaluation of survival, body weight and organ weight demonstrated significant systemic toxicity including 2/20 mortalities at the top dose of 1.2 mg/L. A reddish discharge around the nares was observed at doses ≥ 0.25 mg/L.
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- 2/20 mortalities at the top dose of 1.2 mg/L.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Decrease in platelet count
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- decrease in liver and kidney weight
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Interstitial inflammation, lung fibrosis at all doses
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Compound-related microscopic lesions consisting of multifocal to generalised inflammatory cell infiltrates and interstitial fibrosis of the lung were observed. This was reported for all groups of benzoic acid treated animals with a concentration-dependent increase in intensity and incidence.
Effect levels
open allclose all
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic
- Effect level:
- 0.25 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- mortality
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- systemic
- Effect level:
- 1.2 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- clinical signs
- mortality
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- Local (pulmonary)
- Effect level:
- 0.025 mg/L air
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- clinical signs
- histopathology: non-neoplastic
Target system / organ toxicity
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 0.025 mg/L air
- System:
- respiratory system: lower respiratory tract
- Organ:
- lungs
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
- Relevant for humans:
- yes
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Inhalation toxicity of benzoic acid was evaluated in rats using fine benzoic acid dust with a mean aerodynamic particle diameter of 4.7 μm (Rop, 1981). Based on these results the RAC opinion concluded on a NOAEL and a LOAEL for systemic toxicity of 0.25 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L, respectively, and a LOAEL of 0.025 mg/L for local pulmonary toxicity.
- Executive summary:
Inhalation toxicity of benzoic acid was evaluated in rats using fine benzoic acid dust with a mean aerodynamic particle diameter of 4.7 μm (Rop, 1981). Evaluation of survival, body weight and organ weight demonstrated significant systemic toxicity including 2/20 mortalities at the top dose of 1.2 mg/L. A reddish discharge around the nares was observed at doses ≥ 0.25 mg/L. In addition to systemic toxicity, compoundrelated microscopic lesions consisting of multifocal to generalised inflammatory cell infiltrates and interstitial fibrosis of the lung were observed. This was reported for all groups of benzoic acid treated animals with a concentration-dependent increase in intensity and incidence. The systemic effects observed at higher concentrations differed from those observed after oral exposure at higher concentrations (organ weight decrease, platelet decrease) and are thought to be secondary to local lung toxicity. Because the toxic effects observed in this study are attributed to the physico-chemical properties of these fine low-solubility particles, the study is not considered relevant for the evaluation of human health effects after repeated exposure to fluid benzoic acid formulations used in biocidal applications.
Based on these results the RAC opinion concluded on a NOAEL and a LOAEL for systemic toxicity of 0.25 mg/L and 1.2 mg/L, respectively, and a LOAEL of 0.025 mg/L for pulmonary toxicity.
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