Zirconium

Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation

Administrative data

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: inhalation

Type of information:

migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

no data

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: see 'Remark'

Remarks:

Well documented, scientifically sound study that is similar to OECD 412 "Repeated Dose Inhalation Toxicity: 28-day or 14-day study" guideline with the following deviations: (1) only one dose was used rather than 3; (2) 2 dogs, 6 Rabbits, and 20 rats (sex not provided) were exposed rather than 5 animals/sex/dose; (3) complete list of tissues examined for gross and histopathology were not provided; (4) no urinalysis or clinical chemistry parameters were examined

Cross-reference

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Inhalation Toxicity of Zirconium Compounds: Short-Term Studies

Author:

Spiegl, C.J., M.C. Calkins, J.J. DeVoldre, J.K. Scott

Year:

1956

Bibliographic source:

Atomic Energy Commission Project, Rep. No. UR-460, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; pages 1-26

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 412 (Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study)

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

see rationale for reliability

GLP compliance:

no

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Zirconium dioxide

EC Number:

215-227-2

EC Name:

Zirconium dioxide

Cas Number:

1314-23-4

IUPAC Name:

1314-23-4

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Zirconium oxide ZrO2
- Physical state: Dust
- Impurities (identity and concentrations): Al (0.026%), B (trace), Ba (0.062%), Ca (0.071%), Cr (trace), Cu (0.008%), Fe (0.049%), Mg (0.16%), Si (< 0.47%), Ti (0.18%)

Test animals

Species:

other: dog, rabbit, rat

Strain:

not specified

Sex:

not specified

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

inhalation: dust

Type of inhalation exposure:

whole body

Vehicle:

other: no data

Remarks on MMAD:

MMAD / GSD: Mass median particle diameter: 1.5 microns

Details on inhalation exposure:

GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: copper-lined chamber constructed of wood with observation windows on three sides, 6 x 8 x 6 ft high and volume of 288 cubic feet.
- Method of conditioning air: A centrally located duct in the ceiling of the chamber served as the inlet for the test substance. Baffles below the inlet and two fans near the ceiling dispersed the test substance and distributed the test substance uniformly throughout the chamber. In the four bottom corners were outlets connected to an exhaust system. Air turnover during exposure was approximately 140 cfm or one change every two minutes with no recycling.
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Wright dust feed.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: 74 +/- 3 degrees F; 47% +/- 6%; few hundredths of an inch of water less than atmospheric pressure.
- Air flow rate: 140 cfm or one change every two minutes.
- Method of particle size determination: test substance was twice ground in a Mikropulverizer to a mean bulk particle size.
- Treatment of exhaust air: not recycled


TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: Hourly samples were taken with a filter paper sampler and weighed on an analytical balance, spectrographic analysis of each day's accumulation of filter paper samples was used to verify the weight-samples and to make such slight adjustments in concentration results as might occasionally arise from varying amounts of nuisance dust.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes, hourly

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Hourly samples were taken with a filter paper sampler and weighed on an analytical balance, spectrographic analysis of each day's accumulation of filter paper samples was used to verify the weight-samples and to make such slight adjustments in concentration results as might occasionally arise from varying amounts of nuisance dust.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

30 days

Frequency of treatment:

6 hours/day 5 days/week

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
75 mg Zr/m3
Basis:
analytical conc.

No. of animals per sex per dose:

Dog 2 (sex not known)
Rabbit 6 (sex not known)
Rat 20 (sex not known)

Control animals:

other: yes, only control rabbits and rats were used

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: No data

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: No data


OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: weekly
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 2 dogs
- Parameters: Red blood cell and differential white cell counts, as well as determinations of hemoglobin, mean corpuscular cell volume and clotting time

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: No

URINALYSIS: No

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No

Sacrifice and pathology:

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes, lung, kidney, liver. Other tissues were examined, but the specific list of other tissues was not provided

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not examined

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

no effects observed

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

not specified

Gross pathological findings:

not specified

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY: One rabbit died during exposure to the test substances however this matched the control group.


BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN: Throughout the exposure periods the weekly weight responses were identical with those of normal animals.


HAEMATOLOGY: There were no reported hematological changes to the two dogs that were selected for this parameter during exposure period.



HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC: There are no reported histological changes that could be attributed to the test substance. The abnormalities that were reported were similar for all species regardless of dose, duration of exposure or test substance inhaled.

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

NOAEC

Effect level:

> 75

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

not specified

Basis for effect level:

other: no effects were reported in any species tested

Target system / organ toxicity

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Inhalation of 75 mg/m3 zirconiuim for 30 days produced no significant changes in animals in mortality rate, growth, hematology values or histopathology. The NOAEC was deemed to be greater than 75 mg Zr/m3.

Executive summary:

In this 30 day repeated dose inhalation study, dogs, rabbits and rats were exposed to 75 mg Zr/m3. No significant changes in animals were observed regarding mortality rate, growth, hematology values or hitopathology. The NOAEC was deemed to be greater than 75 mg Zr/m3.