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EC number: 201-535-4 | CAS number: 84-51-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- from January 1991 to 16 October 1991
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Guideline-conform GLP study without deviations
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: 0 (control), 0 (DMSO control), 32, 65, 130, 250 and 500 µg/L (with and without algae)
- Sampling method: not reported
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: stored cool and dark
- Sampling time points: day 0 and day 4 - Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION (especially for difficult test substances)
- Method: 50 mg 2-ethylanthraquinone was dissolved in 10 mL DMSO to obtain a concentration of 5000 mg/L. This stock solution was diluted with DMSO to obtain stock solutions of 2500, 1300,650 and 320 mg/L. To erlenmeyers of 1 litre, wrapped in aluminium foil and containing 400 mL algae medium, 40 µL of these stock solutions was added. These solutions were stirred for 2 hours to obtain homogeneous nominal test concentrations of 500,250,130,65 and 32 µg/L .
- Eluate: not applicable
- Differential loading: not reported
- Controls: Algae medium with DMSO (0.1 mL/L, DMSO control) and algae medium only (control)
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): DMSO
- Evidence of undissolved material (e.g. precipitate, surface film, etc): no - Test organisms (species):
- Raphidocelis subcapitata (previous names: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Algae
- Strain: not reported
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): Culture is in house since September 1986 and originates from TNO, the Netherlands.
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): 4 days
- Method of cultivation: The algae are cultured in 100-mL Erlenmeyers with 50 mL algae medium. Each week an inoculum (1 mL) of this culture is transferred into fresh algae medium. The culture chamber is illuminated 24 hours a day with fluorescent lamps.
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not):
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed: - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 d
- Hardness:
- not reported
- Test temperature:
- 23.0 - 25.4
- pH:
- 7.3 - 7.9
- Dissolved oxygen:
- not reported
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 0 (control), 0 (DMSO control), 32, 65, 130, 250 and 500 µg/L
Mean measured concentration: 0 (control), 0 (DMSO control), 20, 38, 66, 149, 281 µg/L - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel fill volume: 250 mL
- Aeration: not reported
- Renewal rate of test solution (frequency/flow rate): no renewal
- Initial cells density: 2.5 · 10^4 cells/mL
- Control end cells density: 120 · 10^4 cells/mL
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 4
- No. of vessels per vehicle control (replicates): 4
GROWTH MEDIUM
- Standard medium used: yes
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: not reported
- Algae medium:
Per litre distilled water:
NaNO3: 25.5 mg
MgCl2 · 6H2O: 12.2. mg
CaCl2 · 2H2O: 4.4 mg
MgSO4 · 7H2O: 14.7 mg
K2HPO4: 1.0 mg
NaHCO3: 15 mg
Micronutrient stock solution: 1 mL
The micronutrient stock solution contains per liter distilled water:
H3BO3: 185.5 mg
MnCl2 · 4H2O: 415.6 mg
ZnCl2: 3.3 mg
CoCl2 · 6H2O: 1.4 mg
CuCl2 · 2H2O: 0.012 mg
Na2MoO4 · 2H2O: 7.3 mg
FeCl3 · 6H2O: 160.0 mg
This medium is filtered on a 0.20 µm sterile Pall filter (Millipore). After filtration, the pH of the medium is 7.5.
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
- Intervals of water quality measurement: not reported
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Sterile test conditions: no
- Adjustment of pH: no
- Photoperiod: illuminated 24 hours a day with fluorescent
- Light intensity and quality: All wavelengths below 600 nm were filtered by a red sheet below the lamps (checked by spectrophotometer). In this way the light intensity was reduced from 8000 to 2000 lux. This measure was necessary because 2-ethylanthraquinone is unstable in water under normal light conditions.
- Temperature in incubator: 24 ± 1 °C
- Shaking speed in the incubator: 100 rotations per minute
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- Determination of cell concentrations: spectrophotometer
- Chlorophyll measurement: not done
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: approximately 2
- Range finding study: Various range-finding tests were performed.
- Test concentrations: not reported
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: The toxicity of the test substance was approximately determined in the range-finding tests. - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- Once a year, a toxicity test with Selenastrum capricornutum and the reference substance potassium bichromate is conducted.
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- > 280 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 150 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 280 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 66 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- biomass
- Details on results:
- - Exponential growth in the control (for algal test): yes
- Observation of abnormalities (for algal test): No
- Unusual cell shape: not reported
- Colour differences: not reported
- Flocculation: No
- Adherence to test vessels: Not reported
- Aggregation of algal cells: Not reported
- Any stimulation of growth found in any treatment: Not reported
- Any observations (e.g. precipitation) that might cause a difference between measured and nominal values: The concentration of the test substance was not maintained constant during the test, because the test substance is not stable in light in aqueous solution. Furthermore adsorption to or
degradation by the algae occurred as well.
- Effect concentrations exceeding solubility of substance in test medium: ECr50 above solubility limit, NOErC below solubility limit, ECb50 slightly above solubility limit, NOEbC below solubility limit - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- EC50: 1.1 mg/L - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- For growth rate the EC50 is > 280 µg/L and the NOEC is equal to 150 µg/L.
- Executive summary:
The toxicity of 2-ethylanthraquinone to the alga Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyceae) was tested according to OECD Guideline 201 (OECD, 1984) at nominal test concentrations ranging from 32 to 500 µg per litre algal medium. As 2-ethylanthraquinone is unstable in water under normal light conditions, these tests were conducted in red light with wavelengths above 600 nm. Samples of the test concentrations were taken at day 0 and at day 4 and analysed by HPLC. The measured concentrations of the test substance in solution ranged from 34 to 414 µg/L at the start, but decreased to below the limit of detection and 147 µg/L after 4 days, respectively. The results based on the mean of the concentrations measured at the start and the end of the test are ECr50>280 µg/L, NOErC=150 µg/L, Eb50=280 µ/L and NOEbC=66 µg/L. The biomass is more affected by 2-ethylanthraquinone than the growth rate. For biomass the EC50 of this chemical is equal to 280 µg/L which is at or slightly above the solubility limit and the NOEC is 66 µg/L. For growth rate the EC50 is > 280 µg/L and the NOEC is equal to 150 µg/L.
Reference
Exposure concentration
Since the concentration was only measured at the start and at termination of the study the real exposure is not well known, but can be estimated by calculating the mean of the measured values. This figure is not very accurate and the final results were therefore rounded to two significant figures.
Mean measured test concentration
Nominal test concentration (µg/L) |
Mean measured test concentration (µg/L) |
||||
with algae |
without algae |
||||
day0 |
day4 |
mean day0-4 |
day0 |
day4 |
|
0(control) |
<27 |
<27 |
<27 |
<27 |
<27 |
0(DMSO-control) |
<27 |
<27 |
<27 |
<27 |
<27 |
32 |
34 |
<27 |
<30 |
34 |
<27 |
65 |
58 |
<27 |
38 |
58 |
54 |
130 |
110 |
<27 |
66 |
110 |
105 |
250 |
217 |
81 |
149 |
217 |
206 |
500 |
414 |
147 |
281 |
414 |
329 |
Mean absorption versus mean measured concentrations
Nominal test concentration (µg/L) |
Mean adsorption |
||||
day0 |
day1 |
day 2 |
day3 |
day4 |
|
0 (control) |
0.016 |
0.027 |
0.071 |
0.178 |
0.344 |
0 (DMSO-control) |
0.016 |
0.028 |
0.074 |
0.188 |
0.382 |
32 |
0.016 |
0.027 |
0.066 |
0.177 |
0.339 |
65 |
0.016 |
0.026 |
0.061 |
0.150 |
0.292 |
130 |
0.016 |
0.027 |
0.067 |
0.164 |
0.333 |
250 |
0.016 |
0.025 |
0.055 |
0.125 |
0.252 |
500 |
0.016 |
0.024 |
0.044 |
0.091 |
0.180 |
Mean number of algae cells per mL
Mean measured concentration (µg/L) |
Number 10^4 cells/mL |
||||
Day 0 |
Day 1 |
Day 2 |
Day 3 |
Day 4 |
|
0 (control) |
2.5 |
6.0 |
20 |
60 |
120 |
0 (DMSO-control) |
2.5 |
6.0 |
20 |
60 |
140 |
30 |
2.5 |
6.0 |
18 |
60 |
120 |
38 |
2.5 |
6.0 |
16 |
47 |
110 |
66 |
2.5 |
6.0 |
18 |
52 |
120 |
149 |
2.5 |
5.4 |
14 |
37 |
86 |
281 |
2.5 |
5.4 |
11 |
26 |
60 |
At day 0, the number of algae cells per mL were based on the number determined with the haemocytometer.
Description of key information
In a short-term toxicity study with algae, the ECr50 was >280 µg/L, NOErC was 150 µg/L, Eb50 was 280 µ/L and NOEbC was 66 µg/L.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
The toxicity of 2-ethylanthraquinone to the alga Selenastrum capricornutum (Chlorophyceae) was tested according to OECD Guideline 201 (OECD, 1984) at nominal test concentrations ranging from 32 to 500 µg per litre algal medium. The test substance was dissolved in DMSO prior to the preparation of test solutions due to its low water solubility. As 2-ethylanthraquinone is unstable in water under normal light conditions, these tests were conducted in red light with wavelengths above 600 nm. Samples of the test concentrations were taken at day 0 and at day 4 and analysed by HPLC. The measured concentrations of the test substance in solution ranged from 34 to 414 µg/L at the start, but decreased to below the limit of detection and 147 µg/L after 4 days, respectively. The results based on the mean of the concentrations measured at the start and the end of the test were ECr50>280 µg/L, NOErC=150 µg/L, Eb50=280 µ/L and NOEbC=66 µg/L. Effects on biomass are more sensitive compared to effects on growth rate, however only the latter should be used for classification purposes. In this respect the most significant result is the NOErC=150 µg/L which eventually leads to a CLP classification as aquatic chronic toxic category 3, H412 (for details see endpoint summary 6.1 Aquatic toxicity).
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