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Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information
Genetic toxicity in vitro: - Chromosome aberration: Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79): negative for chromosome aberration with and without metabolic activation (OECD 473, GLP, Klimisch 1) - Gene mutation (Bacterial reverse mutation assay / Ames test): S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 1538, E. coli WP2 uvr A: negative with and without metabolic activation (OECD 471, GLP, Klimisch 2) - Gene mutation (in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay / mouse lymphoma test): mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells: negative with and without metabolic activation (OECD 476, EU method B.17, EPA OTS 798.5300, GLP, Klimisch 1) - Gene mutation (Bacterial reverse mutation assay / Ames test): S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100 and TA 1538, E. coli WP2 uvr A: negative with and without metabolic activation (OECD 471, Klimisch 2, read-across from 5-(dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione) - Gene mutation (Bacterial reverse mutation assay / Ames test): S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100: negative with and without metabolic activation (OECD 471, EU method B.13/14, EPA OPPTS 870.5265, Klimisch 2, read-across from 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol)
Link to relevant study records
Reference
Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells
Remarks:
Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
2012-09-27 - 2013-02-22
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: well documented GLP-Guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)
Deviations:
no
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
EPA OTS 798.5300 (Detection of Gene Mutations in Somatic Cells in Culture)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes
Type of assay:
mammalian cell gene mutation assay
Target gene:
thymidine kinase heterozygote system, where tk+tk- is mutated to tk-tk-
Species / strain / cell type:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- Type and identity of media: The basic culture medium (R0P) was RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with penicillin G (100 units/mL), streptomycin (100 μg/mL), sodium bicarbonate (1.125 g/L) and pluronic acid (0.05%, w/v).
For cell growth, heat-inactivated horse serum (10%, v/v) was added to R0P to give R10P.
The medium used during treatment for 4 h was R0P supplemented with 5% (v/v) heat-inactivated horse serum (R5P). The medium used during treatment for 24 h was R10P.
For colony formation, cloning medium was used, consisting of R0P supplemented with heat-inactivated horse serum (20%, v/v), sodium pyruvate (1.9 mM), and amphotericin B (fungizone) (2.5 μg/mL).
For selection of tk-tk- cells, cloning medium was supplemented with trifluorothymidine (TFT) at 3 μg/mL.

- Properly maintained: yes
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: yes
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: no
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: yes, (The tk+tk- heterozygote cells grown in suspension spontaneously mutate to tk-tk- at a rate of 2 x 10-6 mutations/generation. These homozygous mutants were removed before testing began).

Other:
The cells grow in suspension culture, have a generation time of about 11 h, have a stable, near-diploid chromosome number and have a high cloning efficiency in serum-enriched cloning medium.
Some mutant cells divide at the normal rate, producing large colonies, while other cells divide at a distinctly slower rate, producing small colonies. A high proportion of large type colonies are associated with small chromosomal deletions or point mutations, while a large proportion of the small type colonies are associated with large chromosomal deletions. Assessment of the relative numbers of both colony types can provide information to support results obtained in bacterial mutation and chromosome aberration tests.
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
0.1, 0.3, 1, 3.3, 10, 33.3, 100, 333.3 and 1000 μg/mL
Vehicle / solvent:
- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: [acetone]
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Information supplied by the Sponsor indicated that acetone was a suitable vehicle for use with
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol. Acetone was therefore used to formulate the test item throughout the study.
- Other details: In this study, the vehicle control cultures were treated with acetone. In the toxicity tests, the concentration of acetone was 1 %, v/v, throughout. In the mutation experiments, the final concentration of acetone was reduced in the experiment in the absence of S9 mix with a 24 h exposure period to 0.5 %, v/v. This action was taken to improve cell growth following exposure, as it was noted that use of 1 % acetone, v/v resulted in reduced cell growth in the toxicity test.
Untreated negative controls:
not specified
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Remarks:
Acetone 1 % v/v
Positive controls:
yes
Remarks:
In the absence of S9 mix (4 h exposure period) were: 250 μg/mL EMS, and 10 μg/mL MMS. In the presence of S9 mix 3-MC was used at concentrations of 2.5 and 10 μg/mL. EMS and 3-MC were dissolved in dimethylsulphoxide, while MMS was dissolved in water.
Positive control substance:
3-methylcholanthrene
ethylmethanesulphonate
methylmethanesulfonate
Details on test system and experimental conditions:
METHOD OF APPLICATION: soft agar cloning method originally developed by Clive

DURATION
- Exposure duration: 4 / 24 h
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 48 h
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): at least 9 days for cloning efficiency assay, at least 12 days for mutant selection assay

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): trifluorothymidine (TFT) at 3 μg/mL.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: relative total growth

OTHER:
Treatment (4 h Exposure Period)
On the day of the test (Day 0), samples of cell culture (in 5 mL R10P) were dispensed to sterile tubes containing R0P (3.9 mL). Freshly prepared S9 mix or R0P (1 mL) was added to each tube followed by the test formulation (0.1 mL). Vehicle control cultures received acetone (0.1 mL). Positive control cultures received the appropriate solution (0.1 mL). The final reaction mixture in all cultures contained 10 mL of cells, at a population density estimated at 6.0 x 10E5 cells/mL, in R5P medium.
All tubes were placed on a 10 r.p.m. rotating drum, inside an incubator set to maintain a temperature of 37°C, for 4 h. After this, the cells were gently sedimented by centrifugation at 200 g for 5 min and resuspended in R10P medium (20 mL). This step was repeated to give a cell density estimated at 3 x 10E5/mL.
The cells were returned to the rotating drum and allowed to express their genetic lesions for 2 days. Cell numbers were adjusted, after counting, to an estimated 3 x 10E5 cells/mL on day 1.

Extended Treatment (24 h Exposure)
An experiment is conducted using an extended 24 h exposure period, when the results of the first experiment in the absence of S9 mix are negative.The extended exposure period facilitates continuous exposure to the test item through > 1 cell cycle.
On the day of the test (day 0), samples of cell culture (in 10 mL R10P) were dispensed to sterile tubes containing R0P (7.9 mL). R50P (R0P:serum, 50:50, v/v) (2 mL) was added to each tube followed by the test formulation (0.1 mL). Vehicle control cultures received acetone (0.1 mL). Positive control cultures received the appropriate solution (0.1 mL). The final reaction mixture in all cultures contained 20 mL of cells, at a population density estimated at 3 x 10E5 cells/mL, in R10P medium.
(The larger volumes allow the same numbers of cells to be treated as in the experiments conducted at 4 h exposure, but at half the density. The lower density is required to allow cell growth during the exposure period. The serum concentration is not lowered, as some essential nutrients can become exhausted during the exposure period.)
All tubes were incubated on the rotating drum (as described above) for 24 h. After this (on day 1), the cells were gently sedimented by centrifugation at 200 g for 5 min and were then resuspended in R10P medium (20 mL). This step was repeated. Cell counts were made and the densities adjusted (where higher) to give an estimated 3 x 10E5 cells/mL. The cells were returned to the rotating drum and allowed to express their genetic lesions for 2 days. Cell numbers were adjusted, after counting, to an estimated 3 x 10E5 cells/mL on day 2.

Expression of Genetic Damage
On day 2 (4 h exposure) or day 3 (24 h exposure), cell counts were determined. The cell counts over the 2 or 3 days of the experiments provided a measure of suspension growth. This in turn provided a measure of RSG. This was used when choosing dose levels to carry through to final assessment, as no other measures of toxicity were known at the time the decision was required.
In this study, the treated cultures from the 5 highest concentrations of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol giving satisfactory cell survival were selected for final assessment in all 4 assays. The cultures were then assessed for expression of genetic damage. This was determined by performing parallel cloning assays for cloning efficiency and mutant selection. For the cloning efficiency assay, each culture was diluted into cloning medium to give an estimated 8 cells/mL. Two 96-well dishes were filled with 200 μL cell culture per well, so giving an estimated 1.6 cells per well.
For the mutant selection assay, TFT stock solution was added to cloning medium to give a final concentration of 3 μg/mL. Into this medium, the cell cultures were diluted to give an estimated 1 x 10E4 cells/mL. Two 96-well dishes were filled with 200 μL cell culture per well, so giving an estimated 2000 cells per well.
All dishes were placed in an incubator set to maintain a humid atmosphere of 5 % CO2: 95 % air (v/v) at 37 °C until the colonies were fully developed (at least 9 days for cloning efficiency assay, at least 12 days for mutant selection assay).
Evaluation criteria:
Criteria for a Positive Result: The global evaluation factor (GEF = mean of the global vehicle control distribution plus one standard deviation) of 126 mutants per million applies for this assay and biological significance startes at values > 126 mutants per million.
An experiment was considered positive:
• if one or more concentrations showed a biolog. signif. increase in mutant fraction and a significant linear trend.
• without a linear trend - if there was mitigating evidence. This might be the presence of a similar level of toxicity at all concentrations assessed. Then the confirmatory experiment should assess concentrations covering different levels of toxicity, to establish a linear trend.
A test item was positive if 2 positive experiments out of 2 were recorded within the same activation condition. Test items that gave a negative response in the standard exposure in the absence of S9 mix, but gave a positive response in the extended exposure, were liable to a confirmatory experiment with the extended exposure.
Criteria for a Negative Result: a test item was defined as non-mutagenic, provided data were obtained in both the absence and the presence of S9 mix that accompanied one or more of the following:
• the predetermined maximum concentration of 5000 μg/mL or 10 mM, whichever is lower
• the highest practicable concentration limited by the solubility or pH of the test item
• RTG in the range 10 - 20 %
It is acknowledged (Moore et al., 2002) that in some circumstances a chemical may be determined to be non-mutagenic when there was no treatment showing an RTG value of 10 - 20 %. These situations are as follows:
a) no evidence of mutagenic activity in a series of data points within 100 % to 20 % RTG and at least one data point between 20 % and 25 % RTG.
b) no evidence of mutagenic activity in a series of data points between 100 % to 25 % RTG and a data point between 10 % and 1 % RTG.
Species / strain:
mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Remarks:
All mean IMF values were well below the minimum 126 mutants per million required to indicate a biologically relevant increase, and therefore the test item was considered not to be demonstrating mutagenic activity.
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
cytotoxicity
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Additional information on results:
TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Precipitation: at the 3 highest concentrations of 100, 333.3 and 1000 μg/mL in all 3 test conditions. This was of no consequence, as toxicity required the use of lower, nonprecipitating dose levels.

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES:
Toxicity Test: The exposure of the cells was similar to that described for the mutation assays with the exception that only one culture was prepared for each treatment.
The selection in the mutation experiments of the treatments for final assessment is dependent on suspension growth following treatment. The measure used to assess toxicity in the dose range-finding test was therefore relative suspension growth. The cell population densities were recorded over 2 days (following treatment) using a haemocytometer, then the total suspension growths were expressed as percentages of the vehicle control group (= relative suspension growth, or RSG).
The toxicity test was performed using the standard 4 h exposure period in the absence and presence of S9 mix. An additional toxicity test was performed in the absence of S9 mix with 24 h exposure to 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol, as a contingency against the later requirement for a full experiment using this extended exposure period.
Observations on the precipitation of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol were made after dosing and at the end of the exposure period. Observations of pH change (colour change in indicator in RPMI medium) were made and if any change was noted, pH measurements were made.

The results of the toxicity tests showed that the substance was of a moderate to high level of toxicity. In the absence of S9 mix, a concentration of 3.3 μg/mL of test item after a 4 h treatment reduced cell suspension growth to 38.2 % of the vehicle control group, while a concentration of 10 μg/mL reduced suspension growth to 13.8 %. Concentrations of 33.3 μg/mL and higher were lethal.
However, it was rather less toxic in the presence of S9 mix. A concentration of 10 μg/mL of test item after a 4 h treatment reduced cell suspension growth to 49.2 %, while 33.3 μg/mL reduced suspension growth to 6.9 %. Concentrations of 100 μg/mL and higher were lethal.
When the exposure period in the absence of S9 mix was extended to 24 h, a concentration of 3.3 μg/mL of test item reduced suspension growth to 28.4 %. All higher concentrations were lethal.
Remarks on result:
other: all strains/cell types tested
Remarks:
Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Also in the experiment without S9 -mix (4 h), all values were well below the minimum of 126 mutants per million required to indicate a biologically relevant increase, with theexception of the 19.75 μg/mL group. This treatment gave an IMF value of 132 mutants per million: just above the threshold value. The relevance of this single increase was made questionable by the downward trend of the IMF at the higher, more toxic concentration of 27.25 μg/mL (74 mutants per million). Again, the marginally higher values for the treated groups resulted in the linear trend test showing significance (P < 0.001).

The RTG levels at the two highest assessed concentrations of 19.75 and 27.25 μg/mL were 19 % and 10 %, respectively, which are both definitive levels of toxicity. A call of inconclusive was made for the assay, and further assessment was deferred to the second experiment in the presence of S9 mix.

In the extended experiment, all mean IMF values were well below the minimum 126 mutants per million required to indicate a biologically relevant increase, and therefore the test item was considered not to be demonstrating mutagenic activity. Again, the IMF values for 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-

dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol were consistently marginally higher than the vehicle control group. This resulted in the test for linear trend in mutant fraction with concentration of test item showing significance (P < 0.001).

A call of not mutagenic was made for the assay.

In 2 fully acceptable assays in the absence of S9 mix (one with a 4 h exposure period and one with a 24 h exposure period), no 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol treatment resulted in a biologically relevant increase in mutant fraction. Both assays returned treatments showing a definitive level of toxicity. It is therefore concluded that the test item is not mutagenic in the absence of S9 mix.

In 2 fully acceptable assays in the presence of S9 mix, the test substance did not demonstrate a reproducible biologically relevant increase in mutant fraction. Both assays returned treatments showing a definitive level of toxicity. It is therefore concluded that the test item is not mutagenic in the presence of S9 mix.

It should be noted that small increases in the induced mutant fraction considered to be of no biological relevance were consistently obtained in the 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol treatment groups.

In conclusion, 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol was not mutagenic in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, in either the absence or the presence of S9 mix when tested in acetone at concentrations extending into the toxic range.

Table 1. Toxicity Test in the Absence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure)
Chemical Concentration (µg/mL) Precipitation Suspension Count (x 105/mL) Total Suspension Growth Relative Suspension Growth %
Day1 Day 2
Acetone (100 µL added)   10.2 20.0 22.7 100.0
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 0.1   11.6 16.0 20.6 91.0
0.3   11.4 20.4 25.8 114.0
1.0   10.2 18.8 21.3 94.0
3.3   5.0 15.6 8.7 38.2
10.0   2.4 9.4 3.1 13.8
33.3   0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100.0 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
333.3 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1000.0 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
pptn=Precipitation

Table 2. Toxicity Test in the Presence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure)
Chemical Concentration (µg/mL) Precipitation Suspension Count (x 105/mL) Total Suspension Growth Relative Suspension Growth %
Day1 Day2
Acetone (100 µL added)   13.2 18.0 26.4 100.0
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 0.1   13.0 20.6 29.8 112.7
0.3   13.8 19.4 29.7 112.7
1.0   13.6 17.0 25.7 97.3
3.3   11.0 16.0 19.6 74.1
10.0   7.5 15.6 13.0 49.2
33.3   1.4 5.5 1.8 6.9
100.0 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
333.3 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1000.0 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
pptn = Precipitation

Table 3. Toxicity Test in the Absence of S9 Mix (24 h Exposure)
Chemical Concentration (µg/mL) Precipitation Suspension Count (x 105/mL) Total Suspension Growth Relative Suspension Growth%
Day1 Day 2 Day3
Acetone (200 µL added)   13.0 8.7 15.7 65.8 100.0
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 0.1   10.6 8.3 17.4 56.7 86.2
0.3   9.0 9.2 17.0 52.1 79.3
1.0   8.4 7.6 15.4 36.4 55.4
3.3   4.6 8.0 13.7 18.7 28.4
10.0   0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
33.3   0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
100.0 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
333.3 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1000.0 pptn 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
pptn = Precipitation

Table 4. Mutation Test in the Absence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure) Summary of Means of Data (Assay 1)
Chemical Concentration (µg/mL) Relative Total Growth% Mutant Fraction(x10-6) IMF (Induced Mutant Fraction x 10-6) Ratio of Small to Large Colonies
Acetone (100 µL added) 100 91 N/A 3.51
EMS 250 74 893 802 0.62
MMS 10 40 1967 1876 2.32
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5- 1.00 59 140 49 1.54
dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and 1.75 44 173 82 1.45
Tert-nonanethiol 3.25 26 128 37 1.19
  5.50 19 148 56 1.64
  8.50 16 175 84 1.61
  12.25 NPT NPT NPT NPT
  16.75 NPT NPT NPT NPT
  22.00 NPT NPT NPT NPT
IMF = Mutant fraction of treatment minus mutant fraction of vehicle control group
N/A = Not Applicable
Test for linear trend of mutant fraction with concentration of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol=significant (P=0.001)
NPT = Not Plated - Toxic

Table 5. Mutation Test in the Presence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure) Summary of Means of Data (Assay 2)
Chemical Concentration (µg/mL) Relative Total Growth % Mutant Fraction(x10-6) IMF (Induced Mutant Fraction x 10-6) Ratio of Small to Large Colonies
Acetone (100 µL added) 100 96 N/A 1.33
3-MC 2.5 53 1092 995 1.06
  10 35 1472 1375 1.68
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5- 2.25 NPS NPS NPS NPS
dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen 4.75 55 134 38 1.04
Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 8.50 36 139 43 1.13
  13.50 24 157 61 1.07
  19.75 19 228 132 0.93
  27.25 10 171 74 1.49
  36.00 NPT NPT NPT NPT
  46.00 NPT NPT NPT NPT
IMF = Mutant fraction of treatment minus mutant fraction of vehicle control group
N/A=Not Applicable
Test for linear trend of mutant fraction with concentration of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol=significant (P<0.001)
NPS = Not Plated - Surplus
NPT = Not Plated - Toxic

Table 6. Mutation Test in the Absence of S9 Mix (24 h Exposure) Summary of Means of Data (Assay 3)
Chemical Concentration(µg/mL) Relative Total Growth % Mutant Fraction(x10-6) IMF (Induced Mutant Fraction x 10-6) Ratio of Small to Large Colonies
Acetone (100 µL added) 100 130 N/A 0.90
EMS 100 82 1540 1410 0.49
MMS 5 43 2537 2407 1.37
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5- 0.1 NPS NPS NPS NPS
dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and 0.4 NPS NPS NPS NPS
Tert-nonanethiol 1.0 66 204 74 0.80
  1.9 45 207 77 1.63
  3.1 35 200 71 1.07
  4.6 25 218 89 1.10
  6.4 14 214 84 0.99
  8.5 NPT NPT NPT NPT
IMF = Mutant fraction of treatment minus mutant fraction of vehicle control group
N/A = Not Applicable
Test for linear trend of mutant fraction with concentration of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol = significant (P<0.001)
NPS = Not Plated - Surplus
NPT = Not Plated - Toxic

Table 7. Mutation Test in the Presence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure) Summary of Means of Data (Assay 4)
Chemical Concentration(µg/mL) Relative Total Growth % Mutant Fraction (x 10-6) IMF (Induced Mutant Fraction x 10-6) Ratio of Small to Large Colonies
Acetone (100 µL added) 100 112 N/A 1.53
3-MC 2.5 45 1299 1187 0.91
  10 33 1448 1336 0.86
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5- 2.25 NPS NPS NPS NPS
dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen 4.75 57 147 35 1.01
Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 8.50 29 205 94 0.79
  13.50 21 198 86 0.61
  19.75 13 216 104 0.77
  27.25 + (9) (343) (231) (0.76)
  36.00 NPT NPT NPT NPT
  46.00 NPT NPT NPT NPT
IMF = Mutant fraction of treatment minus mutant fraction of vehicle control group
N/A = Not Applicable
Test for linear trend of mutant fraction with concentration of 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol = significant (P<0.001)
NPS = Not Plated - Surplus
NPT = Not Plated - Toxic
+   = Toxic concentration resulting in unacceptable relative total growth (<10%). Data included for information, but excluded from assessment

Table 8. Historical Control Data
Mouse Lymphoma L5178Y Cell Historical Control Data from Recent Experiments (August 2006 to December 2011]
Vehicle Control Data
Vehicle Control S9 Exposure Time   Mutant Fraction x 10"6 No-effect Maximum (Induced Mutant Fraction) Mean Colony Size Ratio (Small/Large)
  Mean SD Range Mean SD Range
All, poolec 1 4h 59 SI 24 49-155 49 1.40 0.41 0.73-2.64
All, poolec 1 24h 50 89 32 47-194 60 1.36 0.50 0.60-2.94
All, poolec 1 + 4h 109 93 27 47-188 79 1.42 0.38 0.64-2.75
| — Each value is the mean of 4 replicate cultures
The No-effect Maximum represents the maximum difference recorded between the 2 pairs of vehicle control cultures in any experiment That is, the lower mean mutant fraction (x 10"6) is subtracted from the higher. This difference, when applied to the response from a mutagen, is termed the induced mutant fraction (IMF). Positive Control Data
Positive Control S9 Concentration (µg/mL) Exposure Time   Mutant Fraction x 10"6 RTG% Mean Colony Size Ratio (Small/Large)
  Mean SD Range Mean Range Mean SD Range
EMS - 250 4h 59 722 261 433-1560 59 38-79 0.54 0.11 0.29-0.84
MMS - 10 4h 59 1063 320 543-2094 38 22-75 2.22 0.58 1.39-3.79
EMS* - 150 24h 48 2226 833 1197-4475 33 8-92 0.35 0.10 0.14-0.63
EMS* - 100 24h 2 2882 - 2637-3126 31 24-38 0.41 - 0.32-0.49
MMS - 5 24 h 50 1938 460 1115-3204 33 17-91 1.65 0.44 0.86-2.94
3-MC + 2.5 4h 109 917 411 403-2277 60 14-96 1.27 0.35 0.67-3.61
3-MC + 10 4h 54 1086 458 515-2251 47 6-80 1.34 0.28 0.73-2.18
— Each value is the mean of 2 replicate cultures
EMS = Ethyl methanesulphonate
MMS = Methyl methanesulphonate
3-MC — 3-Methylcholanthrene
# After many years of use, 150 µg EMS/mL became too toxic in the 24 h test system, resulting in a recent reduction to 100 µg/mL.
Audited by: Alison McNaughton (Quality Assurance)
22 May 2012

Table 9.  Individual Suspension Growth Data Mutation Test in the Absence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure) Suspension Growth (Assay 1)
Chemical Concentration (µg/rnL) Observations Suspension Count (x 105/mL) Total Suspension Growth Relative Suspension Growth (%)
Day 1 Day 2
Vehicle Control Mean _       19.6  
Acetone (100 µL added)   10.5 18.4 21.5 109.6
9.0 18.0 18.0 91.9
10.0 18.0 20.0 102.1
10.9 15.6 18.9 96.4
EMS 250 - 8.5 14.8 14.0 71.4
9.8 13.0 14.2 72.3
MMS 10 - 8.0 14.6 13.0 66.2
10.4 13.2 15.3 77.9
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 1.00 - 6.0 16.0 10.7 54.4
8.1 12.6 11.3 57.9
1.75 - 6.1 13.6 9.2 47.1
4.8 14.8 7.9 40.3
3.25 - 3.5 14.8 5.8 29.4
3.7 13.6 5.6 28.5
5.50 - 2.5 11.0 3.7 18.7
2.5 14.0 4.7 23.8
Suspension Growth (Assay 1 Continued)
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 8.50 - 1.8 7.5 2.5 12.8
2.7 7.0 2.3 11.9
12.25 - 0.5 2.0 0.7 3.4
0.8 3.0 1.0 5.1
16.75 - 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
22.00 - 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Table 9 (continued). Mutation Test in the Presence of S9 Mix (4 h Exposure) Suspension Growth (Assay 2)
Chemical Concentration(µg/mL) Observations Suspension Count (x 105/mL) Total Suspension Growth Relative Suspension Growth (%)
Day 1 Day 2
Vehicle Control Mean _       23.9  
Acetone (100 µL added)   12.2 17.2 23.3 97.6
11.0 19.6 24.0 100.3
10.9 18.0 21.8 91.3
14.0 17.0 26.4 110.7
3-MC 2.5 - 7.6 17.0 14.4 60.1
8.4 16.4 15.3 64.1
  10 - 7.1 12.0 9.5 39.6
8.1 13.0 11.7 49.0
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 2.25 - 9.5 14.8 15.6 65.4
9.9 17.6 19.4 81.1
4.75 - 6.7 16.0 11.9 49.9
8.2 13.0 11.8 49.6
8.50 - 4.4 14.0 6.8 28.7
4.4 16.0 7.8 32.8
13.50 - 2.5 14.8 4.9 20.7
2.8 15.6 5.2 21.8
Suspension Growth (Assay 2 Continued)
1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, Reaction Products with Hydrogen Peroxide and Tert-nonanethiol 19.75 - 1.1 10.8 3.6 15.1
1.7 13.0 4.3 18.1
27.25 - 2.0 5.7 1.9 8.0
1.8 6.5 2.2 9.1
36.00 - 0.7 1.7 0.6 2.4
0.6 2.0 0.7 2.8
46.00 - 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1
Conclusions:
Interpretation of results (migrated information):
negative with metabolic activation

The study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 476 and EU-Method B.17 without deviations and considered to be of the highest quality (reliability Klimisch 1). The vehicle and the positive control substances fulfilled validity criteria of the test system. Precipitation occurred in experiments conducted at 100 µg/mL. With and without metabolic activation the test material did not induce significant increases in gene mutations in mammalian cells. The test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this assay.
Executive summary:

The test item, 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol, was assayed for its mutagenic potential in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell line, clone -3.7.2C, scoring for forward mutations at the thymidine kinase locus: tk+tk- to tk-tk- (Riach, 2013). The test substance was formulated in acetone. Tests were conducted both in the absence and in the presence of a post-mitochondrial supernatant fraction obtained from Aroclor 1254-induced livers of adult male rats and the co-factors required for mixed-function oxidase activity (S9 mix). The study was designed to be consistent with ICH Guidelines,OECD Guideline No. 476 and EC Directive 2000/32/EC B.17. The study also meets the requirements of the United States and Japan. Preliminary cytotoxicity tests showed that 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol was of a moderate to high order of toxicity, reducing cell growth over the range 1 to 33.3 µg/mL in the absence of S9 mix (4 h exposure period), 3.3 to 100 µg/mL in the presence of S9 mix (4 h exposure period) and over the range 0.3 to 10 µg/mL in the absence of S9 mix (24 h exposure period).

Four independent mutation assays were conducted (assay No. 1 - Absence of S9 – treatment time 4 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 1.00, 1.75, 3.25, 5.50, 8.50; assay No. 2 - Presence of S9 – treatment time 4 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 4.75, 8.50, 13.50, 19.75, 27.25; assay No. 3 - Absence of S9 – treatment time 24 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 1.0, 1.9, 3.1, 4.6, 6.4; assay No. 4 - Presence of S9 – treatment time 4 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 4.75, 8.50, 13.50, 19.75 - + Concentrations included in the final assessment). In assay 1, the three higher concentrations (12.25 16.75 and 22.00 μg/mL) were all too toxic for assessment.

Positive control cultures were included, and the resultant mutant fractions from these provided the expected increase and proof of adequate recovery of ‘small’ type colonies. Duplicate cultures were carried through the experiments for each treatment point. Vehicle control cultures were also included and were tested in quadruplicate. Biological relevance was given to any increase in mutant fraction greater than 126 mutants per million above the concurrent control value. In addition, all experiments were tested for dose-related trends in mutant fraction. No reproducible biologically relevant increase in mutant fraction was obtained in either the absence or the presence of S9 mix. (It was noted that small increases considered to be of no biological relevance were consistently obtained in the 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol treatment groups). Results were obtained at a definitive level of toxicity in all 4 mutation assays.

In conclusion, 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol was not mutagenic in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, in either the absence or the presence of S9 mix when tested in acetone at concentrations extending into the toxic range.

Endpoint conclusion
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed (negative)

Additional information

Additional information from genetic toxicity in vitro:

There are five in vitro studies attributed to the endpoint “genetic toxicity” available:

 

Heidemann, 1989, Chromosome aberration test:

A chromosome aberration assay was conducted to assess the potential of the test material to induce structural chromosome aberrations using the procedure described in the current OECD Guideline 473.

‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’was assessed for its potential to induce structural chromosome aberrations in V79 cells of the Chinese hamsterin vitroin the absence and presence of metabolic activation by S9 mix.

Preparation of chromosomes was done 24 h (low, medium and high dose) after start of the treatment with the test item. The treatment interval was 4 h and 24 h, respectively, with and without metabolic activation by S9 mix. In each experimental group two parallel cultures were used. Per culture 100 metaphases were scored for structural chromosome aberrations.

The following dose levels were evaluated:

without S9 mix: 24h 1.0; 10.0; 20.0 µg/mL

with S9 mix: 24h 1.0; 10.0; 20.0 µg/mL

In the pre-experiment on toxicity (colony forming ability) in the absence and presence of S9 mix after treatment with 20.0 µg/mL the colony forming ability was clearly reduced. Higher concentrations precipitated in the culture medium. In the main experiment the mitotic index was reduced after treatment with the highest dose level only in the absence of S9 mix. Both, in the absence and presence of S9 mix the test item did not increase the frequency of cells with aberrations at any dose level. The aberration rates of the cells after treatment with the test article (0.00 - 2.50 %) are in the range of the control values: 0.00 - 3.50 %. EMS (0.72 mg/mL) and CPA (1.40 µg/mL) were used as positive controls and showed distinct increases in cells with structural chromosome aberrations. In conclusion, it can be stated that in this study and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce structural chromosome aberrations in the V79 Chinese hamster cell line.

 

Timm, 1989, Bacterial reverse mutation assay:

The study report describes a guideline study which was conducted under GLP compliance. The test material was found to be non-mutagenic in this assay.

An Ames metabolic activation test to assess the potential mutagenic effect of the test material was conducted using the procedure described in the current OECD Guideline 471.The test material (CAS No. 91648-65-6) was tested in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 and TA 100 and Escherichia coli strain WP2. The test material was dissolved in ethanol and was tested at 10, 100, 333.3, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate using the poured plate method, with and without metabolic activation. Solvent controls and positive controls were included in the test.

No toxic effects, evidenced by a reduction in the number of spontaneous revertants, occurred in any of the strains used up to the highest investigated close in both experiments. The plates incubated with the test article showed normal background growth up to 5000.0 µg/plate with and without metabolic activation in both independent experiments. Up to the highest investigated dose, no significant and reproducible dose-dependent increase in revertant colony numbers was obtained in any of the strains used. The presence of liver microsomal activation did not influence these findings. Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls and showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies. It was concluded that the test material showed no evidence of mutagenic activity when tested in bacterial test systems.

 

Riach, 2013, in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test:

The study was performed according to the OECD Guideline 476 and EU-Method B.17 without deviations and considered to be of the highest quality (reliability Klimisch 1). The vehicle and the positive control substances fulfilled validity criteria of the test system. Precipitation occurred in experiments conducted at 100 µg/mL. With and without metabolic activation the test material did not induce significant increases in gene mutations in mammalian cells. The test item is considered to be non-mutagenic in this assay.

The test item, ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’, was assayed for its mutagenic potential in the mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell line, clone -3.7.2C, scoring for forward mutations at the thymidine kinase locus: tk+tk- to tk-tk-. Tests were conducted both in the absence and presence of S9 mix. The study was designed to be consistent with ICH Guidelines,OECD Guideline No. 476 and EC Directive 2000/32/EC B.17. Preliminary cytotoxicity tests showed that 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol was of a moderate to high order of toxicity, reducing cell growth over the range 1 to 33.3 µg/mL in the absence of S9 mix (4 h exposure period), 3.3 to 100 µg/mL in the presence of S9 mix (4 h exposure period) and over the range 0.3 to 10 µg/mL in the absence of S9 mix (24 h exposure period).

Four independent mutation assays were conducted (assay No. 1 - Absence of S9 – treatment time 4 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 1.00, 1.75, 3.25, 5.50, 8.50; assay No. 2 - Presence of S9 – treatment time 4 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 4.75, 8.50, 13.50, 19.75, 27.25; assay No. 3 - Absence of S9 – treatment time 24 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 1.0, 1.9, 3.1, 4.6, 6.4; assay No. 4 - Presence of S9 – treatment time 4 h – Concentrations (µg/mL): 4.75, 8.50, 13.50, 19.75 - + Concentrations included in the final assessment). In assay 1, the three higher concentrations (12.25 16.75 and 22.00μg/mL) were all too toxic for assessment.

Positive control cultures were included, and provided the expected increase and proof of adequate recovery of ‘small’ type colonies. Duplicate cultures were carried through the experiments for each treatment point. Vehicle control cultures were also included and were tested in quadruplicate. Biological relevance was given to any increase in mutant fraction greater than 126 mutants per million above the concurrent control value. In addition, all experiments were tested for dose-related trends in mutant fraction. No reproducible biologically relevant increase in mutant fraction was obtained in either the absence or the presence of S9 mix. (It was noted that small increases considered to be of no biological relevance were consistently obtained in the 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol treatment groups). Results were obtained at a definitive level of toxicity in all 4 trials.

In conclusion, 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol was not mutagenic in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells, in either the absence or the presence of S9 mix when tested in acetone at concentrations extending into the toxic range.

 

Anan, 1984, Bacterial gene mutation assay (read-across from 5-(dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione):

An Ames metabolic activation test to assess the potential mutagenic effect of the test material was conducted using a similar procedure to that described in the current OECD Guideline 471. The test material (CAS No. 50530-43-3) was tested in 5 strains of Salmonella typhimurium and one strain of Escherichia coli. The test material was dissolved in dimethyl sulphoxide and was tested at 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 µg/plate using the poured plate method, with and without metabolic activation. Solvent controls and positive controls were included in the test. It was concluded that the test material showed no evidence of mutagenic activity when tested in bacterial test systems.

 

Gant, 1996, Bacterial gene mutation assay (read-across from 1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol):

The test item was investigated using the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test) in doses up to 5000 µg per plate on four histidine dependent auxotrophic Salmonella typhimurium mutants (TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100). The study was performed according to OECD Guideline 471, EU Method B13/14 and EPA OPPTS 870.5267 with acceptable deviations. The study is considered to be valid with restrictions (reliability Klimisch 2), because only four instead of five strains were used and no statistical analysis of the results was performed. The dose range was determined in a preliminary toxicity assay by substantial reduction in revertant colony counts and was 5 to 5000μg/plate, with and without metabolic activation and ethanol as solvent in the first experiment. Since no cytotoxic effect were observed, the test was performed in two independent experiments with identic experimental procedure under the following conditions:

The bacteria were treated with the test material using the Ames plate incorporation method at five dose levels ranging from 50 to 5000 µg/plate, in triplicate, both with and without 10 % liver S9 in standard cofactors for three days. Ethanol served as solvent control (+/- S9), N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG, -S9), 9-Aminoacridine (9 AC, -S9), 2-Nitrofluorene (NF, -S9) and 2-Aminoanthracene (AA, +S9) served as positive controls. No substantial increases in revertant colony numbers of any of the tester strains were observed following treatment with the test substance at any dose level, in the presence or absence of S9 mix, in both independent experiments. All positive controls had a marked mutagenic effect in all tester strains, as was seen by a biologically relevant increase in mutant colonies compared to the corresponding negative controls. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.

In conclusion, the test material was considered to be non-mutagenic under the conditions of this test.

 

 

There are three bacterial reverse mutation assays available, assessed with Klimisch 2. One is performed on the registered substance itself, the other 2 ones are performed on the read-across substance 5-(dodecyldithio)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione (Anan, 1984) or ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol’ (Gant, 1996).

The read-across is justified as the substances ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-dodecanethiol’ and ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ are virtually the same: the only difference between those two UVCB substances is that the used raw materials, i.e. the two alkanethiols, have a diversity in the C-range, i.e. for one compound a tert. C12 alkanethiol is used in the manufacturing process, for the other one a tert. C9.

Hence, based on the (structural) similarity of both substances it is reasonable to state that the physicochemical, toxicological and ecotoxicological properties are likely to be similar and hence, it can be concluded that the outcome of a bacterial mutation assay will be identical.

Since this is the case here, i.e. all three available gene mutation studies in bacteria do not trigger the classification of ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ as mutagen, it can be stated that the read-across is justified, the results are consistent and hence reliable and can be used for further risk assessment.

Due to the consistency of the results, i.e. the negative outcome of the studies with and without metabolic activation, the therein mentioned restrictions, which may have led to an unreliable outcome, are considered to be negligible: The study by Timm, 1989, used 2-aminoanthracene as the sole indicator of the efficacy of the S9 mix; however, by the other two studies, the efficacy of the S9 was shown and they both revealed negative results with metabolic activation, too. Also, the dose levels used in the study by Timm, 1989, were not a half log apart as preferred in the applied guideline. Since there was no induction of revertant colonies over background at even the highest stipulated dose, no impact on the accurancy of the dose-response determination could have been seen anyway, so this fact can be neglected, too.

The study by Anan, 1984, was classified as Klimisch 2 mainly due to read-across, and the last study (Gant, 1996) only used S. typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100, data on S. typhimurium TA102 or E. coli WP2 uvrA are lacking. However, since these strains were mainly included in later versions of OECD Guideline 471, because these bacteria strains are able to detect cross-linking mutagens, an this mode of action is not expected for ‘1,3,4 -Thiadiazolidine-2,5 -dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ due to its chemical structure, this restriction can be considered as negligible, too.

Consequently, the mandatory bacterial reverse mutation test under REACH is sufficiently covered and ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ in non-mutagenic in bacteria, neither with nor without metabolic activation.

 

The mandatory cytogenetic assay in mammalian cells according to REACH Annex VIII is sufficiently covered with the GLP Guideline (OECD 473) study by Heidemann (1989), too, as the test for chromosomal aberrations was classified reliable without restrictions and revealed furthermore consistent negative results with the bacterial reverse mutation assays.

 

According to REACH Annex VII column 1, an in vitro gene mutation assay in mammalian cells is required if the results in the preliminary bacterial reverse mutation assay and cytogenetic assay in mammalian cells is negative. The available GLP guideline study (OECD 476, Riach, 2013) without restrictions covers sufficiently this requirement with negative results with and without metabolic activation. It additionally confirms the negative results in the chromosome aberration assay (Heidemann, 1989), because the available mouse lymphoma assay is able to detect not only gene mutations, e.g. point mutations, but also to a certain extent chromosome mutations. The loss of the chromosome or chromosome fragment containing the tk gene could also allow the formation of a cell colony, which would be detected in this assay as well as colonies of tk-/tk- cells due to a gene mutation. Hence, this study covers a comprehensive spectrum of genetic damage and demonstrates the consistency of the negative results in mammalian cells.

 

According to REACH Regulation 1907/2006/EC Annex VIII column 2 “Appropriate in vivo mutagenicity studies shall be considered in case of a positive result in any of the genotoxicity studies in Annex VII or VIII.” and Annex IX column 2 states that “If there is a positive result in any of the in vitro genotoxicity studies in Annex VII or VIII and there are no results available from an in vivo study already, an appropriate in vivo somatic cell genotoxicity study shall be proposed by the registrant.“

Since the reliable results gained in the three in vitro endpoints ‘Gene mutation in bacteria’ (three studies available), ‘Mammalian chromosome aberration’ and ‘Gene mutation in mammalian cells’ are negative with and without metabolic activation and ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ is not identified as a mutagen, an in vivo study does not need to be performed, neither out of regulatory nor scientific reasons: All in vitro assays were also performed in the presence metabolic activation, and therefore the in vivo situation (i.e. in humans) is mimicked precisely enough to allow to draw justified conclusions of the possible outcome of an in vivo study. Hence, possible mutagenic effects of ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ do not need to be considered in further risk assessment.

 

Consequently, no data gaps were identified as the available data are sufficient to cover this endpoint, and ‘1,3,4-Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ does not need to be classified as mutagenic, neither according Regulation 1272/2008/EC nor Directive 67/548/EEC.


Justification for selection of genetic toxicity endpoint
The selected study is one of two studies assessed as ‘reliable without restrictions’ on mammalian cells with and without metabolic activation. These studies are hence suitable to mimic the situation in humans more precisely than e.g. a bacterial assay and have furthermore, as all five available studies, a negative outcome. So, the selection of this endpoint was, first, chosen due to technical reasons as the IUCLID software solely allows to select one study.
Secondly, this gene mutation assay is able to detect not only gene mutations, e.g. point mutations, but also to a certain extent chromosome mutations. The loss of the chromosome or chromosome fragment containing the tk gene could also allow the formation of a cell colony, which would be detected in this assay as well as colonies of tk-/tk- cells due to a gene mutation. Hence, this study covers a more comprehensive spectrum of genetic damage.

Justification for classification or non-classification

All available studies to cover this endpoint (‘Gene mutation in bacteria’, ‘Mammalian chromosome aberration’ and ‘Gene mutation in mammalian cells’) have a negative outcome and consequently ‘1,3,4 –Thiadiazolidine-2,5-dithione, reaction products with hydrogen peroxide and tert-nonanethiol’ does not need to be classified as mutagenic, neither according to Regulation 1272/2008/EC nor to Directive 67/548/EEC.