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EC number: 300-212-6 | CAS number: 93924-19-7 Hollow ceramic spheres formed as a part of the ash in power stations burning pulverized coal. Composed primarily of the oxides of aluminium, iron and silicon and contain carbon dioxide and nitrogen within the sphere.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Additional information
There are no substance specific data available on the acute toxicity of ashes (residues), cenospheres.
Ashes (residues), cenospheres and ashes (residues), coal share a common production process as substances derived from coal combustion. Ashes (residues), cenospheres represent a fraction of ashes (residues), coal separated by physical means. Both substances exhibit similarities in physicochemical properties and chemical composition. The main differences consist in a much lower content of water soluble matter and the particle size distribution of ashes (residues), cenospheres.
In terms of hazard assessment, studies available for ashes (residues), coal are therefore taken into account by read-across following an analogue approach, the results of these studies being considered a worst case for ashes (residues), cenospheres.
In an earlier study, fly ash derived from coal combustion was fed at 0, 300 and 1500 g / animal / day to cows over a period of 3 years. After two years the control and intermediate dose groups were exchanged. Pregnancy rates, conception, parturition and body weight development in cows were not disturbed by the oral administration of fly ash. Because treated animals showed a slightly higher milk production rate than control animals, the general condition of treated animals was considered to be better. Necropsy results did not indicate major pathological changes due to fly ash administration. The chemical analyses of milk, blood, urine and faeces indicated that no systemic absorption occurred after oral administration of 1850 mg/kg/day of fly ash (Herrmann, 1955).
This study supports the notion that for ashes (residues), cenospheres no relevant systemic absorption and bioavailability is expected by any route of exposure, based on their physicochemical properties (solid inorganic particles of mostly water insoluble material) and also on the available information on the toxicokinetic behaviour of the main components (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3).
Further evidence for a low level of absorption and toxicity is provided by the available studies on the acute and repeated dose toxicity, genetic toxicity in vivo and skin and eye irritation potential of the analogue substance ashes (residues), coal, in all of which no mortalities occurred and no signs of systemic toxicity were observed. In particular, in the repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rats, no treatment-related effects were observed in reproductive organs of male and female animals given up to 1000 mg/kg bw /day.
Inhalation is the most relevant route of human exposure for ashes (residues), cenospheres. However, data on particle size distribution indicate that only < 1.5% of the particles are contained in the respirable (alveolar) fraction of particles with MMAD < 5 µm. Therefore, ashes (residues), cenospheres have in general a low exposure potential to the alveolar region of the lung. Conducting inhalation toxicity tests with a low-respirable atmosphere would not produce scientifically meaningful results for systemic toxicity. Instead, most of the inhaled material would presumably intercept in the naso-pharyngeal region.
In conclusion, on the basis of the whole body of available data on the physicochemical properties of ashes (residues), cenospheres, the toxicological activity of the analogue substance ashes (residues), coal and human exposure considerations, there are no indications for a toxic potential of ashes (residues), cenospheres to reproduction or (prenatal) development. Therefore, based on the weight of evidence a reproduction and/or (prenatal) development toxicity study by any route of exposure is considered scientifically unjustified and shall be avoided for reasons of animal welfare.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Additional information
Refer to Effects on fertility.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on the whole body of available data on the physicochemical properties of ashes (residues), cenospheres, the toxicological activity of the analogue substance ashes (residues), coal and human exposure considerations, there are no alerts for reproductive/developmental toxicity and for effects via lactation.
Additional information
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