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EC number: 300-212-6 | CAS number: 93924-19-7 Hollow ceramic spheres formed as a part of the ash in power stations burning pulverized coal. Composed primarily of the oxides of aluminium, iron and silicon and contain carbon dioxide and nitrogen within the sphere.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Based on read across following an analogue approach:
Oral: LD50 (rat) > 2000 mg/kg bw
Inhalation: LC50 (rat) > 1400 mg/m³ (respirable fraction), > 5000 mg/m³ (total ashes (residues), cenospheres)
Dermal: no studies available
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
There are no substance specific data available on the acute toxicity of ashes (residues), cenospheres.
Ashes (residues), cenospheres and ashes (residues), coal share a common production process as substances derived from coal combustion. ashes (residues), cenospheres represent a fraction of ashes (residues), coal separated by physical means. Both substances exhibit similarities in physicochemical properties and chemical composition. The main differences consist in a much lower content of water soluble matter and the particle size distribution of ashes (residues), cenospheres.
In terms of hazard assessment, studies available for ashes (residues), coal are therefore taken into account by read-across following an analogue approach, the results of these studies being considered a worst case for ashes (residues), cenospheres.
Oral
The acute toxicity of ashes (residues) after oral administration to Wistar rats was investigated according to EU Method B.1 tris under GLP conditions. Two groups of 3 female rats each were given the test material by gavage at 2000 mg/kg bw as a suspension in 0.5% methyl cellulose in water. No mortalities occurred and no clinical or pathological signs of toxicity were noted during the observation period of 14 days. The oral LD50 value for female rats was therefore considered to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bw (Rösslerová, 2008).
Inhalation
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1400 mg/m³ coal fly ash derived from a 400- MW power plant burning bituminous coal from multiple mines in the Wasatch Plateau, UT, for 4 h on three consecutive days. The average concentration of coal fly ash particulate matter less than 2.5 µm was 1400 mg/m³, out of which 600 mg/m³ was less than 1 µm. The observation period was 18 and 36 hours after the last exposure. At this time points, groups of animals were sacrificed for further examinations. Bronchoalveolar lavage, lung tissue and blood samples were analysed. No mortalities occurred. Histopathologic changes in the lung (focal alveolar septal thickening, increased cellularity, elevation in the number of alveolar macrophages with iron-positive cytoplasmic inclusions) and significant increase in neutrophils, both in the lung BALF and in the blood were noted (Smith, 2006). Based on these results, the LC50 value for male rats was assumed to be greater than 1400 mg/m³ of respirable coal fly ash particles.
The respirable fraction of ashes (residues), cenospheres typically accounts for < 1.5% of the total mass (s. Particle size distribution). Accordingly, the LC50 of total ashes (residues), cenospheres is expected to exceed 5000 mg/m³ (5 mg/L).
Dermal
This information is not available.
According to Section 8.5.3, Column 2 of Annex VIII to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, testing for acute toxicity by the dermal route is appropriate if: (1) inhalation of the substance is unlikely; and (2) skin contact in production and/or use is likely; and (3) the physicochemical and toxicological properties suggest potential for a significant rate of absorption through the skin.
Inhalation is the most relevant route of exposure for ashes (residues), cenospheres. Skin contact in production and/or use cannot be ruled out. However, based on the following considerations on physicochemical and toxicological properties, ashes (residues), cenospheres are not expected to cause death or any other systemic or local toxic effect after acute dermal exposure:
Ashes (residues), cenospheres are solid inorganic particles mostly composed of water insoluble compounds. Thus, no significant rate of absorption through the skin is expected.
The results of studies on acute oral and inhalation toxicity as well as on skin/eye irritation and skin sensitisation conducted with the analogue substance ashes (residues), coal showed no acute systemic toxicity after oral and inhalation exposure and no skin/eye irritation or skin sensitisation potential.
Therefore, based on the available data on the physicochemical properties of the ashes (residues), cenospheres as well as on toxicological data from the analogue substance ashes (residues), coal, systemic and/or local toxic effects after acute dermal exposure are unlikely to occur. Hence, testing on the acute dermal toxicity of the substance is not considered necessary and should be avoided for the sake of animal welfare.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Based on read-across following an analogue approach, the available data on the acute toxicity of ashes (residues), cenospheres is conclusive but not sufficient for classification according to the DSD (67/548/EEC) and GHS (CLP, 1272/2008/EC) criteria for classification and labelling.
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