Registration Dossier
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EC number: 300-212-6 | CAS number: 93924-19-7 Hollow ceramic spheres formed as a part of the ash in power stations burning pulverized coal. Composed primarily of the oxides of aluminium, iron and silicon and contain carbon dioxide and nitrogen within the sphere.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- fertility, other
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 10 Dec 1950 - 14 Apr 1954
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well-documented publication which meets basic scientific principles.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 955
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Fütterungsversuch mit Steinkohlenflugasche bei Milchkühen.
- Author:
- Goetze, R., und Herrmann, M.
- Year:
- 1 956
- Bibliographic source:
- Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Berlin-Dahlem 11, 81-219 (1956), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Die Nutzbarkeit der Steinkohlenflugasche zur Mineralstoffversorgung der Haustiere.
- Author:
- Goetze, R.
- Year:
- 1 956
- Bibliographic source:
- Schriftenreihe des Vereins für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Berlin-Dahlem 11, 221-224 (1956), Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Fertility study in grazing cows
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Fly ash from (black) coal combustion
- IUPAC Name:
- Fly ash from (black) coal combustion
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Fly ash from (black) coal combustion, Scholven, Germany
- Other: Further details are given in the tables below
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- other: cattle
- Strain:
- other: Schwarzbunte Niederungsrasse
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Oldenburg, Germany (a geographical region which was assumed to be free of fly ash from coal combustion)
- Age at study initiation: 2.75 - 6.75 years
- Weight at study initiation: 535 - 710 kg
- Housing: Cattle pen; the animals were allowed to graze.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): fodder beed, hay and straw (ad libitum) supplemented with mash.
At their arrival the animals were carefully clinically examined. All animals were in good nutritional state and showed no symptoms of illness.
Some animals were seropositive for tuberculosis.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
All animals were kept on farm without contact to other cattle.
The cattle pen was always kept clean, dry and ventilated with fresh air.
IN-LIFE DATES:
Exposure period: From: 10 Dec 1950 To: 15 Dec 1953
Post exposure observation period: From: 16 Dec 1953 To: 14 Apr 1954
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test substance was mixed with the daily food.
Animals were fed twice a day in individual boxes to assure the intake of the individual portions.
DIET PREPARATION
In the high dose group, the fly ash was mixed with soaked fodder beed and mash, to improve the taste and to ascertain the daily intake of the high amounts of fly ash.
- Details on mating procedure:
- All animals were naturally mated.
At the beginning of the experiment, 8 out of 9 animals were already pregnant. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Exposure period: 3 years
Premating exposure period (females): no data - Frequency of treatment:
- twice a day
- Details on study schedule:
- not applicable
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
300 g / animal / day
Basis:
nominal conc.
fed to the animals of group 1 and group 2
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
1500 - 1800 g / animal / day
Basis:
nominal conc.
fed to the animals of group 3
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
additionally approx. 300 g / animal / day
Basis:
nominal conc.
resulting from calculated amounts of coal fly ash precipitation to the grazing land in the experimental geographic area and the daily intake of the grazing test animals.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 9 cows were split into 3 groups (3 animals/group):
Group 1 (animal # 1-3): served as concurrent no treatment control animals in the first two years and received 300 g fly ash/day/animal in the 3rd year of the experiment
Group 2 (animal # 4-6): received 300 g fly ash/day/animal only in the 1st and 2nd year of the experiment, in the 3rd year concurrent no treatment.
Group 3 (animal # 7-9): received 1500 - 1800 g fly ash/day/animal during all 3 years of the experiment - Control animals:
- other: yes, concurrent no treatment (for the first two years of the exposure period)
- Details on study design:
- To exclude possible individual differences in the sensitivity for coal fly ash, a feeding strategy conversion for animal groups 1 and 2 was performed: Animals of group 1 received fly ash only in the third year, whereas the animals of group 2 received the fly ash only in the first two years of the 3-year duration.
- Positive control:
- not performed
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- REGULAR CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule:
First year: every 10 days
Second year: every 14 days
Third year: every 4 weeks
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes, including parasitological, bacteriological and serological analyses
- Time schedule:
1) at the arrival
2) at the end of the second year of exposure
3) at the end of the exposure period of 3 years
4) at the end of the post-exposure period
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
First year: every 10 days
Second year: every 14 days
Third year: every 4 weeks
MILK PRODUCTION:
Every day the milk production was reported by weighing.
OTHER:
Milk, blood, urine and faeces samples for chemical analyses were taken on December 10th, 1952.
Trace element analysis of liver and bone samples were performed at the end of the experiment. - Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- not analysed
- Litter observations:
- The parturition of all calves was described as undisturbed, but the calves were not further mentioned in the report.
- Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Maternal animals: 2 animals of each group were sacrified at the end of the exposure period, the remaining animals were euthanised at the end of the post exposure observation period.
GROSS NECROPSY
All animals were macroscopically examined.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
Samples from : Liver, kidneys, pyloric region of the stomach, mesenterial lymph nodes, small and large intestine
OTHER:
Liver samples were chemically analysed for their trace element contents. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- not examined
- Statistics:
- not applicable (n=3)
- Reproductive indices:
- not examined
- Offspring viability indices:
- not examined
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Details on results (P0)
Effect levels (P0)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 1 850 - 2 390 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: overall effects clinical signs; mortality; body weight; gross pathology; histopathology; pregnancy rate dose level calculated on the basis of the reported body weight range (627-809 kg)
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Details on the experimental settings
Exposure period: December 10, 1950 - December 15, 1953;
Post exposure recovery period: December 16, 1953 - April 14, 1954
Group | Animal numbers | Treatment during the 1stand 2ndyear (until December 10, 1952) | Treatment during the 3rdyear
|
A | 1-3 | concurrent no treatment | 300 g fly ash / day / animal |
B | 4-6 | 300 g fly ash / day / animal | concurrent no treatment |
C | 7-9 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash /day / animal | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash /day / animal |
Applicant's conclusion:
Only in the first two years of the experiment, group A served as a control group. Therefore, as far as possible only results after two years of experimental duration were evaluated.
Table 2: Individual observations
Ani-mal | reco-very after expo-sure | Age, body weight and preg-nancy status at the experi-mental start | Clinical signs | Preg- nancy ratea
| Sexual behaviour | Body weight (in kg at similar stages of preg- nancy, measured in 1950, 1951, 1952 and 1953) | Milk produc-tion (kg / d; mean values of the years 1951 and 1952) |
1 | no | 5 years, 657 kg, 5thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 4/6 | No disturbances of conception and parturition. | 657, 697, 720, 744
| 10.9 |
2 | yes | 2.75 years, 535 kg, 9thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 4/4 | No disturbances of conception and parturition up to the 3rdbirth in 1953. During the 4thpregnancy an infection with Brucella abortus occured, followed by a preterm delivery in the 8thmonth of pregnancy. | 535, n.d., 590, 682 | 10.7 |
3b | no | 5 years, 585 kg, not pregnant | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 3/3 | No disturbances of conception and parturition up to the 2ndbirth in April, 1953. In November 1953 an abortion occured after a Brucella infection. | n.d., n.d., 554, 709 | 11.6 |
4 | yes | 4.75 years, 625 kg, 5thmonth | Observed clinical signs (uterus catarrh, bronchial catarrh) couldn´t be associated with fly ash administration, as the milk production was highest during fly ash administration | 3/6 | Mastitis due to a Streptococcus infection occured early after experimental start. Infection with Brucella abortus during post exposure period. | 625, n.d., 695, 691 | 11.3 |
5 | no | 4.5 years, 645 kg, 9thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 4/6 | No disturbances of conception and parturition up to the 3rdbirth in 1953. During the 4thpregnancy an infection with Brucella abortus occured, followed by an abortion in the 8thmonth of pregnancy. | 645, 636, 686, n.d. | 13.7 |
6 | no | 5 years, 710 kg, 9thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. The occuring mastitis could not be associated with fly ash administration. | 4/4 | No disturbances of conception and parturition up to the 3rdbirth. During the 4thpregnancy the animal was euthanised after an accident with fracturing of the lumbar vertebrae. | 710, 727, n.d., 812 | 12.9 |
7 | no | 5.5 years, 627 kg, 7thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 4/4 | Abortion in February 1951 without evidence of bacterial infection. No disturbances of conception and parturition were observed for the following 3 pregnancies. | 627, 683, 685, n.d. | 11.9 |
8 | no | 5.75 years, 670 kg, 7thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 4/7 | No disturbances of conception and parturition up to the 3rdbirth. During the 4thpregnancy the animal was euthanised. | 670, 719, 732, n.d. | 10.3 |
9 | yes | 6.75 years, 682 kg, 9thmonth | No clinical signs of toxico- logical relevance were observed. | 4/4 | No disturbances of conception and parturition during all 4 pregnancies and deliveries. | 682, 765, 784, 809 | 12.3 |
n.d. = not determined
anumber of pregnancies / number of natural matings
bAnimal #3 was incorporated to the experiment in March 1952 as a replacement for another animal, which was euthanised due to diseases of the lung and intestine. This was considered as not relevant, as this animal belonged to the concurrent no-treatment group.
Applicant's conclusion:
Various confounding factors like several infectious diseases like Brucella abortus, Tuber-culosis, liver Trematodes and others (viral infections were not mentioned at all) and complications following accidental injuries (following natural matings, for instance) exacerbate the interpretation of the individual observations. However, no dose-dependent changes of the sexual behaviour, pregnancy rate or development of conceptus and parturition were noted. The general condition of the animals seemed to be not disturbed by the test substance administration, as the milk production was even slightly higher in both treated groups compared to the control group.
Body weights of the high dose group was ranged from 627 to 809 kg. Accordingly, the applied dose was ca. 1850 -2390 mg fly ash / kg body weight / day in the high dose group.
Table 3:Individual macroscopic and microscopic pathological findings
Ani- mal / Treat- ment | Necropsy findings | Histological findingsain kidney, liver, stomach, lymph nodes and intestine samples |
1 | infectious diseases: Liver-Trematodes, Tuberculosis; changes in claws, which were considered as normal in this species under the given circumstances; no irritation of gastro-oesophageal mucosae, no changes in bones and jointsb, which could be a consequence of a fly ash intoxication; | no histopathologic changes observed |
2 | infectious diseases: Liver-Trematodes, Tuberculosis, Brucella abortus; changes in claws, which were considered as normal in this species under the given circumstances; no irritation of gastro-oesophageal mucosae, no changes in bones and joints | liver: high glycogen deposition and fatty changes; kidney: glomerulonephritis, brownish pigmentation in tubular epithelial cells, mild nephrosis; lymph nodes: pigmentation |
3 | infectious diseases: Liver Trematodes, Brucella abortus; no irritation of gastro-oesophageal mucosae; changes in uterus and vagina were considered to be a consequence of Brucella infection; no changes in joints; | no histopathologic changes observed |
4 | infectious diseases: Tuberculosis, Streptococcus, Brucella abortus; no irritation of gastro-oesophageal mucosae; no changes in joints;
| kidney: glomerulonephritis, pigmentation of tubular epithelial cells; liver: fatty changes, glycogen deposits in centrolobular cells. |
5 | infectious diseases: Liver Trematodes, Tuberculosis, Brucella abortus; petechial changes of the gall bladder mucosa, which were considered as not toxicologically relevant; no irritation of gastro-oesophageal mucosae; no changes in joints;
| no histopathologic changes observed |
6 | infectious diseases: Tuberculosis; fracture of the lumbar vertebra; a necropsy of this animal was not considered, as the animal suffered for 6 weeks from the downer cow syndrome due to the lumbar vertebra fracture. | kidneys: lymphocytic interstitial infiltration; liver: mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltration; |
7 | infectious diseases: Liver Trematodes; mild erythemacin the pyloric mucosa of the abomasum, the amounts of sand in the gastro-oesophageal mucosa was considered as normal, no defects, bleeding or necrosis in the mucosa of the gastro-oesophageal tract, no other findings of toxicological relevance; no changes in bones and joints; | no histopathologic changes observed with exception for a focal fatty change (fine drops in only one place in the liver) |
8 | infectious diseases: Liver Trematodes; the amounts of sand in the gastro-oesophageal mucosa was considered as normal; no irritation of gastro-oesophageal mucosae; no changes in bones and joints; | no histopathologic changes observed |
9 | infectious diseases: Liver Trematodes; the amounts of sand in the gastro-oesophageal mucosa was considered as normal; mild erythema in the abomasal mucosa, no defects, bleeding or necrosis in the mucosa of the gastro-oesophageal tract, no changes in bones and joints; | kidney: chronic glomerulonephritis, focal nephritis chronica interstitialis, protein deposition in tubular epithelial cells; liver: hydropic degeneration with cell lysis, mild fatty change and glycogen deposits in the centrolobular region; lymph nodes: pigmentation |
aThe histologic findings detected in animals #2, #4 and #9 (groups A, B and C) were considered to be without toxicological relevance, as these finding were without a dose-response relation.
bThe joints which were previously described to be affected in animals chronically intoxicated with fly ash
cThe mild erythemas in some gastrooesophageal tracts were considered to be of no toxicological relevance, as this finding was also observed in 25 out of 30 animals analysed at the butchery of Hannover, Germany.
Applicant's conclusion:
The pathological findings observed after 3 years of experimental duration are of low toxicological relevance, as too many known and unknown confounding factors like infectious diseases were present and due to the fact, that the treatment regime of animal groups A and B were exchanged after 2 years. However, no major pathological defects of the gastro-intestinal mucosa or other target organs like the joints occurred. Therefore it can be summarized that oral administration of the fly ash up to 1850 mg/kg/day to female cattle for three years did not result in major pathological changes.
Table4: Analysis of milk samples collected on December 10, 1952:
(Average values in % determined from two different laboratories in parallel)
Animal | Treatment up to the sampling date | Dry residue | Ash | CaO | MgO | P2O5 |
1 | concurrent no treatment | 12.9 | 0.74 | 0.172 | 0.0144 | 0.212 |
2 | concurrent no treatment | 15.8 | 0.89 | 0.267 | 0.0222 | 0.276 |
3 | concurrent no treatment | 10.3 | 0.71 | 0.136 | 0.0155 | 0.185 |
4 | 300 g fly ash per day | 11.2 | 0.78 | 0.173 | 0.0170 | 0.235 |
5 | 300 g fly ash per day | 14.7 | 0.82 | 0.197 | 0.0194 | 0.299 |
6 | 300 g fly ash per day | 14.1 | 0.71 | 0.152 | 0.0204 | 0.159 |
7 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 15.3 | 0.69 | 0.161 | 0.0161 | 0.220 |
8 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 14.1 | 0.73 | 0.155 | 0.0144 | 0.213 |
9 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 10.3 | 0.73 | 0.151 | 0.0153 | 0.224 |
Applicant's conclusion:
Two years of oral administration of two different doses of fly ash did not influence the composition of the milk regarding the analysed parameters.
Table5: Analysis of blood samples collected on December 10, 1952:
(Average values in % determined from two different laboratories in parallel)
Animal | Treatment up to the sampling date | Dry residue | Ash | CaO | MgO | P2O5 | Fe2O3 |
1 | concurrent no treatment | 19.2 | 1.37 | 0.0127 | 0.0058 | 0.0374 | 0.0534 |
2 | concurrent no treatment | 19.9 | 1.03 | 0.0110 | 0.0060 | 0.0380 | 0.0544 |
3 | concurrent no treatment | 18.7 | 1.15 | 0.0116 | 0.0061 | 0.0371 | 0.0435 |
4 | 300 g fly ash per day | 19.5 | 1.22 | 0.0133 | 0.0062 | 0.0396 | 0.0502 |
5 | 300 g fly ash per day | 19.2 | 1.36 | 0.0094 | 0.0077 | 0.0333 | 0.0572 |
6 | 300 g fly ash per day | 19.6 | 1.13 | 0.0101 | 0.0068 | 0.0350 | 0.0430 |
7 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 20.3 | 1.16 | 0.0105 | 0.0071 | 0.0359 | 0.0480 |
8 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 18.3 | 0.98 | 0.0112 | 0.0062 | 0.0362 | 0.0489 |
9 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 19.3 | 1.12 | 0.0116 | 0.0077 | 0.0345 | 0.0547 |
Applicant's conclusion:
Two years of oral administration of two different doses of fly ash did not influence the composition of the blood regarding the analysed parameters.
Table 6: Analysis of urine samples collected on December 10, 1952
(Average values in % determined from two different laboratories in parallel)
Animal | Treatment up to the sampling date | pH | Glucose | Protein | Dry residue | CaO | MgOa | P2O5 |
1 | concurrent no treatment | 8.14 | neg. | neg. | 6.84 | 0.0055 | 0.0170 | 0.0027 |
2 | concurrent no treatment | 8.20 | neg. | neg. | 5.18 | 0.0018 | 0.0221 | 0.0024 |
3 | concurrent no treatment | 8.18 | neg. | neg. | 5.41 | 0.0011 | 0.0261 | 0.0016 |
4 | 300 g fly ash per day | 8.36 | neg. | neg. | 5.33 | 0.0066 | 0.0090 | 0.0013 |
5 | 300 g fly ash per day | 8.26 | neg. | neg. | 4.53 | 0.00097 | 0.0080 | 0.0014 |
6 | 300 g fly ash per day | 8.34 | neg. | neg. | 5.11 | 0.0043 | 0.0302 | 0.0031 |
7 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 8.08 | neg. | neg. | 3.85 | 0.0084 | 0.0100 | 0.0013 |
8 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 8.40 | neg. | neg. | 6.33 | 0.0041 | 0.0357 | 0.0022 |
9 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 8.38 | neg. | neg. | 5.80 | 0.0233 | 0.0411 | 0.0025 |
aMgO was only analysed from one laboratorium
Applicant's conclusion:
Two years of oral administration of two different doses of fly ash did not influence the composition of the urine regarding the analysed parameters.
Table8: Analysis of faeces sampled on December 10, 1952
(Values in % of fresh faeces)
Animal | Treatment up to the sampling date | Ash | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | CaO | SO3 | P2O5 |
1 | concurrent no treatment | 2.77 | 1.51 | 0.119 | 0.066 | 0.118 | 0.270 | 0.057 | 0.183 |
2 | concurrent notreatment | 2.23 | 1.11 | 0.086 | 0.054 | 0.150 | 0.250 | 0.044 | 0.164 |
3 | concurrent no treatment | 2.28 | 1.13 | 0.091 | 0.062 | 0.111 | 0.259 | 0.052 | 0.167 |
4 | 300 g fly ash per day | 2.68 | 1.32 | 0.296 | 0.142 | 0.131 | 0.255 | 0.054 | 0.190 |
5 | 300 g fly ash per day | 2.36 | 1.17 | 0.240 | 0.148 | 0.111 | 0.240 | 0.054 | 0.170 |
6 | 300 g fly ash per day | 2.98 | 1.55 | 0.431 | 0.201 | 0.131 | 0.350 | 0.077 | 0.270 |
7 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 4.81 | 2.49 | 0.716 | 0.615 | 0.286 | 0.372 | 0.107 | 0.182 |
8 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 6.21 | 2.84 | 0.827 | 0.643 | 0.352 | 0.477 | 0.135 | 0.246 |
9 | 1500 - 1800 g fly ash per day | 4.76 | 2.31 | 0.644 | 0.506 | 0.288 | 0.492 | 0.105 | 0.208 |
aMgO was only analysed from one laboratorium
Applicant's conclusion:
Two years of oral administration of two different doses of fly ash influenced the ash and mineral contents of the faeces in a dose-dependent manner.
Analysis of trace elements in liver and bone samples:
Liver and bone samples of all animals were analysed for their contents of Arsenic, Manganese, Lead, Iron, Copper, Zinc and Cobalt. Bones were additionally analysed for their CaO and P2O5content.
In summary, there was no significant influence of the fly ash administration on the trace element contents in liver and bone samples.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- A NOAEL for female cattle of ca. 1850-2390 mg/kg bw/day could be identified. Male reproduction parameters were not examined. Litters were not examined.
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