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EC number: 300-212-6 | CAS number: 93924-19-7 Hollow ceramic spheres formed as a part of the ash in power stations burning pulverized coal. Composed primarily of the oxides of aluminium, iron and silicon and contain carbon dioxide and nitrogen within the sphere.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to microorganisms
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- activated sludge respiration inhibition testing
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- GLP - Guideline study. In accordance to the ECHA guidance document “Practical guide 6: How to report read-across and categories (March 2010)”, the reliability was changed from RL1 to RL2 to reflect the fact that this study was conducted on a read-across substance.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 209 (Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION - TEST SUBSTANCE:
- Method: The test substance is non-soluble in water in concentrations needed for the test. For this reason direct dosing of test substance into 100 mL of deionised water was used.
- Differential loading: yes
- Controls: yes - Test organisms (species):
- activated sludge of a predominantly domestic sewage
- Details on inoculum:
- - Method of cultivation:
The activated sludge was collected two days before the day of testing. After the sample collection the sludge was washed with potable water for 0.5 hour and subsequently decanted for 0.5 hour. This procedure was repeated three times in total. Further the sludge was modified by addition of 50 mL of cultivation medium per 2 L of diluted sludge suspension at permanent aeration till the day of the test.
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure:
Before the test the sludge was suspended in water up to concentration about 4000 mg of sludge dry weight per litre. The pH adjustment to 6.0 was carried out. In that way modified sludge suspension was aerated until the use. - Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 180 min
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 2 °C
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Main test: 100, 180, 320, 560, 1000 mg/L (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel:
- Fill volume: 500 mL
- Aeration: filtered compressed-air, airflow rate 0.8 L/min
- No. of organisms per vessel: 207 mL/L of activated sludge (concentration of 4000 mg/L)
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 1
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 2
- Abiotic oxygen uptake was assessed at the highest test substance concentration (1000 mg/L) in nutrient medium without sludge and with addition of 1 mL of mercury chloride solution.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of test medium: according to OECD 209
- Source/preparation of dilution water: deionised water
- Culture medium different from test medium: no
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: no
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
- oxygen consumption
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 1.8
- Range finding study
- Test concentrations: 46, 100, 220, 460, 1000 mg/L - Reference substance (positive control):
- yes
- Remarks:
- (3,5-dichlorophenol)
- Duration:
- 180 min
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- >= 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Duration:
- 180 min
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- > 1 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- inhibition of total respiration
- Remarks:
- respiration rate
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- - Results with reference substance valid? yes
- Relevant effect levels: EC50 = 12.2 mg/L (95% CL 10.2 - 15.5 mg/L) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - 95% confidence intervals for reference substance: QC.Expert 2.5 ©1998-2000 (product of TriloByte Ltd., Czech Republic)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
Reference
Main test
order of mixtures:
- control 1 and 2: K1 and K2
- reference substance: R1 - R5
- test substance: Z1 - Z5
- abiotic oxygen consumption: Zab
Table 1. Inhibition of respiration in the main test
Containernumber |
Label |
Conc. mg.L-1 |
p1 mg.L-1 |
p2 mg.L-1 |
t1 min |
t2 min |
R mg.L-1. h-1 |
Inhibition % |
1 |
K 1 |
0 |
6.50 |
2.65 |
0.5 |
7.5 |
33.00 |
0 |
2 |
R 1 |
19 |
8.02 |
6.48 |
0 |
10 |
9.24 |
71.4 |
3 |
R 2 |
14 |
7.88 |
5.71 |
0 |
10 |
13.02 |
59.8 |
4 |
R 3 |
10 |
7.44 |
4.08 |
0 |
10 |
20.16 |
37.7 |
5 |
R 4 |
7.2 |
7.28 |
2.95 |
0 |
10 |
25.98 |
19.7 |
6 |
R 5 |
5.2 |
6.45 |
2.51 |
1.0 |
9.5 |
27.81 |
14.1 |
7 |
Z 1 |
100 |
6.37 |
2.47 |
0.5 |
7.5 |
33.43 |
-3.3 |
8 |
Z 2 |
180 |
6.39 |
2.52 |
1.5 |
8.5 |
33.17 |
-2.5 |
9 |
Z 3 |
320 |
6.44 |
2.60 |
0.5 |
7.5 |
32.91 |
-1.7 |
10 |
Z 4 |
560 |
6.43 |
2.63 |
1.0 |
8.0 |
32.57 |
-0.6 |
11 |
Z 5 |
1000 |
6.50 |
2.69 |
0 |
7.0 |
32.66 |
-0.9 |
12 |
K 2 |
0 |
6.37 |
2.67 |
1.5 |
8.5 |
31.71 |
0 |
13 |
Zab |
1000 |
8.66 |
8.69 |
0 |
10 |
-0.18 |
- |
Average value of K1, K2 = 32.36 mg.L-1. h-1, SD = 0.912 mg.L-1. h-1
Description of key information
Cenospheres are not harmful to microorganisms and the inhibition of the degradation activity of activated sludge is also not anticipated.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
One activated sludge study according to OECD 209 is available for the structural related ash (residues), coal. The tested ash was structural related to ash (residues), cenospheres and as cenospheres are a component of fly ash, these results can be used as read across. The NOEC is greater than 100 mg/L (WAF). There is no toxicity in the range of water solubility of ashes and the inhibition of the degradation activity of activated sludge is also not anticipated. It is not expected that cenospheres have adverse effects on microorganisms. In conclusion, cenospheres are not toxic to waste water (activated sludge) bacteria.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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