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EC number: 233-279-4 | CAS number: 10102-90-6
Long-term toxicity to fish
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- adult fish: sub(lethal) effects
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
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- Key result
- Remarks on result:
- other: Individual high quality NOEC/(L(E) C10 values from different studies range between 2.2 µg/L Cu for Oncorhynchus mykiss (endpoint growth) to 188 µg/L Cu for Perca fluviatilis (endpoint mortality).
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- High quality chronic single-species NOEC/(L(E)C10 values are available for 10 freshwater fish species and 2 marine water fish species. A chronic fish Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) was developed for 2 fish species. NOECs and the results of the BLM are used for the assessment of long-term toxicity to fish.
Reference
Description of key information
High quality chronic single-species NOEC/(L(E)C10 values are available for 10 freshwater fish species and 2 marine water fish species. A chronic fish Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) was developed for 2 fish species. NOECs and the results of the BLM are used for the assessment of long-term toxicity to fish.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Data are available on a number of substances containing inorganic copper and read-across is justified on the basis that for the purposes of assessing the ecotoxicology of Copper (II) pyrophosphate (copper(2+) diphosphate) the chemical species of interest is copper. As such studies referring to soluble copper ions from any source are considered to be directly relevant to Copper (II) pyrophosphate. Copper (II) pyrophosphate is considered to contribute to copper toxicity in the environment and as such the data assessment and risk assessment focusses on the copper ion as the phosphate ion is not considered to be toxic.
NOECs for freshwater fish:
High quality chronic NOEC/(L(E) C10 values are available for 10 species: Ictalurus punctatus, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salvelinus fontinalis, Pimephales promelas, Pimephales notatus, Perca fluviatilis, Noemacheilus barbatulus, Catostomus commersoni; Esox lucius. Individual high quality NOEC/(L(E) C10 values from different studies range between 2.2 µg/L Cu for the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (endpoint growth) to 188 µg/L Cu for the perch Perca fluviatilis (endpoint mortality). The NOECs are used to derive high quality “species geometric mean” NOEC values for the most sensitive endpoint for each of the 10 species of fish. These species-specific NOEC/EC10s range from 11.6 µg Cu/L (Oncorhynchus mykiss, growth) to 56.2 µg Cu/L (Pimephales notatus, growth). These values are carried forward to the PNEC derivation.
Important intra-species variability in NOEC/ L(E)C10 values are observed due to differences in the physico-chemistry of the test waters. The effects data from 2 fish species (Pimephales promelas (Erickson et al., 1996)) and Oncorhynchus mykiss (Waiwood and Beamish, 1979) were used to develop a chronic fish Biotic Ligand Model (De Schamphelaere and Janssen, 2004), useful to the normalization of the NOECs and thus the reduction of the intra-species variability.
Several papers address the mechanism of action of copper after acute and/or chronic exposures: Santore et al. (2001), Handy (2003), Grosell et al.(2002) and Grosell 2007. Interestingly Grosell et al (2002) provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed higher sensitivity in smaller organisms.
Within the ecotoxicity data base, a decreased growth of O. mykiss below 7.8 µg Cu/L and above 16 µg Cu/L indicating an optimal concentration range for copper between 8 and 16 µg Cu /L. Below 7.8 µg Cu/L, a copper deficiency was observed (Seim et al, 1984).
NOECs for marine water fish:
13 high quality chronic single-species NOEC/L(E)C10 values are available for 2 species of marine fish. Individual NOEC/L(E)C10 values range between 55 and 123 µg Cu/L (Both values for Atherinops affinis, reproduction (hatchling growth parameters)). The retained species-specific NOECs are 55 µg Cu/L for top smelt Atherinops affinis and 57.8 µg Cu/L for sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegates.
The database contains some records, supportive to the understanding of the mechanism of action on copper. Grosell (2007) provides a mechanistic understanding of the observed less sensitivity in estuarine environments compared to freshwater or marine environments.
Additional information
A voluntary risk assessment report of copper and copper compounds has been submitted to the European Chemicals Agency by the European Copper Institute (June 2008). This report is based on the industry initiative to perform a voluntary risk assessment on a substance according to the mechanisms of the implementation of the Existing Substance Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 (ESR). The procedure was agreed by the 11thJoint Meeting of the Competent Authorities for the Implementation of Directive 67/548/EEC and ESR Regulation. Italy has been acting as a reviewing Member State for the substance and the risk assessment report has been reviewed by the Technical Committee on New and Existing Substances (TC NES) according to standard operational procedures of the Committee.
In accordance with the above mentioned European copper risk assessment, the environmental hazard assessment is based on tests carried out with soluble copper species. Studies reporting quantitative dose responses of Cu(II) ions, delivered from soluble copper compounds to aquatic organisms are used for this assessment.
The data presented are considered to be adequate and reliable for the purpose of defining an appropriate classification for the ecotoxicity of Copper (II) pyrophosphate in accordance with Regulation (EC) No.1272/2008 (EU CLP).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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