Calcium nitrate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

No reliable skin irritation study with calcium nitrate is present. In reliable studies with ammonium nitrate (OECD 404) and Nitcal-K (OECD 404), no irritation was observed. An in vivo eye irritation study according to OECD guideline 405 with calcium nitrate tetrahydrate shows severe irritation in a rabbit. The read-across rationale can be found in the document attached to the appropriate target record and is fully incorporated in the CSR.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Skin irritation / corrosion

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

skin irritation: in vivo

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Remarks:

Sufficient information on the M&M is available to determine the reliability. The study has been performed according to OECD and/or EC guidelines. However, since the study was performed with a substance analogue and the data are read across, the Klimisch score is 2.

Qualifier:

equivalent or similar to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 404 (Acute Dermal Irritation / Corrosion)

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

study performed before GLP was in place.

Species:

rabbit

Strain:

New Zealand White

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Bantin and Kingman Ltd., The Field Station, Grimston, Aldbrough, Hull, HU11 4QE
- Weight at study initiation: 2.72-3.23 kg
- Housing: individually in grid floor cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): free access
- Water (e.g. ad libitum):free access
- Acclimation period: at least 3 days


ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19-22 C
- Humidity (%): 44-53%
- Air changes (per hr): single air conditioned
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light):14 hours artificial light (06.00-20.00)

Type of coverage:

occlusive

Preparation of test site:

other: clipped

Vehicle:

water

Controls:

other: each animal served as its own control

Amount / concentration applied:

TEST MATERIAL
- Concentration (if solution): 0.5 g moistened with water

Duration of treatment / exposure:

4 hours

Observation period:

up to 72 hours

Number of animals:

3

Details on study design:

TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: 6 cm2
- Type of wrap if used: covered with gauze patch and plastic collar around the neck


REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): wiped with disposable paper towel moistened with water.
- Time after start of exposure: 4 hours


SCORING SYSTEM: Draize

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Remarks on result:

other: No erythema observed at t=1h

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #2

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Remarks on result:

other: No erythema observed at t=1h

Irritation parameter:

erythema score

Basis:

animal #3

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Remarks on result:

other: No erythema observed at t=1 h

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Remarks on result:

other: no edema observed at t=1 h

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #2

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Remarks on result:

other: no edema observed at t=1 h

Irritation parameter:

edema score

Basis:

animal #3

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Remarks on result:

other: no edema observed at t=1 h

Irritation parameter:

primary dermal irritation index (PDII)

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

5

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Irritation parameter:

primary dermal irritation index (PDII)

Basis:

animal #2

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

5

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Irritation parameter:

primary dermal irritation index (PDII)

Basis:

animal #3

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

0

Max. score:

5

Reversibility:

other: not applicable

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Remarks:

Not classified according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008

Conclusions:

P0018 (ammonium nitrate) was regarded as non-irritant to rabbit skin.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (not irritating)

Eye irritation

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

eye irritation: in vivo

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

February 22 - 25, 2011

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

In the interest of animal welfare and to minimize any testing likely to produce severe responses in animals, a weight of evidence analysis was performed, prior to the start of this in vivo eye irritation study in the rabbit. As recommended in the test guidelines, all available information was evaluated (e.g. existing human and animal data, literature, substance data supplied by the sponsor, analysis of structure activity relationships (SAR), physicochemical properties and reactivity (pH, buffering capacity) and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo tests) to determine the need for in vivo eye testing.
Based on the available information, it was concluded that there is need to perform this in vivo eye irritation study in rabbit in order to establish the possible eye irritating properties of the test substance.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 405 (Acute Eye Irritation / Corrosion)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.5 (Acute Toxicity: Eye Irritation / Corrosion)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.2400 (Acute Eye Irritation)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (JMAFF), 12 Nousan, Notification No 8147, November 2000, including the most recent partial revisions.

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Species:

rabbit

Strain:

New Zealand White

Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River France, L’Arbresle Cedex, France
- Age at study initiation: Animals used within the study were at least 6 weeks old *
- Weight at study initiation: body weights were at least 1.0 kg *.
- Housing: Individually housed in labeled cages with perforated floors (Ebeco, Germany, dimensions 67 x 62 x 55 cm) and shelters (Ebeco, Germany, dimensions 40 x 32 x 23 cm).
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Pelleted diet for rabbits (Global Diet 2030 from Harlan Teklad®, Mucedola, Milanese, Italy) approximately 100 grams per day. Hay (TecniLab-BMI BV, Someren, The Netherlands) and wooden sticks (Swedish aspen wood, Uden, The Netherlands) were available during the study period.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Free access to tap water.
- Acclimatization period: at least 5 days before start of treatment under laboratory conditions.

* Animal specifications (sex, age and body weight) are specified in the attached table.

A health inspection was performed prior to commencement of treatment, to ensure that the animals were in a good state of health. Special attention was paid to the eyes, which were free from any abnormality.

Results of analysis for diet (nutrients and contaminants), hay and water were assessed and did not reveal any findings that were considered to have affected the study integrity. All certificates and results of analysis are retained in the NOTOX archives.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18.9 - 19.4
- Humidity (%): 47 - 70
- Air changes (per hr): 15
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

IN LIFE DATES: 22 February 2011

Vehicle:

unchanged (no vehicle)

Controls:

other: One eye of the animal remained untreated and served as the reference control.

Amount / concentration applied:

TEST MATERIAL- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 98.2 mg (a volume of approximately 0.1 mL)

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Single instillation on Day 1.

Observation period (in vivo):

The eyes of each animal were examined approximately 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation of the test substance

Number of animals or in vitro replicates:

1 male

Details on study design:

STUDY DESIGN
The study was performed in a stepwise manner and was started by treatment of a single rabbit (sentinel). Based on the severity of the ocular lesions observed during the study, the animal was sacrificed for ethical reasons immediately after the 72 hours observation and the two further rabbits assigned to the study were not treated.

TREATMENT
On test Day 1, the test substance was instilled in the conjunctival sac of an eye of one animal after gently pulling the lower lid away from the eyeball. The lids were then gently held together for about one second to prevent loss of the test substance. The other eye remained untreated and served as the reference control.

Immediately after the 24-hour observation, a solution of 2% fluorescein (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) in water (adjusted to pH 7.0) was instilled into both eyes of the animal to quantitatively determine corneal epithelial damage. This procedure was repeated to assess recovery. Any bright green stained area, indicating epithelial damage, was estimated as a percentage of the total corneal area.

After the final observation, the animal was sacrificed by intra-venous injection of Euthasol® 20% (AST Farma BV, Oudewater, The Netherlands).

REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
-Washing (if done): No

OBSERVATIONS
- Mortality/Viability: Twice daily.
- Toxicity: At least once daily.
- Body Weight: Day of treatment (prior to instillation) and at termination of the study.
- Necropsy: No necropsy was performed according to protocol.
- Irritation:
The irritation scores and a description of all other (local) effects were recorded.The irritation was assessed according to the following numerical scoring system. At each observation, the highest scores given were recorded:

CORNEAL IRRITATION
Opacity: degree of density (area most dense taken for reading)
0: No ulceration or opacity (may include slight dulling of normal luster)
1: Scattered or diffuse areas of opacity, details of iris clearly visible
2: Easily discernible translucent area, details of iris slightly obscured
3: Nacreous area, no details of iris visible, size of pupil barely discernible
4: Opaque cornea, iris not discernible through the opacity

Area of cornea involved:
0: No ulceration or opacity
1: One quarter or less but not zero
2: Greater than one quarter, but less than half
3: Greater than half, but less than three quarters
4: Greater than three quarters, up to whole area

IRIS
0: Normal
1: Markedly deepened rugae, congestion, swelling, moderate circumcorneal hyperaemia, or injection, any of these or combination thereof, iris still reacting to light (sluggish reaction is positive)
2: No reaction to light, hemorrhage, gross destruction (any or all of these)

CONJUNCTIVAL IRRITATION
Redness (refers to palpebrae and sclera, excluding cornea and iris):
0: Blood vessels normal
1: Some blood vessels definitely hyperaemic (injected)
2: Diffuse, crimson color, individual vessels not easily discernible
3: Diffuse beefy red

Chemosis (refers to lids and/or nictitating membranes):
0: No swelling
1: Any swelling above normal (includes nictitating membranes)
2: Obvious swelling with partial eversion of lids
3: Swelling with lids about half closed
4: Swelling with lids more than half closed

Discharge:
0: No discharge (may include small amounts observed in inner canthus of normal animals)
1: Any amount different from normal and/or lacrimation
2: Discharge with moistening of the lids and hairs just adjacent to lids
3: Discharge with moistening of the lids and hairs (considerable area around the eye)

Where standard lighting was considered inadequate for observing minor effects, eye examinations were performed using an ophthalmic examination lamp.
In cases of equivocal results when comparing the treated and untreated eyes, the illustrated guide from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, D.C. 20207 was used for additional control purposes.

Irritation parameter:

cornea opacity score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

2

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Remarks on result:

other: outside of the eyelids were red and swollen

Irritation parameter:

iris score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

1

Max. score:

2

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Remarks on result:

other: outside of the eyelids were red and swollen

Irritation parameter:

chemosis score

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

4

Max. score:

4

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Remarks on result:

other: outside of the eyelids were red and swollen

Irritation parameter:

conjunctivae score

Remarks:

(redness)

Basis:

animal #1

Time point:

24/48/72 h

Score:

3

Max. score:

3

Reversibility:

not fully reversible within: 72 hours

Remarks on result:

other: outside of the eyelids were red and swollen

Irritant / corrosive response data:

Instillation of 98.2 mg of CALCIUM NITRATE TETRAHYDRATE (a volume of approximately 0.1 mL) into an eye of one rabbit resulted in effects on the cornea, iris and conjunctivae. The corneal injury consisted of opacity (maximum grade 2) and epithelial damage (maximum 100% of the corneal area). The corneal injury did not diminish within 72 hours. Iridial irritation grade 1 was observed and did not resolve within 72 hours. The irritation of the conjunctivae consisted of redness (grade 3), chemosis (grade 4) and discharge (grade 3) and did not diminish within 72 hours. In addition the outside of the eye lids were red and swollen during the observation period.
Due to the severity of effects and no signs of recovery, the animal was sacrificed after the 72-hour observation for ethical reasons. No further animals were treated.
Individual and mean eye irritation scores are specified in the attached table.

Other effects:

No staining of (peri) ocular tissues by the test substance was observed and no test substance remnants were seen.
No symptoms of systemic toxicity were observed in the animal during the test period and no mortality occurred.

Interpretation of results:

Category 1 (irreversible effects on the eye)

Remarks:

Classified as Category 1 according to Regulation (EC) 1272/2008

Conclusions:

Based on the degree and persistence of the corneal injury, it was concluded that severe ocular damage had occurred by instillation of CALCIUM NITRATE TETRAHYDRATE into the rabbit eye in one animal.

Based on these results:
- according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) of the United Nations (2007), CALCIUM NITRATE TETRAHYDRATE should be classified as: having irreversible effects on the eyes (Category 1).
- according to the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, CALCIUM NITRATE TETRAHYDRATE should be classified as Irreversible effects on the eye (Category 1) and labeled as H318: Causes serious eye damage.

Executive summary:

Acute eye irritation/corrosion study with Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate in the rabbit according to OECD 405 guideline and GLP principles.

Instillation of the test substance resulted in effects on the cornea, iris and conjunctivae. The corneal injury consisted of opacity (maximum grade 2) and epithelial damage (maximum 100% of the corneal area). The corneal injury did not diminish within 72 hours. Iridial irritation grade 1 was observed and did not resolve within 72 hours.

The irritation of the conjunctivae consisted of redness (grade 3), chemosis (grade 4) and discharge (grade 3) and did not diminish within 72 hours. In addition the outside of the eye lids were red and swollen during the observation period.

No staining of (peri) ocular tissues by the test substance was observed and no test substance remnants were seen.

Based on these results Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate should be classified as Irreversible effects on the eye (Category 1) and labeled as H318: Causes serious eye damage.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

adverse effect observed (irritating)

Respiratory irritation

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

No reliable study with calcium nitrate itself is present for skin irritation. However, in a reliable skin irritation study in rabbits (performed comparable to OECD 404) with ammonium nitrate, no signs of skin irritation was observed up to 72 hours.

In addition, in another reliable skin irritation study in rabbits performed with Nitcal-K according to OECD 404 and GLP principles, also no signs of skin irritation or skin corrosivity were seen.

An acute eye irritation/corrosion study with Calciumnitrate tetrahydrate in the rabbit was performed, according to OECD 405 guideline and GLP principles. Instillation of the test substance in one rabbit resulted in effects on the cornea, iris and conjunctivae.The corneal injury consisted of opacity (maximum grade 2) and epithelial damage (maximum 100% of the corneal area). The corneal injury did not diminish within 72 hours.Iridial irritation grade 1 was observed and did not resolve within 72 hours.

The irritation of the conjunctivae consisted of redness (grade 3), chemosis (grade 4) and discharge (grade 3) and did not diminish within 72 hours. In addition the outside of the eye lids were red and swollen during the observation period.

No staining of (peri) ocular tissues by the test substance was observed and no test substance remnants were seen. No symptoms of systemic toxicity were observed in the animal and no mortalilty occurred.

Due to the severity of effects and no signs of recovery, the animal was sacrificed after the 72 hour observation for ethical reasons, and no further animals were treated.

Based on these results Calciumnitrate tetrahydrate should be classified as irreversible effects on the eye (Category 1) and labeled as H318: Causes serious eye damage.

Justification for selection of skin irritation / corrosion endpoint:

One in vivo study on the read-across substance Ammonium nitrate is available. The study has been performed according to OECD and/or EC guidelines. However, since the study was performed with a substance analogue and the data are read across, the Klimisch score is 2.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Justification for classification or non classification (calcium nitrate)

With regard to skin irritation calcium nitrate does not have to be classified according to the CLP Regulation.

Based on the available data, calcium nitrate needs to be classified according to the CLP Regulation as 'Cat.1, H318 Causes serious eye damage'.

Justification for classification or non classification (reaction mass containing calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate and nitric acid):

The reaction mass of calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate and nitric acid (nitric acid: <18%) has to be classified as Skin Corrosive 1B (H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage) based on the nitric acid classification and concentration limits published in the CLP Regulation (EC 1272/2008) Annex VI, table 3.1.

See the CSR for all details.