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EC number: 250-954-9 | CAS number: 32210-23-4
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Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro cytogenicity / chromosome aberration study in mammalian cells
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 2008-10-30 to 2008-12-21
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Study performed according to OECD test guideline No. 473 and in compliance with GLP. Some deviations to protocol were observed but they had no impact on the results or conclusion.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 009
- Report date:
- 2009
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 473 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- : insufficient number of cells in metaphase was available to the analyse of chromosome aberrations in the Exp 2 at 35 µg/mL and for the positive control in one of the both culture. 200 metaphases were therefore observed in only culture.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OTS 798.5375 (In Vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- : insufficient number of cells in metaphase was available to the analyse of chromosome aberrations in the Exp 2 at 35 µg/mL and for the positive control in one of the both culture. 200 metaphases were therefore observed in only culture.
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Not applicable
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- in vitro mammalian chromosome aberration test
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate
- EC Number:
- 250-954-9
- EC Name:
- 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate
- Cas Number:
- 32210-23-4
- Molecular formula:
- C12H22O2
- IUPAC Name:
- 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl acetate
- Reference substance name:
- 2-tert-pentylcyclohexyl acetate
- EC Number:
- 267-500-0
- EC Name:
- 2-tert-pentylcyclohexyl acetate
- Cas Number:
- 67874-72-0
- Molecular formula:
- C13H24O2
- IUPAC Name:
- 2-(tert-pentyl)cyclohexyl acetate
- Test material form:
- liquid
- Details on test material:
- - Physical state: Clear liquid
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Method
- Target gene:
- Not applicable.
Species / strain
- Species / strain / cell type:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):
- - Type and identity of media: McCoy's 5A Medium (Gibco-BRL) supplemented or not with fetal bovine serum (Gibco-BRL)
- Properly maintained: no data
- Periodically checked for Mycoplasma contamination: no data
- Periodically checked for karyotype stability: yes
- Periodically "cleansed" against high spontaneous background: no data
- other: doubling time of approximately 12 hours - Additional strain / cell type characteristics:
- not applicable
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- S9 fraction obtained from rat liver induced by phenobarbital-5,6-Benzoflavone (phenobarbital/beta-naphtaflavone) and the cofactor pool (Moltox, lot No. 2331)
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- Range finding study (3+15 hrs): 0; 0.5; 5; 10; 50; 100; 500; 1000 and 5000 µg/mL with and without metabolic activation
Main study 1 (3+15 hrs): 0; 10; 20; 30; 35; 40 and 45 µg/mL without metabolic activation / 0; 25; 50; 60; 70; 80; 90 µg/mL with metabolic activation
Main study 2 (continuous exposure of 18 hrs): 0; 10; 20; 25; 30 and 35 µg/mL without metabolic activation - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: DMSO
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: the test article was not miscible with water. 50 mg of test article was miscible with DMSO in 0.1 mL final volume, resulting in a final concentration of 500 µg/mL. DMSO was selected as the solvent. Test article in DMSO and complete medium in a final test article concentration of 5000 µg/mL resulted in a clear solution.
Controlsopen allclose all
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- DMSO
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 0.2 to 0.8 µg/mL
- Positive control substance:
- mitomycin C
- Remarks:
- without metabolic activation
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- DMSO
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 7.5 and 12.5 µg/mL
- Positive control substance:
- cyclophosphamide
- Remarks:
- with metabolic activation
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium
DURATION
- Preincubation period: not applicable
- Exposure duration: 3 hours (in the range finding study and the main study 1) or 18 hours (in the Main study 2)
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 18 hrs
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): not applicable
- Fixation time (start of exposure up to fixation or harvest of cells): 18h
SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): not applicable
SPINDLE INHIBITOR (cytogenetic assays): Colcemid (0.1 µg/mL) added 2h before harvesting cells
STAIN (for cytogenetic assays): Methanol:glacial acetic acid (3:1)
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 2 cultures in parallel
NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 100 cells of each culture (total of 200 cells/concentration)
DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: mitotic index; relative total growth
OTHER EXAMINATIONS:
- Determination of polyploidy: yes
- Determination of endoreplication: yes - Evaluation criteria:
- To consider that the assay is valid:
In the solvent control, the percentage of cells with aberrations should not exceed 4%.
At least 25% of cells scored in the positive control should show one or more chromosome aberrations.
At least one of the test concentrations scored should show approximately 50% reduction in the RCG and/or RMI. This requirement should not be applied to test articles where no apparent toxicity could be achieved at the maximum soluble concentration or the highest allowable concentration.
For the evaluation of the results:
The test article was considered to have caused a positive response in this assay if the test article showed a positive concentration-response trend and a statistically significant increase over that of the solvent controls in the percentage of cells with aberrations at one or more concentrations.
The test article was considered to have caused a negative response if none of the test concentrations showed a statistically significant increase in the percentage of aberrant cells.
The test article was considered to have caused an equivocal response if there was a statistically significant increase in the percentage of cells with aberrations without an accompanying positive concentration-response trend. - Statistics:
- Chi-square tests were used to compare the percentage of cells with aberrations for each concentrations with the solvent control values (significant if p <= 0.05). Statistical analysis was not performed if the test concentration value was equal to or less than the concurrent or historical solvent control value.
If positive response with the Chi-square test, the Cochran-Armitage test (trend test) was performed for evidence of a concentration-related response (significant if p <= 0.05)
Results and discussion
Test results
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- Chinese hamster Ovary (CHO)
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- cytotoxicity
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: the pH of the test item in the medium was checked and no adjustment of pH of the treatment medium was necessary.
- Effects of osmolality:not determined
- Evaporation from medium: not determined
- Water solubility: the test item solubilised in DMSO was then soluble in the complete medium, resulting in a clear solution.
- Precipitation: no precipitation was observed during the test
RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: significant toxicity was observed at 50 µg/mL and above without metabolic activation and at 100 µg/mL and above with metabolic activation as revealed by a decrease of the relative cell growth (RCG). Relative Mitotic index (RMI) are not available above 10 µg/mL without activation and above 50 µg/mL with activation because there were not enough cells to drop slides.
COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: the data obtained for the untreated (water) and the vehicle are consistent with the historical control range.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: in the confirmatory assay (Exp 2) the RCG (Relative cell growth) for the test article concentrations of 10-35 µg/mL ranged from 52-105% and the RMI (Relative Mitotic index) ranged from 65-205%. The reason for the relatively high RMI at certain concentration levels is a result of the low relative MI for the solvent control cultures. The reason for this low MI is unknown.
OTHER: The percentage of endoreduplicated cells was higher than the normal range (0-1%) and the historical data of the lab. However, CHO cells have a tendency to endoreduplicate even if not clearly visible in the historical data. Moreover they are a normal phenomenon, common in liver, salivary glands, etc. Endoreduplicated cells are not a marker of aneugenicity.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 7.6.1/2:Chromosomal aberration study results. The results are presented for the 2x100 evaluated cells.
Processing time (hrs) |
S9 mix |
Doses (µg/mL) |
Chromatid break |
Chromatid exchange |
Chromosome break |
Chromosome exchange |
Other* |
% cells with aberrations |
Gap |
% of polyploid cells |
% of cells with endoredu plication |
Cell Proliferation |
|
RCG (%) |
RMI (%) |
||||||||||||
3-18 |
- |
Untreated |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
87 |
128 |
DMSO |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
100 |
100 |
||
10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
101 |
108 |
||
20 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
98 |
110 |
||
30 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1.0 |
0 |
0.5 |
1.0 |
99 |
45 |
||
35 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
41 |
29 |
||
40 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
9 |
N/D |
||
45 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
4 |
N/D |
||
MMC (0.4) |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
95 |
19 |
||
MMC (0.8) |
30 |
94 |
18 |
4 |
8 |
45.5 |
1 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
61 |
32 |
||
+
|
Untreated |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
96 |
113 |
|
DMSO |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
100 |
100 |
||
25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
2.0 |
135 |
88 |
||
50 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
1.0 |
4.5 |
91 |
121 |
||
60 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
1.5 |
3.5 |
86 |
70 |
||
70 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
88 |
49 |
||
80 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
33 |
N/D |
||
90 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
4 |
N/D |
||
CP (7.5) |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
77 |
16 |
||
CP (12.5) |
35 |
93 |
20 |
2 |
11 |
44.0 |
0 |
1.5 |
0.5 |
58 |
13 |
||
18-0 |
- |
Untreated |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
1.0 |
0.0 |
113 |
168 |
DMSO |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
100 |
100 |
||
10 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
105 |
110 |
||
20 |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
104 |
130 |
||
25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
2.0 |
0.0 |
91 |
205 |
||
30 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
3.0 |
1.5 |
101 |
143 |
||
35 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0.5 |
0 |
1.0 |
5.0 |
52 |
65 |
||
MMC (0.2) |
20 |
23 |
9 |
1 |
1 |
26.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
83 |
37 |
||
MMC (0.4) |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
N/D |
72 |
12 |
*:pulverized cells and severely damaged cells (i.e. cell with 10 or more aberrations)
N/D: No data
RCG : Relative cell growth = (Number of cells in test flask/Number of cells in solvent flask) x 100
RMI: Relative Mitotic index = (Test concentration MI / Solvent MI) x 100 (where MI = Number of dividing cells from 1000 cells / 10)
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the test conditions, Coniferan induced a negative response in the chromosomal aberration test using hamster cells.
- Executive summary:
In a chromosomal aberration assay in mammalian cells, performed according to the OECD No.473, Coniferan (99.3% purity) diluted in Dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) was tested in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in the presence and the absence of mammalian metabolic activation (S9) for 3 or 18hrs at concentrations from 10 to 90 µg/mL.
A range-finding study was performed in order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the test item and to determine the appropriate concentrations for the main test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the calculation of the percentage of RCG (Relative cell growth) and of RMI (Relative mitotic index).
Coniferan was incubated with the cells in the first experiment for 3 hrs without S9 mix at concentrations of 10; 20; 30; 35; 40 and 45 µg/mL and with S9 mix at the concentrations of 25; 50; 60; 70; 80 and 90 µg/mL. After the exposure, the cells were washed and re-incubated in fresh culture medium for 15hrs. The cells were then harvest. Colcemid (0.1 µg/mL) was added 2hrs before harvesting cells in order to inhibit the spindle allowing therefore the observation of the chromosomes in the cells in metaphase. In a second experiment, the cells were incubated with Coniferan for 18hrs in the absence of metabolic activation at the concentrations of 10; 20; 25; 30 and 35 µg/mL. The analysis of the presence of chromosomal aberrations was in this case performed after the end of the exposure period.
Mitomycin C and Cyclophosphamide were used as positive controls and induced appropriate responses.
Coniferan was cytotoxic to CHO cells. No increase in the occurrence of chromatid or chromosome structural aberration was observed with and without metabolic activation and for all exposure periods tested. The number of polyploid cells was in the normal range.
The percentage of endoreduplicated cells was higher than the normal range (0-1%) and the historical data of the lab. However, CHO cells have a tendency to endoreduplicate even if not clearly visible in the historical data. Moreover they are a normal phenomenon, common in liver, salivary glands, etc. Endoreduplicated cells are not a marker of aneugenicity.
Under the test conditions, Coniferan induced a negative response in the chromosomal aberration test using hamster cells. This study is considered as acceptable as it satisfied the criteria of the OECD Guideline No. 473.
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