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Administrative data

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Effects on fertility

Description of key information

No reproductive toxicity study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is available. Thus, read-across to naphthenic acids, zinc salts is applied. In a relevant and reliable 2 -generation reproductive toxicity study, rats were exposed to 500, 1000 and 5000 ppm naphthenic acids, zinc salts. Systemic toxicity shown as body weight depression was observed in high dose parental animals (5000 ppm). Fertility indices of all groups were compareable to those of control animals and thus reproductive function was not adversely affected by naphthenic acids, zinc salts (NOAEL >250 mg/kg bw/day).

Since no reproductive toxicity was observed in absence of maternal toxicity, a classification for reproductive toxicity is not warranted.

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
two-generation reproductive toxicity
Remarks:
based on test type
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
January 1987 - February 1988
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Comparable to guideline study
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
30 male and 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats per group and generation (P and F1) were treated with zinc naphthenate. The dosage groups were as follows: 0, 500, 1000 and 5000 ppm in the diet. The vehicle was corn oil. In addition, a vehicle control group was also tested. The animals were treated 10 weeks prior to mating (males/females), during mating (males/females), gestation (females) and lactation (females).
GLP compliance:
yes
Remarks:
US-GLP (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, 1985 rev., Part 160, Good Laboratory Practice Standards
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Sex:
male/female
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS - Sprague Dawley COBS, CD rats
- Source: Charles River Laboratories of Wilmington, Massachusetts.
- Age at study initiation: 7 weeks of age
- Housing: animals were kept three per cage,
- Diet (ad libitum): certified rodent ration (Zeigler Bros., Inc., Gardners, Pennsylvania). The ration arrived in the form of lab block and was ground to a uniform consistency.
- Water (ad libitum): water
- Quarantine period: a 2-week quarantine; Body weights and feed consumption were monitored during this pretreatment period.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature: 21.1°C (18.3 - 23.9°C)
- Relative humidity: 50% (40% - 60%)
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Route of administration:
oral: feed
Vehicle:
corn oil
Remarks:
Mazola
Details on exposure:
DIET PREPARATION
Feed was prepared on a weekly basis by dissolving the appropriate amount of zinc naphthenate in corn oil with the aid of heat, while keeping the total volume of corn oil/zinc naphthenate for each dosage group constant. These solutions were, in turn, poured into ground rodent ration and thoroughly blended with a mechanical mixer. To ensure homogeneity and accuracy of the preparation, samples were extracted from each batch of feed and analysed for zinc content by atomic absorption.

Compound concentration in feed remained at a constant level throughout the entire study with no attempts to adjust for body weight gains.
Details on mating procedure:
- M/F ratio per cage: a female with a male of the same dosage group.
- Proof of pregnancy: mating success was checked daily and was determined by the presence of sperm plugs on cage pads.
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): when a positive mating was achieved, the females were removed from their wire cages and housed individually in polycarbonate boxes, where bedding material was provided.
- Animals not showing evidence of mating after 1 week were paired with a male of the same dosage group that had successfully mated.
- Further matings after two unsuccessful attempts: yes, after the second week, females failing to mate were given mates that were proven. Following the third week of mating, all remaining females for which there was no evidence of mating were also placed in polycarbonate boxes.

Mating of the F1 rats was accomplished in the same manner as the P rats, with the exception of the care taken to avoid mating rats of the same litters.


Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
To ensure homogeneity and accuracy of the preparation, samples were extracted from each batch of feed and analysed for zinc content by atomic absorption.
Compound concentration in feed remained at a constant level throughout the entire study with no attempts to adjust for body weight gains.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
1) P generation:
Males:
- 10 weeks prior to mating
- throughout mating until necropsy
Females:
- 10 weeks prior to mating
- throughout mating, gestation and lactation

2) F1 generation:
Males:
- 10 weeks prior to mating starting after weaning
- throughout mating until necropsy
Females:
- 10 weeks prior to mating
- throughout mating, gestation and lactation
Frequency of treatment:
ad libitum
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
500ppm (= 25mg/kg bw/day)
Basis:
nominal in diet
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
1000ppm(= 50mg/kg bw/day)
Basis:
nominal in diet
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
5000ppm(= 250mg/kg bw/day)
Basis:
nominal in diet
No. of animals per sex per dose:
P generation: 30 males / 30 females
F1 generation: 30 males / 30 females
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
PILOT STUDY
The dosages of zinc naphthenate in the main study were based on the previously conducted pilot study which indicated effects between 2,700 ppm and 5,000 ppm in both parental sexes and their offspring.
The pilot study is described as follows:
A pilot study was conducted using 72 Sprague Dawley COBS, CD rats (six groups, each of six male and six female). Dosages for the study were calculated on a percent diet basis and were derived from expected food consumption and toxic signs seen in the acute oral studies. The concentration of zinc naphthenate in the feed ranged from 0.13 percent (1,300 ppm) in the low dosage group to 2.10 percent (21,000 ppm) in the high dosage group.
Results:
Male and female rats receiving 1 and 2 percent zinc naphthenate in their diet (10,000 ppm and 20,000 ppm) showed reduced body weights following 4 weeks of compound administration. Both sexes of rats in these groups also became lethargic and experienced urogenital staining from compound
consumption. Mating of rats within their respective groups indicated the 2 percent zinc naphthenate group required twice the mating time as did the other five dosage groups. Litters born of the highest two dosage groups (one and two percent) experienced reduced birth numbers and reduced total birth weights. At the time of weaning, offspring numbers and weights for these high dosage group litters were greatly reduced when compared to
litters of lower dosage groups and controls.
Positive control:
not stated
Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
1) P GENERATION

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: animals were checked daily for toxic signs during the 10 weeks before mating.
Dams were checked daily for new births or birthing complications.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: body weights were recorded three times per week during the 10 weeks before mating.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE:
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No

2) F1 GENERATION
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: daily during the 10 week exposure period prior to mating.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: three times a week during the 10 week exposure period prior to mating

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No data

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No
Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
not examined
Sperm parameters (parental animals):
not examined
Litter observations:
F1 GENERATION
STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
- Performed on day 4 postpartum: Yes; litters were standardised by randomly culling to four males and four females each, or as close to equal numbers of sexes as permitted. Litters with less than eight pups on day 4 remained intact.

PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring:
Individual body weights, abnormalities, mortalities, and total litter weights were noted on day 0, 4, 7, 14, and 21 post partum.

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
1) P GENERATION
SACRIFICE
- Male animals: animals were euthanized by CO2, examined grossly, and tissues removed (testes, epididymides, seminal vesicles, prostate, pituitary, liver, kidneys), for histopathologic examination
- Maternal animals: the dams were sacrificed by CO2 at the time of weaning of the F1 generation. All dams were examined grossly while the vagina, uterus, ovaries, pituitary gland, liver, and kidneys were removed for histopathologic examination.

2) F1 GENERATION
- Male animals: following the 3-week mating period, F1 males were necropsied, taking sex and target organs for histopathologic examination.
- Maternal animals: F1 dams had organs taken for histopathologic examination.

In addition to the periodic sacrifices mentioned above, any animal dying spontaneously or for some reason removed from the study at an early date was submitted for gross necropsy. Gross necropsies consisted of the examination of all external surfaces, orifices, brain and spinal cord, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, and organs therein.

Postmortem examinations (offspring):
1) F1 GENERATION
SACRIFICE
- The F1 pups not used for further mating were submitted for gross only necropsy at weaning.

2) F2 GENERATION
SACRIFIC
- At weaning, five F2 males and five F2 female pups were selected from each group for removal of sex organs, liver, and kidneys for histopathology. The remaining F2 pups were examined grossly.

In addition to the periodic sacrifices mentioned above, any animal dying spontaneously or for some reason removed from the study at an early date was submitted for gross necropsy. Gross necropsies consisted of the examination of all external surfaces, orifices, brain and spinal cord, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, and organs therein.
Statistics:
Student "t" probability test (comparison of litter size)
Reproductive indices:
Mating days
Gestation duration
Fertility index
Gestation index
Offspring viability indices:
Viability index
Lactation index
Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
effects observed, treatment-related
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Other effects:
no effects observed
Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
not examined
Reproductive function: sperm measures:
not examined
Reproductive performance:
no effects observed
1) P GENERATION

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Male rats in the 0.5 percent dosage group appeared to become lethargic after week 9 of the dosing period. Alopecia was prevalent in the mid- and high-dosage animals of both sexes.
One male rat from the 0.1 percent dosage group was found cannibalised while the rats were group housed, prior to mating. Fighting was the apparent cause of death.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The P generation female rats in the 0.5 percent group (5000 ppm) experienced significantly reduced body weights by week 3 of compound administration, and continued through week 10. The control, low, and mid-dosage groups gained at similar rates.
Male rats fed a diet of 5000 ppm zinc naphthenate demonstrated significantly decreased body weights by week 8 of the 10 week dosing period.

FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Weekly monitoring of feed consumption during the 10 week exposure period indicated all female rats ate similar portions, regardless of the dosage group. The same was also true for male rats, regardless of the zinc naphthenate concentration in the feed.

TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The fertility index for all dosage groups was comparable, with pregnancies resulting in between 79 and 86 percent of all rats. All dams produced live litters, with pups in all dosage groups remaining viable through lactation.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Histopathological examination of P generation rat tissues revealed compound-related lesions in the kidneys of male rats of the 0.5 percent dosage group. These lesions consisted of accumulations of amorphous to slightly granular, lightly eosinophilic material in the lumina of renal tubules, particularly near the corticomedullary junction. The term "nephrosis" was used to describe the lesions which were considered microscopically distinct from the intraluminal accumulations of homogenous proteinic material associated with the spontaneous degenerative nephropathy syndrome of rats. "Epithelial regeneration" of the renal tubules was evident, which may be assoicated with a variety of degenerative processes, especially the spontaneous degenerative nephropathy syndrome, mentioned above. However the increased incidence of this regeneration observed in the high-dosage rats suggests a compound-related effect. these lesions were not so advanced as to expect a clinically detectable effect on renal function. Lower concentrations of compound did not produce these effects, and all other findings were considered incidental.

2) F1 GENERATION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
One dam, a control group animal, was found dead at approximately 17 days of pregnancy, and was submitted for necropsy. No apparent reason could be determined for the cause of death.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Body weights of female rats in the 0.5 percent dosage group were significantly depressed from the first week of the dosing period through week 10, when compared to the control group weights. Elevated body weights were observed in the 0.05 percent group from weeks 5 through 10.
As with the female rats, male rats in the 0.5 percent dosage group experienced significantly reduced lowered body weights throughout the pre-mating period. Again, male rats in the 0.05 percent group exceeded the body weights of the control and mid-dosage groups during weeks 7 through 10.

FOOD CONSUMPTION
Feed consumption figures during the dosing period revealed that all groups of rats, both male and female, ate similar portions of chow, and were not influenced by compound concentrations.

TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Mating time for all F1 rats proved to be of a longer duration than the P generation, with an average of 4.8 days before signs of mating were observed. Mating was attempted with 29 - 30 rats in each dosage group. Pregnancies resulted in 67 percent and 60 percent of the control and 0.05 percent groups, respectively, while 93 percent and 97 percent of the 0.1 percent and 0.5 percent animals became pregnant. All pregnancies resulted in live litters with the exception of one 0.5 percent dam, which produced all stillborn foetuses after being unable to deliver at the predicted time.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Histopathological examination of tissues form the F1 generation rats again showed "nephrosis " and " tubular regeneration" in the kidneys of a small number of male rats which was apparently associated with compound administration. All other findings were considered incidental or associated with spontaneous disease complexes of rats.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
1 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for general toxicity based on effects on body weights.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
> 5 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for reproduction
Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Mortality / viability:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Sexual maturation:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
not examined
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
F1 GENERATION
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
One dam of the 0.5 percent dosage group delivered all dead pups as a result of her water bottle not being filled over the weekend period prior to her delivery. As a result, the dam was removed from the study and was not included in any statistical determinations.

CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING)
Alopecia was prevalent in the mid- and high-dosage animals.

BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
A comparison of litter size showed a significant reduction in the high-dosage group when compared with that of the control group. Due to the fewer numbers of pups born to the 0.5 percent group dams, litter birth weights were also decreased to a significant degree. However, individual pup weights in this high-dosage group were similar to those of the control group, while the pup weights of the low-dosage group were found to be slightly higher.
At weaning, pups of the 0.5 percent dosage group had significantly lower body weights than the control, 0.05 percent or 0.1 percent dosage groups.

2) F2 GENERATION
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
Pup survivability was similar for all dosage groups, through lactation.

BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
Litter size and weights at birth were alike for all dosage groups. At weaning, individual pup weights as well as litter weights were significantly lowered in the 0.5 percent group.

GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
One control group dam gave birth to a pup suffering from craniorachischisis partialisis, which was considered to be spontaneous abnormality, not associated with the test regimen.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
1 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for general toxicity based on effects on body weights.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
> 5 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for reproduction
Key result
Reproductive effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
NOAEL general toxicity: 1000 ppm (corresponding to 50mg/kw bw/day) based on effects on body weight.
NOAEL reproduction: > 5000 ppm(corresponding to 250mg/kw bw/day)
P generation male and female rats fed with a high dose diet containing 5000 ppm zinc naphthenate showed body weight depression even though food consumption was comparable to other groups.
Lethargy was observed in males of the 5000 ppm group, but did not affect their breeding performance. Fertility indices of all groups of P generation animals showed similar fertility indices.
Pups of the 5000 ppm group were of normal size at birth, but showed a significantly lowered body weight, due to maternal stress by the time of weaning. The reduced litter size at birth observed in the high dose group may also be attributed to maternal stress.
Effects on mating success in the control and low dose groups, but not in the mid and high dose group F1 generation animals were not attributed to treatment with zinc naphthenate
In conclusion, continuous feeding of male and female rats with up to 5000 ppm in the diet over two generations did not adversely affect the reproductive function and outcome.
Endpoint:
two-generation reproductive toxicity
Remarks:
based on test type
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Justification for type of information:
REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
This read-across is based on the hypothesis that source and target substances have similar toxicological properties because they hydrolyse to common products.

This prediction is supported by toxicological data on the substances themselves and on the dissolution products of the substances.
Target and source substances are mono-constituent substances. Both substances differ only in the production process, resulting in (i) an neutral product and (ii) a basic product.

The target substance is the basic product containing a slightly higher zinc content. The dissolution product, namely the zinc cation, is not the driver for toxic effects.
Consequently, the target substance is identical to the source substance and share a structural similarity with common functional groups, carboxylic acid, alkyl side chains.

Therefore, read-across from the existing reproductive and developmental toxicity studies on the source substance is considered as an appropriate adaption to the standard information requirements of Annex VIII- X, 8.7 and 8.7.1-3 of the REACH Regulation for the target substance, in accordance with the provisions of Annex XI, 1.5 of the REACH Regulation.

The justification of the proposed read-across approach is elaborated in the next chapters. Please find this information in the attachements as well.


2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
a) Target substance
The target substance naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is a mono-constituent substance (EC: 282-762-6, CAS: 84418-50-8).
b) Source substance
The source substance naphthenic acids, zinc salts is a mono-constituent substance (EC: 234-409-2, CAS: 12001-85-3).
c) Purity and impurities
The source substance is derived from the same educts in the production process. Consequently, the hazard profile of the target substance is intrinsically covered.


3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
a) Structural similarity and functional groups
The structure of the target and source substances are the same, namely a naphthenic acids, zinc salt. The target substance is the basic product containing a slightly higher zinc content compared to the neutral product. The dissolution product, namely the zinc cation, is not the driver for toxic effects with regard to Human Health and especially to local effects.

b) Common breakdown products
The common characteristic of the target substance and the source substance is that both liberate the same moiety upon dissolution in aqueous media. Zinc cations and naphthenate anions are formed upon dissolution under toxicological relevant conditions such as body fluids and in the environment.


4. DATA MATRIX
A comparison of the experimental toxicological data between the source and target substance is not applicable in the applied approach, since the overall ecotoxicity/systemic toxicity of the target substance is assessed by taking the (eco-)toxicological profile of the zinc cation and the acid anion (naphthenic acid) into account. An endpoint-specific description is provided in the respective endpoint summaries of both assessment entities.
The structural similarities between the source and the target substances and the similarities in their breakdown products presented above support the read-across hypothesis. Adequate, reliable and available scientific information indicates that the source and target substances and their subsequent degradation product have similar toxicity profiles.

Based on the considerations above, it can be concluded that the results of the reproductive and developmental toxicity studies conducted with the source substance is likely to predict the properties of the target substance and are considered as adequate to fulfil the information requirements of Annex VIII- X, 8.7 and 8.7.1-3.
Since the source substance is not classified for reproductive toxicity, the target substance naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic will not be classified as well. Thus, the information requirements of Annex VIII- X, 8.7 and 8.7.1-3 are fulfilled by the source and target substance.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
yes
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
500ppm (= 25mg/kg bw/day)
Basis:
nominal in diet
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
1000ppm(= 50mg/kg bw/day)
Basis:
nominal in diet
Remarks:
Doses / Concentrations:
5000ppm(= 250mg/kg bw/day)
Basis:
nominal in diet
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Body weight and weight changes:
effects observed, treatment-related
Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
effects observed, treatment-related
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
not examined
Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
effects observed, treatment-related
Other effects:
no effects observed
Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
not examined
Reproductive function: sperm measures:
not examined
Reproductive performance:
no effects observed
1) P GENERATION

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Male rats in the 0.5 percent dosage group appeared to become lethargic after week 9 of the dosing period. Alopecia was prevalent in the mid- and high-dosage animals of both sexes.
One male rat from the 0.1 percent dosage group was found cannibalised while the rats were group housed, prior to mating. Fighting was the apparent cause of death.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The P generation female rats in the 0.5 percent group (5000 ppm) experienced significantly reduced body weights by week 3 of compound administration, and continued through week 10. The control, low, and mid-dosage groups gained at similar rates.
Male rats fed a diet of 5000 ppm zinc naphthenate demonstrated significantly decreased body weights by week 8 of the 10 week dosing period.

FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Weekly monitoring of feed consumption during the 10 week exposure period indicated all female rats ate similar portions, regardless of the dosage group. The same was also true for male rats, regardless of the zinc naphthenate concentration in the feed.

TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The fertility index for all dosage groups was comparable, with pregnancies resulting in between 79 and 86 percent of all rats. All dams produced live litters, with pups in all dosage groups remaining viable through lactation.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Histopathological examination of P generation rat tissues revealed compound-related lesions in the kidneys of male rats of the 0.5 percent dosage group. These lesions consisted of accumulations of amorphous to slightly granular, lightly eosinophilic material in the lumina of renal tubules, particularly near the corticomedullary junction. The term "nephrosis" was used to describe the lesions which were considered microscopically distinct from the intraluminal accumulations of homogenous proteinic material associated with the spontaneous degenerative nephropathy syndrome of rats. "Epithelial regeneration" of the renal tubules was evident, which may be assoicated with a variety of degenerative processes, especially the spontaneous degenerative nephropathy syndrome, mentioned above. However the increased incidence of this regeneration observed in the high-dosage rats suggests a compound-related effect. these lesions were not so advanced as to expect a clinically detectable effect on renal function. Lower concentrations of compound did not produce these effects, and all other findings were considered incidental.

2) F1 GENERATION
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
One dam, a control group animal, was found dead at approximately 17 days of pregnancy, and was submitted for necropsy. No apparent reason could be determined for the cause of death.

BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Body weights of female rats in the 0.5 percent dosage group were significantly depressed from the first week of the dosing period through week 10, when compared to the control group weights. Elevated body weights were observed in the 0.05 percent group from weeks 5 through 10.
As with the female rats, male rats in the 0.5 percent dosage group experienced significantly reduced lowered body weights throughout the pre-mating period. Again, male rats in the 0.05 percent group exceeded the body weights of the control and mid-dosage groups during weeks 7 through 10.

FOOD CONSUMPTION
Feed consumption figures during the dosing period revealed that all groups of rats, both male and female, ate similar portions of chow, and were not influenced by compound concentrations.

TEST SUBSTANCE INTAKE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)

REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Mating time for all F1 rats proved to be of a longer duration than the P generation, with an average of 4.8 days before signs of mating were observed. Mating was attempted with 29 - 30 rats in each dosage group. Pregnancies resulted in 67 percent and 60 percent of the control and 0.05 percent groups, respectively, while 93 percent and 97 percent of the 0.1 percent and 0.5 percent animals became pregnant. All pregnancies resulted in live litters with the exception of one 0.5 percent dam, which produced all stillborn foetuses after being unable to deliver at the predicted time.

HISTOPATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Histopathological examination of tissues form the F1 generation rats again showed "nephrosis " and " tubular regeneration" in the kidneys of a small number of male rats which was apparently associated with compound administration. All other findings were considered incidental or associated with spontaneous disease complexes of rats.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
1 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for general toxicity based on effects on body weights.
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
> 5 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for reproduction
Clinical signs:
effects observed, treatment-related
Mortality / viability:
no mortality observed
Body weight and weight changes:
no effects observed
Sexual maturation:
not examined
Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
not examined
Gross pathological findings:
no effects observed
Histopathological findings:
effects observed, treatment-related
F1 GENERATION
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
One dam of the 0.5 percent dosage group delivered all dead pups as a result of her water bottle not being filled over the weekend period prior to her delivery. As a result, the dam was removed from the study and was not included in any statistical determinations.

CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING)
Alopecia was prevalent in the mid- and high-dosage animals.

BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
A comparison of litter size showed a significant reduction in the high-dosage group when compared with that of the control group. Due to the fewer numbers of pups born to the 0.5 percent group dams, litter birth weights were also decreased to a significant degree. However, individual pup weights in this high-dosage group were similar to those of the control group, while the pup weights of the low-dosage group were found to be slightly higher.
At weaning, pups of the 0.5 percent dosage group had significantly lower body weights than the control, 0.05 percent or 0.1 percent dosage groups.

2) F2 GENERATION
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
Pup survivability was similar for all dosage groups, through lactation.

BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
Litter size and weights at birth were alike for all dosage groups. At weaning, individual pup weights as well as litter weights were significantly lowered in the 0.5 percent group.

GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
One control group dam gave birth to a pup suffering from craniorachischisis partialisis, which was considered to be spontaneous abnormality, not associated with the test regimen.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
1 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for general toxicity based on effects on body weights.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Generation:
F1
Effect level:
> 5 000 ppm (nominal)
Based on:
test mat.
Sex:
male/female
Basis for effect level:
other: NOAEL for reproduction
Key result
Reproductive effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
NOAEL general toxicity: 1000 ppm (corresponding to 50mg/kw bw/day) based on effects on body weight.
NOAEL reproduction: > 5000 ppm(corresponding to 250mg/kw bw/day)
P generation male and female rats fed with a high dose diet containing 5000 ppm zinc naphthenate showed body weight depression even though food consumption was comparable to other groups.
Lethargy was observed in males of the 5000 ppm group, but did not affect their breeding performance. Fertility indices of all groups of P generation animals showed similar fertility indices.
Pups of the 5000 ppm group were of normal size at birth, but showed a significantly lowered body weight, due to maternal stress by the time of weaning. The reduced litter size at birth observed in the high dose group may also be attributed to maternal stress.
Effects on mating success in the control and low dose groups, but not in the mid and high dose group F1 generation animals were not attributed to treatment with zinc naphthenate
In conclusion, continuous feeding of male and female rats with up to 5000 ppm in the diet over two generations did not adversely affect the reproductive function and outcome.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
250 mg/kg bw/day
Study duration:
subchronic
Species:
rat
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion:
no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion:
no study available
Additional information

Since no reproductive toxicity study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is available, read-across to naphthenic acids, zinc salts is applied.

Unlimited read-across from naphthenic acids, zinc salts to naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is justified, since the overbased naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic only contains a surplus of zinc, which is, however, known not to be the driver for toxic effects with regard to Human Health.

One 2 -generation reproductive toxicity study in rats is available for zinc naphthenate. The study is considered relevant and reliable without restrictions.

P generation male and female rats fed with a high dose diet containing 5000 ppm zinc naphthenate showed slight body weight depression even though food consumption was comparable to other groups. Lethargy was observed in males of the 5000 ppm group, but did not affect their breeding performance. Fertility indices of all groups of P generation animals showed similar fertility indices. Pups of the 5000 ppm group were of normal size at birth, but showed a significantly lowered body weight, due to maternal stress by the time of weaning. The reduced litter size at birth observed in the high dose group may also be attributed to maternal stress. Effects on mating success in the control and low dose groups, but not in the mid and high dose group F1 generation animals were not attributed to treatment with zinc naphthenate.

The NOAEL for general toxicity is 1000 ppm (corresponding to 50 mg/kw bw/day) based on effects on body weight (will be discussed further under the endpoint 7.5.1 repeated dose toxicity: oral). The NOAEL for effects on reproduction is > 5000 ppm (corresponding to > 250mg/kw bw/day)

In conclusion, continuous feeding of male and female rats with up to 5000 ppm (250 mg/kg bw/day) in the diet over two generations did not adversely affect the reproductive function and outcome. Since maternal systemic toxicity was observed at 5000 ppm (250 mg/kg bw/day) (see also discussion in section 7.5.1), dosing in a reproductive toxicity study higher than 250 mg/kg bw/day would not be possible.

A combined repeated dose & reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts was included as supporting study. Wistar rats were treated with 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg bw/day via oral gavage. No reproductive effects were identified up to 900 mg/kg bw/day. The NOAEL for mating and reproductive organ effects was 900 mg/kg bw/day.

Effects on developmental toxicity

Description of key information

No developmental toxicity study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is available. Thus, read-across to naphthenic acids, zinc salts is applied. In a prenatal developmental toxicity study in rats, clinical signs of toxicity and a statistically significant lower gestational body weight were observed in maternal animals of the high dose group receiving 938 mg/kg bw/day. Further, effects on foetuses such as reduced body weight or increased resorptions were noted in the highest dose groups. Since these effects were observed in presence of maternal toxicity only, it was concluded that no treatment-related variations or malformations were determined in pups of any dose group.

Since no developmental toxicity was observed in absence of maternal toxicity, a classification for developmental toxicity is not warranted.

Link to relevant study records

Referenceopen allclose all

Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
June 1985 to July 1988
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Comparable to guideline study
Qualifier:
no guideline followed
Principles of method if other than guideline:
33 positively mated female Sprague-Dawley rats per group were administered zinc naphthenate in corn oil by oral gavage. The dosage levels were as follows: 0, 94, 188, and 938 mg/kg bw/day. A vehicle control group was also used during the study. The pregnant females were treated with the test substance day 6 of gestation throughout day 15 of gestation.
GLP compliance:
yes
Remarks:
US-GLP (Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), 1990 rev, Part 58, Good Laboratory Practice for Nonclinical Laboratory Studies)
Limit test:
no
Species:
rat
Strain:
Sprague-Dawley
Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
TEST ANIMALS - CRL:COBS-CD-(SD)BR colony animals
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: 9 to 12 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: 208 - 265 g
- Housing: animals were housed in hanging-type cages 20 cm wide, 20 cm high and 30 cm deep for the one-on-one mating procedure. Following mating, females were housed three per unit in hanging wire cages 40 cm wide, 16 cm high and 35 cm deep.
- Diet (ad libitum): a certified pesticide-free rodent chow
- Water (ad libitum): water

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18.3 to 23.9 °C
- Humidity: 50 ± 5%
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Route of administration:
oral: gavage
Vehicle:
corn oil
Remarks:
Mazola
Details on exposure:
PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Zinc naphthenate was mixed with corn oil to make a 250 mg/mL solution.

VEHICLE
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): vehicle controls received 3.75 mL/kg/ day of corn oil.
Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
no
Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
not stated
Details on mating procedure:
- Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- If cohoused: one male with one female
- Proof of pregnancy: the occurrence of copulation was established by daily (morning) inspection for sperm plugs on the pad under the cage. A positive finding set day 0 of gestation.
- The mating procedure continued until there were at least 33 positively mated females in each dose group.
- Positively mated female rats were housed individually.
Duration of treatment / exposure:
day 6 of gestation and continued through day 15 of gestation
Frequency of treatment:
daily
Duration of test:
20 days
No. of animals per sex per dose:
33 mated female rats
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on study design:
PILOT STUDY
The mating procedure consisted of housing one male with one female rat. The occurrence of copulation was established by daily (morning) inspection for sperm plugs on the pad under the cage. A positive finding set day 0 of gestation. Thirty-six positively mated female rats were housed individually, and assigned among five treatment and one control dosage group. Dosages of zinc naphthenate selected as fractions of the previously determined oral ALD, (7500 mg/kg) were 1875, 938, 469, 235 and 118 mg/kg /day. Single daily doses of the compound, in a 250 mg/ml corn oil solution, were administered by gavage beginning on day 6 of gestation and continued up to and including day 15 of gestation. The control group received the vehicle only, (7.50 mL/kg) on a comparable regimen. Individual daily doses were based on the maternal animal's body weight on day 6 of gestation.
All females were observed daily for changes in appearance and behaviour. A gross necropsy was performed on all rats which died before the scheduled sacrifice day. All females were weighed on gestation days 0, 6, 10, 13, 16 and 20. On the morning of the twentieth day of gestation, each female (dam) was sacrificed by carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation and the uterus and ovaries exposed by laparotomy. The number and location of viable foetuses, nonviable foetuses, resorptions, total implantations, and corpora lutea were recorded. The dams were examined for gross pathological changes before being discarded. Foetuses were individually weighed, measured, sexed, and examined for external anomalies before being discarded. These foetal examinations were conducted to screen for potential foetal toxicity and/or teratogenicity.
The lowest dosage level significantly affecting group maternal weight gain or producing other outward signs of group maternal toxicity was chosen as the highest dosage level for the teratology study.

Results:
All females receiving zinc naphthenate, 1875 mg/kg/day, were pregnant. Only one of these dams lived for the duration of the study. However, none of her conceptuses were viable. Observable maternal toxic signs at this dosage level consisted of lethargy, brown/urine-stained urogenital areas, red
nasal discharge, and generalized alopecia.
All pregnant females receiving zinc naphthenate, 938 mg/kg/day, lived for the duration of the study. Pups derived from these dams were externally normal and were not statistically different from the control pups in either weight or length. Observable maternal toxic signs at this dosage level consisted of moderate amounts of generalized alopecia.
All pregnant females receiving zinc naphthenate, 469 mg/kg/day, 235 mg/kg/day and 118 mg/kg/day lived for the duration of the study. Maternal rats at these dosage levels were asymptomatic. Their pups were externally normal.
Maternal examinations:
CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: all females were observed daily for clinical and behavioural deviations from normal.

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: animals were weighed on days 0, 6, 10, 13, 16 and 20 of gestation.

FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study): No
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: No
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No

WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): No

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
Females (dams) were sacrificed by CO2 inhalation.

Any rats found dead or moribund during the course of the study were submitted for gross necropsy.
Ovaries and uterine content:
The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes; this weight was subtracted from the terminal female body weight in order to determine absolute body weight gain/loss during gestation.
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Number of foetuses: Yes
Fetal examinations:
All foetuses were removed from the uterus and assigned a number, starting from the dam's upper right horn and proceeding to the dam's upper left horn. Weight, as well as gross observation and sexing of foetuses were recorded.
- External examinations: No
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes; even-numbered foetuses
- Skeletal examinations: Yes; odd-numbered foetuses
- Head examinations: No

Further observations:
- Number of runts was determined
Statistics:
- Statistical analyses were performed on maternal, litter, and foetal data. Only those differences between treated and control group values which were significant at p < 0.05 were reported. Analyses of foetal data were performed based on the litter as the experimental unit.
- Maternal body weight and body weight gain were analysed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett's test.
- The number of corpora lutea, implantations and live foetuses per litter were analysed using the t-test.
- Percentage data, which included percent female (sex ratio), resorptions, malformations, variations and normal foetuses per litter, were transformed by the
angular transformation and analysed using a t-test.
- The percent of litters which contained a runt, resorption, dead foetus, malformation or variation was analysed using chi-square and the square root of chi-square. The percent of litters which contained all normal foetuses was analysed in the same manner.
- Foetal body weights were analysed by a nested one-way analysis of variance.
Indices:
The following group parameters were calculated or counted without statistical analysis (Palmer, 1978)*:
- Fertility index = (pregnant animals/positively mated animals at terminal sacrifice) x 100
- Gestation index = (viable litters/pregnant animals) x 100
- Index of alive foetuses = (alive foetuses/total foetuses) x 100
- Resorption index = (total number of resorptions/total number of implantations) x 100
- Malformation index = (total number of foetuses with malformations/total number of foetuses) x 100
- Variation index = (total number of foetuses with variations/total number of foetuses) x 100

* Reference:
A.K. Palmer, Handbook of Teratology, Vol IV, Chapter 8, "The Design of Subprimate Animal Studies," pp. 215-253, Plenum Press, New York, New York, 1978.
Historical control data:
not stated
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Dams receiving 938 mg/kg/day of zinc naphthenate had a significantly greater number of implantation sites on the average than control and lower dosage groups. Dams in that group also had a significantly higher average number of resorptions. Differences in those two parameters netted a result of no overall difference in foetuses per dam.
One pregnant female from each of the groups receiving zinc naphthenate at levels of 188 mg/kg/day and 938 mg/kg/day died from dosing errors.
Premortem signs for dams receiving zinc naphthenate at 938 mg/kg/day included brown-stained urogenital areas, red nasal and oral exudate, generalized alopecia, and lethargy.
Control dams and dams receiving zinc naphthenate at 188 mg/kg/day or 94 mg/kg/day were asymptomatic during the course of the study.
Maternal body weights and body weight gains for zinc naphthenate-treated rats, 938 mg/kg/day, were significantly lower on gestation day 10 then for any of the other dosage groups. However, by gestation day 13 up until the time of necropsy on day 20, there was no significant difference between maternal body
weights or body weight gain among any of the dosage groups.
There was a notable increase in the percentage of litters with resorptions among dams receiving 938 mg/kg/day of zinc naphthenate.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
188 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Foetal variations were significantly more prevalent in groups receiving zinc naphthenate, 188 and 94 mg/kg/day.
Foetuses from dams receiving zinc naphthenate at 938 mg/kg/day had significantly lower body weights, on the average, than control foetuses or foetuses of the lower dosage groups. Variances between foetal parameters of control and zinc naphthenate, 188 mg/kg/day and 94 mg/kg/day, were not significant.
No dose relationship was established for foetal variations, although, foetuses from dams receiving zinc naphthenate, 188 mg/kg/day, had a significantly higher incidence of variants than corn oil controls. Foetuses from dams receiving 938 mg/kg/day of zinc naphthenate showed a slightly higher incidence of variation than controls. There was no trend toward delayed ossification among foetuses from 938 mg/kg/day litters.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
188 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
fetal/pup body weight changes
Key result
Abnormalities:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Key result
Developmental effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
NOAEL maternal: 188 mg/kg bw/d
NOAEL development: 188 mg/kg bw/d
Clinical signs of toxicity and a statistically significant lower gestational body weight were observed in maternal animals of the high dose group receiving 938 mg/kg bw/d.
Foetuses from dams receiving the highest dose level (938 mg/kg bw/d) had a significantly lower body weight, and there was a notable increase in the percentage of litters with resorptions in the high dose group. Other foetal and litter parameters were not affected by maternal treatment.
No treatment-related foetal variations or malformations were determined in pups of all dose groups.
In conclusion, oral administration of zinc naphthenate to female rats during the major period of organogenesis did not result in teratogenic effects. Development of foetuses was only affected at the high dose level where signs of maternal toxicity were observed.
Endpoint:
developmental toxicity
Type of information:
read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
Adequacy of study:
key study
Justification for type of information:
REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
This read-across is based on the hypothesis that source and target substances have similar toxicological properties because they hydrolyse to common products.

This prediction is supported by toxicological data on the substances themselves and on the dissolution products of the substances.
Target and source substances are mono-constituent substances. Both substances differ only in the production process, resulting in (i) an neutral product and (ii) a basic product.

The target substance is the basic product containing a slightly higher zinc content. The dissolution product, namely the zinc cation, is not the driver for toxic effects.
Consequently, the target substance is identical to the source substance and share a structural similarity with common functional groups, carboxylic acid, alkyl side chains.

Therefore, read-across from the existing reproductive and developmental toxicity studies on the source substance is considered as an appropriate adaption to the standard information requirements of Annex VIII- X, 8.7 and 8.7.1-3 of the REACH Regulation for the target substance, in accordance with the provisions of Annex XI, 1.5 of the REACH Regulation.

The justification of the proposed read-across approach is elaborated in the next chapters. Please find this information in the attachements as well.


2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
a) Target substance
The target substance naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is a mono-constituent substance (EC: 282-762-6, CAS: 84418-50-8).
b) Source substance
The source substance naphthenic acids, zinc salts is a mono-constituent substance (EC: 234-409-2, CAS: 12001-85-3).
c) Purity and impurities
The source substance is derived from the same educts in the production process. Consequently, the hazard profile of the target substance is intrinsically covered.


3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
a) Structural similarity and functional groups
The structure of the target and source substances are the same, namely a naphthenic acids, zinc salt. The target substance is the basic product containing a slightly higher zinc content compared to the neutral product. The dissolution product, namely the zinc cation, is not the driver for toxic effects with regard to Human Health and especially to local effects.

b) Common breakdown products
The common characteristic of the target substance and the source substance is that both liberate the same moiety upon dissolution in aqueous media. Zinc cations and naphthenate anions are formed upon dissolution under toxicological relevant conditions such as body fluids and in the environment.


4. DATA MATRIX
A comparison of the experimental toxicological data between the source and target substance is not applicable in the applied approach, since the overall ecotoxicity/systemic toxicity of the target substance is assessed by taking the (eco-)toxicological profile of the zinc cation and the acid anion (naphthenic acid) into account. An endpoint-specific description is provided in the respective endpoint summaries of both assessment entities.
The structural similarities between the source and the target substances and the similarities in their breakdown products presented above support the read-across hypothesis. Adequate, reliable and available scientific information indicates that the source and target substances and their subsequent degradation product have similar toxicity profiles.

Based on the considerations above, it can be concluded that the results of the reproductive and developmental toxicity studies conducted with the source substance is likely to predict the properties of the target substance and are considered as adequate to fulfil the information requirements of Annex VIII- X, 8.7 and 8.7.1-3.
Since the source substance is not classified for reproductive toxicity, the target substance naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic will not be classified as well. Thus, the information requirements of Annex VIII- X, 8.7 and 8.7.1-3 are fulfilled by the source and target substance.
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
read-across source
Control animals:
yes, concurrent vehicle
Details on maternal toxic effects:
Maternal toxic effects:yes

Details on maternal toxic effects:
Dams receiving 938 mg/kg/day of zinc naphthenate had a significantly greater number of implantation sites on the average than control and lower dosage groups. Dams in that group also had a significantly higher average number of resorptions. Differences in those two parameters netted a result of no overall difference in foetuses per dam.
One pregnant female from each of the groups receiving zinc naphthenate at levels of 188 mg/kg/day and 938 mg/kg/day died from dosing errors.
Premortem signs for dams receiving zinc naphthenate at 938 mg/kg/day included brown-stained urogenital areas, red nasal and oral exudate, generalized alopecia, and lethargy.
Control dams and dams receiving zinc naphthenate at 188 mg/kg/day or 94 mg/kg/day were asymptomatic during the course of the study.
Maternal body weights and body weight gains for zinc naphthenate-treated rats, 938 mg/kg/day, were significantly lower on gestation day 10 then for any of the other dosage groups. However, by gestation day 13 up until the time of necropsy on day 20, there was no significant difference between maternal body
weights or body weight gain among any of the dosage groups.
There was a notable increase in the percentage of litters with resorptions among dams receiving 938 mg/kg/day of zinc naphthenate.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
188 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
other: maternal toxicity
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Foetal variations were significantly more prevalent in groups receiving zinc naphthenate, 188 and 94 mg/kg/day.
Foetuses from dams receiving zinc naphthenate at 938 mg/kg/day had significantly lower body weights, on the average, than control foetuses or foetuses of the lower dosage groups. Variances between foetal parameters of control and zinc naphthenate, 188 mg/kg/day and 94 mg/kg/day, were not significant.
No dose relationship was established for foetal variations, although, foetuses from dams receiving zinc naphthenate, 188 mg/kg/day, had a significantly higher incidence of variants than corn oil controls. Foetuses from dams receiving 938 mg/kg/day of zinc naphthenate showed a slightly higher incidence of variation than controls. There was no trend toward delayed ossification among foetuses from 938 mg/kg/day litters.
Key result
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
Effect level:
188 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
Based on:
test mat.
Basis for effect level:
fetal/pup body weight changes
Key result
Abnormalities:
effects observed, non-treatment-related
Key result
Developmental effects observed:
no
Conclusions:
NOAEL maternal: 188 mg/kg bw/d
NOAEL development: 188 mg/kg bw/d
Clinical signs of toxicity and a statistically significant lower gestational body weight were observed in maternal animals of the high dose group receiving 938 mg/kg bw/d.
Foetuses from dams receiving the highest dose level (938 mg/kg bw/d) had a significantly lower body weight, and there was a notable increase in the percentage of litters with resorptions in the high dose group. Other foetal and litter parameters were not affected by maternal treatment.
No treatment-related foetal variations or malformations were determined in pups of all dose groups.
In conclusion, oral administration of zinc naphthenate to female rats during the major period of organogenesis did not result in teratogenic effects. Development of foetuses was only affected at the high dose level where signs of maternal toxicity were observed.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
Endpoint conclusion:
no adverse effect observed
Dose descriptor:
NOAEL
188 mg/kg bw/day
Study duration:
subchronic
Species:
rat
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion:
no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
Endpoint conclusion:
no study available
Additional information

Since no developmental toxicity study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is available, read-across to naphthenic acids, zinc salts is applied.

Unlimited read-across from naphthenic acids, zinc salts to naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is justified, since the overbased naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic only contains a surplus of zinc, which is, however, known not to be the driver for toxic effects with regard to Human Health.

One pre-natal developmental toxicity study in rats is available for zinc naphthenate. The study is considered relevant and reliable without restrictions.

Clinical signs of toxicity and a statistically significant lower gestational body weight were observed in maternal animals of the high dose group receiving 938 mg/kg bw/d.Foetuses from dams receiving the highest dose level (938 mg/kg bw/d) had a significantly lower body weight, and there was a notable increase in the percentage of litters with resorptions in the high dose group. Other foetal and litter parameters were not affected by maternal treatment.No treatment-related foetal variations or malformations were determined in pups of all dose groups.

NOAEL maternal: 188 mg/kg bw/d

NOAEL development: 188 mg/kg bw/d

In conclusion, oral administration of naphthenic acids, zinc salts to female rats during the major period of organogenesis did not result in teratogenic effects. Development of foetuses was only affected at the high dose level where signs of maternal toxicity were observed.

A combined repeated dose & reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts was included as supporting study. Wistar rats were treated with 100, 300 and 900 mg/kg bw/day via oral gavage. Treatment of rats with naphthenic acids had no apparent effects on mating and did not produce malformations at the highest dose tested (900 mg/kg/day). However, there were significant reductions in number of offspring, number live born and offspring body weights. However, these developmental effects were only observed in presence of maternal toxicity (discussed in section 7.5.1). The overall no observed adverse effect level was 100 mg/kg/day.

Justification for classification or non-classification

No reproductive or developmental toxicity study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is available. Thus, read-across to naphthenic acids, zinc salts is applied.

Naphthenic acids, zinc salts, basic is not expected to impair fertility or development, since no adverse effects in absence of maternal toxicity were observed in a 2 -generation reproductive toxicity study in rats with naphthenic acids, zinc salts. Further, no developmental effects in absence of maternal toxicity were observed in a prenatal developmental toxicity study with naphthenic acids, zinc salts.

Thus, according to regulation (EC) 1272/2008 and its subsequent amendments, classification for reproductive or developmental toxicity is not warranted.

Additional information