Ziram

Toxicity to terrestrial plants

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term

Data waiving:

other justification

Justification for data waiving:

other:

Reference 2

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

15 February 2006 - 21 July 2006

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 122-1 (Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tier I (vegetative vigor))

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Species:

Allium cepa

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Onion
- Plant family: Lililaceae
- Variety: WI609
- Source of seed: Wannamaker Seeds, St. Matthews, SC, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): > 80 %

Species:

Lolium perenne

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Ryegrass
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Manhattan 4
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Species:

Triticum aestivum

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Wheat
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Polk
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 85 %

Species:

Zea mays

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Corn
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Mandan Bride
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 94 %

Species:

Brassica oleracea var. capitata

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Cabbage
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Late Flat Dutch
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 85 %

Species:

Brassica rapa

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Turnip
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Purple Top White Globe
- Source of seed: Park Seed Wholesale, Inc., Greenwood, SC, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Radish
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Cherry Belle
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Species:

Glycine max (G. soja)

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Soy bean
- Plant family: Fabaceae
- Variety: Black Jet
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 98 %

Species:

Lactuca sativa

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Lettuce
- Plant family: Asteraceae
- Variety: Buttercrunch
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 99 %

Species:

Lycopersicon esculentum

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Tomato
- Plant family: Solanaceae
- Variety: Rutgers
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Test type:

vegetative vigour test

Study type:

laboratory study

Substrate type:

natural soil

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Test temperature:

17.07- 31.02 °C

Moisture:

12.57 - 77.00 %

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, Maryland, U.S.A
- Test container: Commercial plastic flower pots (11 cm diameter and 10 cm deep)
- No. of plants per replicate per dose: 5 plants, with each plant contained in a separate pot, in total 30 plants per species and treatment group were tested.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 6
- No. of replicates per control: 4


SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)The soil was analysed by Agvise Laboratories, Inc., Northwood, North Dakota, USA.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 65
- % silt: 18
- % clay: 17
pH: 7.3
- Organic carbon (%): 2.2

GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Artificial lighting was used to supplement natural sunlight in order to provide 16 h photoperiod.
- Light source: Natural and artificial
- Relative humidity (%): range 9.5-69.08 %
- Wind velocity: n.a. Test performed in a greenhouse.
- Watering: Seedlings were sub irrigated with well water from the greenhouse facility

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: Negative control
Test item. 9 kg/ha
For radish: 0.56, 1.1, 2.3, 4.5 and 9.0 kg/ha

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

>= 9 kg/ha

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: Plant survival, condition and growth

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

>= 9.192 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

other: Plant survival, condition and growth

Remarks on result:

other: Recalculated based on target substance concentration in formulation and using a default depth of 5 cm and soil density of 1500 gk/m3

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The validity criteria can be considered fulfilled according to the mentioned guideline.

Executive summary:

Materials and methods: Ziram 76WG formulation at the maximum label rate of 9.0 kg/ha was applied according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Series 850 – Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS Number 850.4150: Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (Vegetative vigor). The test was performed for 21days in green house under controlled test conditions with 10 plant species:Allium cepa, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Raphanus sativus, Glycine max, Lactuca sativaandLycopersicon esculentum.

The application rate of 9.0 kg/ha was determined to be a NOEC for r. sativus and additional (Tier II - OPPTS Number 850.4250) testing was not warranted for the remaining nine species

Results and discussion: There were no treatment-related effects and no reductions of 25 % or more on the survival, height or dry weight in the 9 kg/ha group means relative to the control ofAllium cepa, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapaandLactuca sativa.

There were no observed signs of toxicity onAllium cepa, Glycine maxorLactuca sativaplants during the test. One or more incidental signs of toxicity, such as necrosis, chlorosis and leaf curl were observed onLolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Raphanus sativus, Glycine max, Lactuca sativaandLycopersicon esculentum. The observed signs were typically slight, restricted to a few plants and did not appear to be response to the test substance. By the test termination, severalBrassica rapaplants showed chlorosis and leaf curl and necrosis was observed on a few of the plants. The conditions of control and treatment group plants appeared to be similar there fore the conditions were considered incidental to treatment.

There were no treatment-related effects on the height, weight or survival ofRaphanus sativusat any of the rates tested. There were two plants that died during the test, one each in the 9.0 and 4.5 kg/ha groups, however other plants in the treatment did not appear to show any treatment related signs of toxicity.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

15 February 2006 - 21 July 2006

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 122-1 (Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tier I (seedling emergence))

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Species:

Allium cepa

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Onion
- Plant family: Lililaceae
- Variety: WI609
- Source of seed: Wannamaker Seeds, St. Matthews, SC, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): > 80 %

Species:

Lolium perenne

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Ryegrass
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Manhattan 4
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Species:

Triticum aestivum

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Wheat
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Polk
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 85 %

Species:

Zea mays

Plant group:

Monocotyledonae (monocots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Corn
- Plant family: Poaceae
- Variety: Mandan Bride
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 94 %

Species:

Brassica oleracea var. capitata

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Cabbage
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Late Flat Dutch
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 85 %

Species:

Brassica rapa

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Turnip
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Purple Top White Globe
- Source of seed: Park Seed Wholesale, Inc., Greenwood, SC, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Species:

Raphanus sativus

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Radish
- Plant family: Brassicaceae
- Variety: Cherry Belle
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Species:

Glycine max (G. soja)

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Soy bean
- Plant family: Fabaceae
- Variety: Black Jet
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 98 %

Species:

Lactuca sativa

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Lettuce
- Plant family: Asteraceae
- Variety: Buttercrunch
- Source of seed: Johnny´s Selected Seeds, Winslow, ME, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 99 %

Species:

Lycopersicon esculentum

Plant group:

Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Details on test organisms:

- Common name: Tomato
- Plant family: Solanaceae
- Variety: Rutgers
- Source of seed: The Meyer Seed Co., Baltimore, MD, USA
- Historical germination of seed (germination of seed lot tested): 90 %

Test type:

seedling emergence toxicity test

Study type:

laboratory study

Substrate type:

natural soil

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

21 d

Test temperature:

15.94 - 33.83 °C

Moisture:

9.5-69.08 %

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: Wildlife International, Ltd., Easton, Maryland, U.S.A
- Test container: Commercial plastic flower pots (16 cm diameter and 12 cm deep)
- No. of seeds per container: Each pot contained 10 seeds; in total 40 seeds per species and treatment group were tested.
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control: 4


SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)The soil was analysed by Agvise Laboratories, Inc., Northwood, North Dakota, USA.
- Soil texture
- % sand: 65
- % silt: 18
- % clay: 17
pH: 7.3
- Organic carbon (%): 2.2

GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Artificial lighting was used to supplement natural sunlight in order to provide 16 h photoperiod.
- Light source: Natural and artificial
- Relative humidity (%): range 9.5-69.08 %
- Wind velocity: n.a. Test performed in a greenhouse.
- Watering: Seedlings were sub irrigated with well water from the greenhouse facility

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal: Negative control and 9 kg/ha (34,470 ppm a.i.)

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Species:

other: Allium cepa, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Glycine max, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Raphanus sativus

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

9 kg/ha

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

other: seedling survival, height and dry weight

Species:

other: Allium cepa, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Glycine max, Lactuca sativa, Lycopersicon esculentum, Raphanus sativus

Duration:

21 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

9.192 mg/kg soil dw

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

act. ingr.

Basis for effect:

other: seedling survival, height and dry weight

Remarks on result:

other: Recalculated based on target substance concentration in formulation and using a default depth of 5 cm and soil density of 1500 gk/m3

No adverse effects on seedling emergence, survival, growth (weight or height) or condition of the ten terrestrial plant species tested was observed. Therefore additional testing (Tier II) was not warranted.

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The validity criteria can be considered fulfilled according to the mentioned guideline.

Executive summary:

Materials and methods: Ziram 76WG formulation at the label rate of 9 kg/ha was applied according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Series 850 – Ecological Effects Test Guidelines OPPTS Number 850.4100 to test the Terrestrial Plant Toxicity, Tier I (Seedling emergence). The test was performed during 21days in a green house under controlled test conditions with 10 plant species:Allium cepa, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Raphanus sativus, Glycine max, Lactuca sativa and Lycopersicon esculentum.

Results and discussion: No adverse effects on seedling emergence, survival, growth (weight or height) or condition of the ten terrestrial plant species tested was observed. Therefore additional testing (Tier II) was not warranted.

Description of key information

NOEC (21 d) = 9.192 mg a.i./kg soil dw (nominal, EPA OPP 122-1, recalculated based on a.i. concentration and using a default depth of 5 cm and soil density of 1500 gk/m^3)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:

9.192 mg/kg soil dw

Additional information

The toxicity of zinc bis dimethyldithiocarbamate (CAS No. 137-30-4) to terrestrial plants was investigated in two studies (2006a, 2006b). Both tests were conducted according to the EPA OPP 122-1 Guideline (Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tier I), investigating the effect of this substance in seedling emergence and vegetative vigour, respectively and under GLP conditions. No significant adverse effects were observed in any test after 21 days exposure at a concentration of 9 kg/ha (retrospectively recalculated to 9.192 mg a.i./kg soil dw based on a.i. concentration and using a default depth of 5 cm and soil density of 1500 gk/m^3).

Further long-term toxicity testing is not considered necessary considering the biodegradability of the substance, its low log Pow value, the low effects in short-term toxicity studies on plants, the availability of sufficient long-term data for other terrestrial organisms (vertebrates and invertebrates), and exposure based considerations (RCR << 1). For more details, refer to justification for data waiving.