Amides, C8-18(even-numbered) and C18(unsatd.), N-(2-hydroxypropyl)

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Toxic effect type:

dose-dependent

Effects on fertility

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

31 January 2013 - 17 June 2013

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

KL2 due to RA

Justification for type of information:

Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the category justification.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: breeder: Charles River Laboratories Italia, Calco, Italy
- Age/weight at study initiation: on the first day of treatment, the males were approximately 10 weeks old and had a mean body weight of 388 g (range: 335 g to 438 g) and the females were approximately 9 weeks old had a mean body weight of 236 g (range: 203 g to 270 g)
- Housing: the animals were individually housed, except during pairing and lactation, in polycarbonate cages
- Diet: SSNIFF R/M-H pelleted diet (free access)
- Water: tap water filtered with a 0.22 µm filter (free access)
- Acclimation period: 8 days before the beginning of the study.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22±2°C
- Humidity (%): 50±20%
- Air changes (per hr): approximately 12 cycles/hour of filtered, non-recycled air
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 h/12 h.

IN-LIFE DATES: 13 February 2013 to 09 April 2013

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

corn oil

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
The test item was administered as a suspension in the vehicle. The dose formulations were prepared according to the following process, as described in an homogeneity/stability study:
- a small amount of test item was melt using water bath at a temperature of +50°C,
- the vehicle was warmed at +50°C using water bath,
- the appropriate amount of melt test item was weighed in the preparation beaker and the corresponding amount of vehicle was added,
- the test item and the vehicle were mixed using magnetic stirrer in the water bath at +50°C during 10 minutes,
- the obtained suspension was stirred at ambient temperature at least 30 minutes.

No correction factor was applied.
The test item dose formulations were prepared on a weekly basis, stored at room temperature protected from light prior to use and delivered to the study room at room temperature and protected from light.

When not on the day of formulation preparation, test item formulations were warmed under magnetic stirring at +50°C using water bath during at least 30 minutes and then kept under magnetically stirring at ambient temperature for at least 30 minutes before daily delivery to the study room.

VEHICLE
- Choice of vehicle: good suspension in corn oil
- Concentration in vehicle: 20, 60 and 200 mg/mL
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg/day.

Details on mating procedure:

- M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation (mating period): until mating occurred
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug or sperm in the morning vaginal lavage referred as day 0 post-coitum
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged individually

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Type of method: GC-FID
Test item concentrations: remained within an acceptable range of variation compared to nominal values.
Homogeneity: assessed in homogeneity study (satisfactory results)
Stability: assessed in stability study (stable after 9 days at room temperature and protected from light)

Duration of treatment / exposure:

In the males:
− 2 weeks before mating,
− during the mating period,
− until sacrifice (at least 5 weeks in total),

In the females:
− 2 weeks before mating,
− during the mating period (1 week),
− during pregnancy,
− during lactation until day 5 post-partum inclusive,
− until sacrifice for females which had not delivered.

Frequency of treatment:

Daily

Details on study schedule:

- No F1 parents (only one generation mated)
- Age at mating of the mated animals in the study: 11-12 weeks

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Remarks:

Controls

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10 animals per sex per dose.

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: The dose-levels were selected in agreement with the Sponsor, following the results of a previous 2-week toxicity study. In this study, three groups of three male and three female Sprague-Dawley rats received the test item as a suspension in corn oil at 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day bw for 2 weeks by gavage. There were no unscheduled deaths. Reduced mean body weight gain and mean food consumption were noted in males during the first week of treatment. Clinical signs were ptyalism in all test item-treated animals and hunched posture in two males and one female at the high-dose during the second week of treatment. There were no test item-related macroscopic findings.

- Animal assignment: computerized stratification procedure.

Positive control:

no (not required).

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:

MORTALITY/MORBIDITY:
- Time schedule: at least twice a day during the treatment period.

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS:
- Time schedule: once a day during the treatment period.

DETAILED CLINICAL SIGNS:
- Time schedule: once a week during the treatment period.

BODY WEIGHT:
- Time schedule: Males: on the first day of treatment, then once a week until sacrifice. Females: on the first day of treatment, then once a week until mating (or until sacrifice), on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 post-coitum and days 1 and 5 post-partum.

FOOD CONSUMPTION:
- Time schedule: Males: once a week until sacrifice. Females: once a week until mating, on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 post-coitum and days 1 and 5 post-partum.

- NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION:
- Time schedule: at the end of the treatment period.

HAEMATOLOGY:
- Time schedule: on the day of sacrifice.

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY:
- Time schedule: on the day of sacrifice.

REPRODUCTION (apart from indices):
- Pre-coital time and duration of gestation were recorded.

Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):

Fresh vaginal lavage (stained with methylene blue), each morning during the pairing period, until females are mated.

Sperm parameters (parental animals):

Parameters examined in males of parental generation:
- weighing and microscopic examination:yes
- special emphasis to the spermatogenic cycle and testicular interstitial cells (groups 1 and 4).

Litter observations:

STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS: No

PARAMETERS EXAMINED:
- number and sex of pups,
- number of live, dead and cannibalized pups,
- presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, clinical signs.

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):

SACRIFICE
- Male animals: all surviving animals after the end of the mating period
- Female animals: all surviving animals = day 6 post-partum or, for females which had not delivered yet, day 25 post-coitum.

ORGAN WEIGHTS: Yes

GROSS PATHOLOGY:
Complete macroscopic post-mortem examination.

HISTOPATHOLOGY:
- on all tissues listed in the table below for the first five control and high dose animals (groups 1 and 4) sacrificed as scheduled,
- on all macroscopic lesions,
- all females sacrificed because of no delivery to investigate possible causes,
- liver (both sexes), thymus (females only), seminal vesicles (males only) and bone marrow (females only) from the first five sacrificed as scheduled males and the first five females sacrificed on day 6 p.p. of the low- and intermediate-dose groups (groups 2 and 3).

Postmortem examinations (offspring):

SACRIFICE: on day 5 post-partum

GROSS NECROPSY: on all pups (surviving and found dead)

HISTOPATHOLOGY: No

ORGAN WEIGTHS: No

Reproductive indices:

Pre-implantation loss = 100 * (Number of corpora lutea - Number of implantation sites) / Number of corpora lutea
Post-implantation loss = 100 * (Number of implantation sites - Number of live pups) / Number of implantations
Mating index = 100 * (Number of mated animals / Number of paired animals)
Fertility index = 100 * (Number of pregnant female partners / Number of mated pairs)
Gestation index = 100 * (Number of females with live born pups / Number of pregnant females)

Offspring viability indices:

Live birth index = 100 * (Number of live born pups / Number of delivered pups)
Viability index on day 4 p.p. = 100 * (Number of surviving pups on day 4 p.p. / Number of live born pups)

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Ptyalism, considered of minor toxicological significance, was observed in all animals at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day bw from the first or second week of treatment and in most of the animals at 100 mg/kg/day bw but later. Hypoactivity, loud breathing, piloerection and/or round back observed for some days in a few animals at 300 mg/kg/day bw but more at 1000 mg/kg/day bw were considered to be of limited toxicological significance. Incidental findings consisted of half-closed eyes, reflux at dosing, cutaneous lesion and abnormal growth of teeth.

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not examined

Mortality:

mortality observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence):

There were no deaths considered as test item-related. One female given 1000 mg/kg/day bw was prematurely sacrificed on day 23 p.c. due to difficulty to deliver. Piloerection, round back, cold to the touch, abdominal breathing, reddish vaginal discharge, chromodacryorrhea and chromorhinorrhea were observed on day 22 and/or 23 p.c. Blood in the bedding, fetuses (mostly dead) and a few placentae were found in the bedding on day 23 p.c. This death was considered to be incidental. There were no other unscheduled deaths during the study.

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no relevant effects on mean body weights and mean body weight gains. The low mean body weight gain in high-dose males for the interval days 1 to 8 when compared to controls was considered to be of no toxicological significance (no statistical level and transient decrease).

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

In males, mean food consumption at 1000 mg/kg/day bw was statistically significantly reduced in the first week of treatment when compared with controls (which correlated with a non-statistically significantly lower mean body weight gain at that time). It became similar to controls in the second week of dosing. This slight and transient effect was considered to be of limited toxicological significance. Mean food consumption at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day bw was not affected. Mean food consumption in females was considered to be unaffected by the test item treatment.

Haematological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

APPT values were not considered to be affected (one control data in males was higher than the others hence the shortened mean values in the test item-treated groups; there was no dose-relationship in females). For the slightly higher mean white blood cell counts when compared with controls, a relationship with the test item treatment was considered to be doubtful (no clear dose-relationship, individual values generally included in historical control data and no statistical level).

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Mean cholesterol level was higher in test item-treated female groups in a dose-related manner, reaching statistical and toxicological significance at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day bw. All individual values in both groups were included in historical control data and in absence of adverse correlates in the study, this was considered to be non-adverse. There was no dose relationship in males, but an effect of the test item may be suspected in two males treated at 1000 mg/kg/day bw which had a high cholesterol level (2.3 and 2.4 mmol/L). Mean sodium concentration was also statistically significant higher in females treated at 1000 mg/kg/day bw when compared with controls. Males or other electrolytes in females were not affected and the variation was not severe. Therefore, this finding was not considered to be of toxicological significance.An effect of the test item treatment on mean albumin concentration at 300 mg/kg/day bw in both sexes was considered unlikely as there was no dose-relationship. The increase observed in triglyceride levels at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day bw in both sexes was considered to be incidental as there was no statistical level reached for the group means and no dose-relationship seen in individual data. Moreover, the increase at 1000 mg/kg/day bw was due to isolated animals per sex only.

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no relevant findings on FOB in test item-treated groups when compared to the control group. An effect of the test item treatment in males and females at 300 and/or 1000 mg/kg/day bw on mean motor activity data was considered to be equivocal but of limited toxicological significance. The vast majority of the individual data were similar to what can usually be seen in this type of study.

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, treatment-related

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Test item-related changes were observed in the liver and the thymus.

Liver
Minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy was seen in 1/5 males given the test item at 300 mg/kg/day bw and 4/6 males and 2/5 females given 1000 mg/kg/day bw. This non-adverse change was considered to be test item-related and correlated with the higher weight noted at necropsy. Other changes seen in the liver, including the minimal foci of subcapsular necrosis seen in 1/5 control females, 1/5 males at 300 mg/kg/day bw and 2/5 females at 1000 mg/kg/day bw were considered to be fortuitous and without any relationship with the test item.

Thymus
Minimal or slight lymphoid atrophy was seen in 2/5 females given 1000 mg/kg/day bw, correlating with the lower weight at necropsy. Any relationship with the test item was considered to be likely but non-adverse (low number of animals affected and low grades). No test item related changes were seen at 100 or 300 mg/kg/day bw.

Miscellaneous changes
- Seminal vesicles
Minimal apoptosis was seen in 1/5 males given 100 mg/kg/day bw and 3/6 animals given 1000 mg/kg/day bw. As this change was minimal, and in the absence of a dose-related trend and other test item-related changes in testes or epididymides, any relationship with the test item was considered to be unlikely.

- Bone marrow
There was a trend towards higher presence of adipose tissue in the bone marrow of females at all dose levels when compared with controls. As this was not seen in males, poorly dose-related and as this was not correlated with any changes in the hematological parameters, any relationship with the test item was excluded.

- Lungs
Mucus was seen in bronchi and/or bronchioli of 3/6 males given 1000 mg/kg/day bw and eosinophilic infiltrate in 3/6 males at this dose-level. Increased alveolar macrophages were seen at a similar incidence and severity between controls and treated animals in both sexes. These changes were consistent with aspiration or regurgitation of the oily vehicle or test item during the technical gavage procedures. Any direct relationship with the test item was excluded.

A careful examination of testes, epididymides, and female genital tract did not show any test item-related effects on these organs. Other histopathological changes were considered to be part of the normal background of changes commonly seen in rats and without any relationship with the test item.

Reproductive performance:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Mating and fertility data
There were no test item-related effects on mean mating and fertility data. At 1000 mg/kg/day bw, one female was blocked in metestrous/diestrous for 12 days and mated with its male after 13 days, and one female was prematurely sacrificed on day 23 p.c. because of difficulty to deliver as previously mentioned. Both events were considered to be incidental as isolated. A total of five females (three controls and two females treated at 1000 mg/kg/day bw) were sacrificed on day 25 p.c. because of no delivery. They were non-pregnant.

Delivery data
There were no test item-related effects on mean delivery data. Mean pre- and post-implantation loss data were lower than the highest percentages seen in historical control data, thus there were no effects of the test item treatment.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: Parental toxicity (non adverse)

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Effect level:

ca. 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: Reproductive performance (mating and fertility)

Key result

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

None of the clinical signs were considered to be test item related (comparable incidences in control pups).

Mortality / viability:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no effects on pup viability.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no effects of the test item treatment on mean body weight and mean body weight changes in pups. The trend toward higher mean body weights and mean body weight gain at 100 mg/kg/day bw was considered to be incidental (not dose-related).

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Both findings are not very often recorded in controls of such studies, although they can appear spontaneously. An effect of the test item treatment was suspected since they were observed with a dose relationship at both the highest dose-levels. However, the effect was considered as of minor toxicological significance as these findings are generally considered as morphological variations (not malformations) and as their incidence was not severe.

Other effects:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

SEX RATIO
Despite the fact that the pup sex ratio at 1000 mg/kg/day bw was slightly above the historical control range, it was considered to be of no toxicological significance in view of its low amplitude.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Generation:

F1

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

other: Toxic effects on progeny (minor toxicological significance)

Key result

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Key result

Reproductive effects observed:

no

Conclusions:

Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for parental toxicity, the NOEL for reproductive performance (mating and fertility) and the NOAEL for toxic effects on progeny were considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day bw.

Executive summary:

A study was conducted to determine the repeated dose toxicity of the read across substance, C18-unsatd. MIPA, in rats according to OECD Guideline 422, in compliance with GLP. Groups of ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats received the read across substance at dose-levels of 0, 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day daily by oral (gavage) administration 2 weeks before mating, during mating, gestation and until up to Day 5 p.p. The concentration of the dose formulation was checked in study Weeks 1, 3 and 6. The animals were checked at least twice daily during the dosing period for mortality and morbidity and once daily for clinical signs. Detailed clinical observations were performed once a week. Body weight and food consumption were recorded once a week during premating and mating periods (food consumption not during mating), and during gestation on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 p.c. and lactation on Days 1 and 5 p.p. The animals were paired for mating after 2 weeks of treatment and the females were allowed to litter and rear their progeny until Day 5 p.p. The total litter sizes and the sex of each pup were recorded after birth. The pups were observed daily for clinical signs, abnormal behaviour and external abnormalities and weighed on Days 1 and 5 p.p. At the end of the treatment period, Functional Observation Battery, motor activity and laboratory investigations (hematology and blood biochemistry) were carried out on five males and five females. The males were sacrificed after at least 5 weeks of treatment and the females on Day 6 p.p. Final body weights and selected organs weights (adrenals, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, testes and thymus) were recorded and a complete macroscopic post-mortem examination was performed, with particular attention paid to the reproductive organs. A microscopic examination was performed on selected organs from five males and five females in the control- and high-dose groups, on liver, thymus, seminal vesicles and bone marrow from five males and/or five females in the low- and intermediate-dose groups and on all macroscopic lesions. The pups were sacrificed on Day 5 p.p. and submitted for a macroscopic post-mortem examination of the principal thoracic and abdominal organs. The read across substance concentrations checked during the study were within an acceptable range of variations when compared to the nominal values (± 15%). There was no read across substance in control formulations. There were no read across substance-related deaths. Clinical signs consisted of ptyalism in all animals at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day and in most of the animals at 100 mg/kg bw/day (minor toxicological significance), as well as hypoactivity, loud breathing, piloerection and/or round back observed in a few animals at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for a few days (limited toxicological significance). There were no relevant effects on mean body weight, mean Functional Observation Battery (FOB), as well as on mean hematology parameters in any group and sex. An effect of the read across substance treatment on mean motor activity data at 300 and/or 1000 mg/kg bw/day was considered to be equivocal but of limited toxicological significance. In males, mean food consumption at 1000 mg/kg bw/day was reduced in the first week of treatment only (23 g/male/day, vs. 27, p<0.001). This effect was considered to be of limited toxicological significance. Mean food consumption in males at 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day and in females were not affected. In females, mean cholesterol level was higher than in controls at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day (up to 1.9 mmol/L, vs.1.2, p<0.01) and considered to be non-adverse in absence of adverse correlates in the study. There were no relevant blood biochemistry findings in females at 100 mg/kg bw/day or in males. At histopathology at 1000 mg/kg bw/day, minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy correlating with higher mean liver weight was seen in the liver of both sexes (about +28% in males and +20% in females compared to controls, p<0.01 generally). In females, mild lymphoid atrophy was seen in the thymus of 2/5 females, correlating with lower mean weight at necropsy (about -22% from controls). At 300 mg/kg/day, only minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy was seen in the liver of a single male correlating with minor higher mean absolute weight in this group. All these microscopic findings were considered to be non-adverse (low number of animals affected and/or minimal to slight grades). There were no histopathological effects at 100 mg/kg bw/day. There were no effects on mean mating, fertility and delivery data in any group. There were no read across substance-related effects on pup viability, clinical signs, body weight and sex ratio. Dilated ureter and renal pelvis were recorded with dose-relationship in a few litters at necropsy at 300 (1 or 2 litters affected out of 10) and 1000 (2/7 litters) mg/kg bw/day, vs. none in the controls. An effect of the read across substance treatment was considered to be of minor toxicological significance. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for parental toxicity, the NOEL for reproductive performance (mating and fertility) and the NOAEL for toxic effects on progeny were considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day (Bentz, 2013). 

Reference 2

Endpoint:

extended one-generation reproductive toxicity - basic test design (Cohorts 1A, and 1B without extension)

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

As of 2022 at the earliest. Depending on the results of the other planned studies (e.g. OECD TG 421, 408, 414) and testing proposal acceptance.

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

KL2 due to RA

Justification for type of information:

TESTING PROPOSAL ON VERTEBRATE ANIMALS

NON-CONFIDENTIAL NAME OF SUBSTANCE:
- Amides, C8-18 (even numbered) and C18-unsatd., N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl (C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA), EC No. 931-329-6

CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE GENERAL ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEX XI OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION [please address all points below]:
- Available GLP studies: none
- Available non-GLP studies: none
- Historical human data: none
- (Q)SAR: not applicable
- In vitro methods: not applicable
- Weight of evidence: not sufficient
- Grouping and read-across: not sufficient
- Substance-tailored exposure driven testing [if applicable]: none
- Approaches in addition to above [if applicable] : not applicable
- Other reasons [if applicable]: none

CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE SPECIFIC ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEXES VI TO X (AND COLUMN 2 THEREOF) OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION:
- Proposed adaptations were not considered sufficient to address this endpoint. This was discussed with ECHA in the frame of a Dossier Improvement Action Plan (DIAP).

FURTHER INFORMATION ON TESTING PROPOSAL IN ADDITION TO INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE MATERIALS AND METHODS SECTION:
- Proposed study design: according to OECD Guideline 443

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 443 (Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study)

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Justification for study design:

SPECIFICATION OF STUDY DESIGN FOR EXTENDED ONE-GENERATION REPRODUCTION TOXICITY STUDY WITH JUSTIFICATIONS

- Premating exposure duration for parental (P0) animals : to be decided
- Basis for dose level selection : will be based on the outcome of planned repeated dose toxicity studies
- Inclusion/exclusion of extension of Cohort 1B : will be based on the outcome of planned repeated dose toxicity studies
- Termination time for F2 : will be based on the outcome of planned repeated dose toxicity studies
- Inclusion/exclusion of developmental neurotoxicity Cohorts 2A and 2B : will be based on the outcome of planned repeated dose toxicity studies
- Inclusion/exclusion of developmental immunotoxicity Cohort 3 : will be based on the outcome of planned repeated dose toxicity studies
- Route of administration : oral

Species:

rat

Sex:

male/female

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks on result:

other: Testing planned

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Remarks on result:

other: Testing planned

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Reproductive effects observed:

not specified

Reference 3

Endpoint:

screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity

Remarks:

Combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction / developmental toxicity screening

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From February 04, 2021 to September 08, 2021

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

Version / remarks:

adopted on 29 July 2016

Deviations:

yes

Remarks:

Female animals were supplied in the weight range of 197-222 g and not 175-200 g, as indicated in the Study Protocol, while males were in the range of 211-246 g instead of 200-225 g. These deviations had no impact on the study

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Remarks:

Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD rats

Details on species / strain selection:

The Sprague Dawley rat is the species and strain of choice because it is accepted by many regulatory authorities and there is ample experience and background data on this species and strain.

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

- Animal supply and acclimatization:
A total of 102 Hsd: Sprague Dawley SD rats (45 males and 57 virgin females), 7 to 8 weeks old and weighing 200 to 225 g for males and 175 to 200 g for females, were ordered from and supplied by Charles River Italia S.p.A., Calco (Lecco), Italy. After arrival, on 28 January 2021, the weight range for each sex was determined (211-246 g for males, 197-222 g for females) and the animals were temporarily identified within the cage by means of a coloured mark on the tail. A health check was then performed by a veterinarian. An acclimatisation period of approximately 4 weeks was allowed before the start of treatment, during which time the health status of the animals was assessed by thorough observations.

- Animal husbandry:
The animals were housed in a limited access rodent facility. Animal room controls were set to maintain temperature and relative humidity at 22°C±2°C and 55%±15%, respectively; actual conditions were monitored, recorded and the records retained. There were approximately 15 to 20 air changes per hour and the rooms were lit by artificial light for 12 hours each day. From arrival to mating, animals were housed up to 5 of one sex to a cage, in polysulfone solid bottomed cages measuring 59.5×38×20 cm (Tecniplast Gazzada S.a.r.l., Buguggiate, Varese). Nesting material was provided inside suitable bedding bags and changed at least twice a week. During mating, animals were housed one male to one female in clear polysulfone cages measuring 42.5×26.6×18.5 cm with a stainless steel mesh lid and floor (Tecniplast Gazzada S.a.r.l., Buguggiate, Varese). Each cage tray held absorbent material which was inspected and changed daily. After mating, the males were re-caged as they were before mating. The females were transferred to individual solid bottomed cages for the gestation period, birth and lactation (measuring 42.5×26.6×18.5 cm). Nesting material was provided inside suitable bedding bags. In addition, suitable nesting material (Scobis 0 Mucedola) was provided as necessary and changed at least 2 times a week. Drinking water was supplied ad libitum to each cage via water bottles, except in the case of urinalysis investigations. A commercially available laboratory rodent diet (4 RF 21, Mucedola S.r.l., Via G. Galilei, 4, 20019 Settimo Milanese (MI), Italy) was offered ad libitum throughout the study. There was no information available to indicate that any non-nutrient substance likely to influence the effect of the test item was present in the drinking water or the diet. Records of analyses of water and diet are kept on file at ERBC. Dated and signed records of activities relating to the day to day running and maintenance of the study in the animal house were recorded.

- Allocation to groups:
On the day of allocation all animals were weighed. Animals at the extremes of the weight distribution were excluded to leave the required number of animals. Furthermore, female animals that exhibited anomalies in the oestrous cycle were not allocated to the main groups. The rats were allocated to the groups by computerised stratified randomisation to give approximately equal initial group mean body weights. At allocation to the study, the body weight variation of animals did not exceed 20% of the mean weight of each sex. Individuals were uniquely identified within the study by sex, tattoo on the hind feet and ear notch and housed five per sex per cage. The cages were identified by a label and recording the study number, animal numbers and details of treatment. The arrangement of cages in batteries was such that cages from each group were distributed to minimise possible environmental effects and or contamination.

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)

Remarks:

0.5% CMC

Details on exposure:

The required amount of test substance was suspended in the vehicle. The formulations were prepared weekly or daily (concentrations of 10, 30 and 75 mg/mL), according to stability data from ERBC study No. A4126. Concentrations were calculated and expressed in terms of test substance as supplied. The test substance was administered orally by gavage at a dose volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. Control animals received the vehicle alone at the same dose volume. The dose was administered to each animal on the basis of the most recently recorded body weight and the volume administered was recorded for each animal.

Details on mating procedure:

Pairing was monogamous (one male to one female) with the exception of 2 males (X1680050 and X1680066) which replaced 2 males died on Days 8 and 13 of pre-mating phase (nos. X1680048 and X1680078, respectively).
A vaginal smear was taken from all females from the day after the start of pairing until positive identification of copulation (sperm identification, vaginal plug in situ or copulation plugs found in the cage tray). The female was paired with the same male until positive identification occurred or 14 days had elapsed.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

The analytical method was validated in ERBC Study no. A4126 in the range from 10 to 100 mg/mL. Linearity, accuracy and precision were within the limits stated in ERBC validation protocol (r > 0.99; accuracy 80-120%; precision CV < 10%). In ERBC Study no. A4126, 28-hour stability at room temperature and 15-day stability at 2-8°C were verified in the range from 10 to 100 mg/mL. According to ERBC SOPs, suspensions are considered to be stable if concentration and homogeneity, after the defined period of storage, are still acceptable (80%-120% for concentration and CV < 10% for homogeneity). The proposed preparation procedure for the test substance was checked in the range from 10 to 100 mg/mL by chemical analysis (concentration and homogeneity) in ERBC Study no. A4126 to confirm that the method was suitable. Final results for all levels were within the acceptability limits stated in ERBC SOPs for concentration (80-120%) and homogeneity (CV < 10%). Samples of the preparations prepared on Weeks 1 and 5 (last week with males and females) were analysed to check the homogeneity and concentration. Results of the analyses were within the acceptability limits stated in ERBC SOPs for suspensions (80-120% for concentration and CV < 10% for homogeneity). Chemical analysis was carried out by the Analytical Chemistry Department. The software used for this activity was Empower® 2 Build No. 2154.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

- Males: Animals were dosed once a day, 7 days a week, for 14 days prior to pairing, through the pairing period and thereafter until the day before necropsy, for a total of 33/34 days. Dose volumes were adjusted once per week for each animal according to the last recorded body weight.

- Females: Animals were dosed once a day, 7 days a week, for 14 days prior to pairing and thereafter during pairing, post coitum and post-partum periods until Day 13 post-partum, or the day before sacrifice (for a total of 38 to 65 days). Dose volumes were adjusted once per week for each animal according to the last recorded body weight up to mating. During the gestation and lactation periods, dose volumes were calculated according to the last recorded body weight.

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily, 7 days/week

Details on study schedule:

Males: Animals were dosed once a day, 7 days a week, for 14 days prior to pairing, through the pairing period and thereafter until the day before necropsy or the day before sacrifice, up to a total of 33/34 days for surviving animals. Dose volumes were adjusted once per week for each animal according to the last recorded body weight.

Females: Animals were dosed once a day, 7 days a week, for 14 days prior to pairing and thereafter during pairing, post coitum and post partum periods until Day 13 post partum or the day before sacrifice (for a total of 38 to 65 days). Dose volumes were adjusted once per week for each animal according to the last recorded body weight up to mating. During the gestation and lactation periods, dose volumes were calculated according to the last recorded body weight.

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

750 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10 rats per sex per dose

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Parental animals: Observations and examinations:

- Mortality:
Throughout the study, all animals were checked early in each working day in the morning and in the afternoon. At weekends and Public Holidays a similar procedure was followed except that the final check was carried out at approximately mid-day. This allowed post mortem examinations to be carried out during the working period of that day. Severely debilitated animals were observed carefully. One animal showing difficulty in parturition was sacrificed for humane reasons. A complete necropsy was performed in all cases.

- Clinical signs:
Once before commencement of treatment and at least once daily during the study, each animal was observed and any clinical signs was recorded. Observations were performed at the same time interval each day, the interval was selected taking into consideration the presence of post-dose reactions. Observations were performed at the same time interval each day (approximately 5 - 10 minutes and 1.30 - 2 hours post-dose), the interval was selected taking into consideration the presence of post-dose reactions. All observations were recorded for individual animals.

- Clinical Observations (Functional Observation Battery Tests):
Once before commencement of treatment and once a week thereafter, each animal was given a detailed clinical examination (ERBC SOP no. ANI/344). Each animal was removed from the home cage and observed in an open arena. The tests included observation of changes in gait and posture, reactivity to handling, presence of clonic or tonic movements, stereotypies or bizarre behaviour and effects on the autonomic nervous system (e.g. lachrymation, piloerection, pupil size, unusual respiratory pattern). Changes in fur, skin, eyes, mucous membranes, occurrences of secretions and excretions were also recorded. All observations were recorded for individual animals.

- Grip strength and sensory reactivity to stimuli:
Once during the study, towards the end of treatment (during Week 5 for males and Day 12 post partum for females with viable litters, where possible), 5 out of 10 males and 5 out of 10 females were randomly selected from each group for evaluation of sensory reactivity to stimuli of different modalities (e.g. auditory, visual and proprioceptive stimuli) and for assessment of grip strength (ERBC SOP no. ANI/344). Measurements were performed using a computer-generated random order.

- Motor activity assessment (MA):
Once during the study, towards the end of treatment (during Week 4 for males and on Day 12 post partum for females with viable litters where possible), 5 males and 5 females were randomly selected from each group and the motor activity (MA) were measured (for approximately 5 minutes) by an automated activity recording device (ERBC SOP no. ANI/346). Measurements were performed using a computer-generated random order.

- Body weight
Parental animals: Males were weighed weekly from allocation to termination. Females were weighed weekly from allocation to positive identification of mating and on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 post coitum.
Dams were weighed on Days 1, 4, 7, 13 post partum and just before to necropsy.

- Food consumption:
The weight of food consumed by each cage of males and females was recorded weekly (whenever possible) during the pre-mating period starting from Day 1 of dosing up to mating. Individual food consumption for mated females was measured on gestation Days 7, 14 and 20 post coitum starting from Day 0 post coitum and on Day 7 and 13 post partum starting from Day 1 post partum.

- Mating:
Pairing was monogamous (one male to one female) with the exception of 2 males (X1680050 and X1680066) which replaced 2 males died on Days 8 and 13 of pre-mating phase (nos. X1680048 and X1680078, respectively).
A vaginal smear was taken from all females from the day after the start of pairing until positive identification of copulation (sperm identification, vaginal plug in situ or copulation plugs found in the cage tray). The female was paired with the same male until positive identification occurred or 14 days had elapsed.

- Parturition check and duration of gestation
A parturition check was performed from Day 20 to Day 25 post coitum. Females which did not gave birth after 25 days of post coitum period were sacrificed shortly after. Gestation length was calculated as the time between the day of successful mating (Day 0 post coitum) and the day of birth. The day of birth (when parturition was complete) was defined as Day 0 post partum.

-Blood collection for metabolomics analysis:
At the end of treatment period, 1 mL was taken from all surviving males and females, under conditions of food deprivation. Blood samples were collected (from the retro-orbital sinus in the males, from the abdominal vena cava in the females) and immediately transferred with a 1 mL pipette tip into an Eppendorf tube containing 10 µL of 10% Titriplex III solution. The tube was immediately closed and gently mixed 5-6 times by inverting it. Blood was kept cool in ice water (approximately 4°C) during the collection period of up to 20 minutes. To separate plasma, the blood was centrifuged at 4°C, 20000 g for 2 minutes. Blood cells and plasma were separated; 0.5 mL of the supernatant plasma layer were pipetted with a 1 mL pipette tip into the second labelled Eppendorf tube and covered with a N2 atmosphere. Tubes were closed with the lid which was wrapped with Parafilm-M, and frozen at -80°C within at maximum 30 minutes after centrifugation, then stored at -80°C until despatch for additional investigations (metabolomics analysis) at an external laboratory. Results of the metabolomic analysis, the corresponding data and their interpretation are the responsibility of the Sponsor and are reported separately.

- Clinical pathology investigations
Blood collection was performed for hormone determination (0.8 mL) from all parental animals at termination under condition of food deprivation. Blood samples for haematology, clinical chemistry and coagulation were collected by random selection from 5 males and 5 females (females with viable litters) of each group, under condition of food deprivation. Following haematology and coagulation paramaters were assessed: haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, reticulocyte count, mean red blood cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, differential leucocyte count, platelets and prothrobin time. Clinical chemistry parameters assessed corresponds to : alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, urea, creatinine, glucose, triglycerides, bile acids, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G Ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, inorganic phosphorus.

-Urinalysis (Only males randomly selected)
During the last week of treatment, individual overnight urine samples were also collected from the same animals selected for clinical pathology investigations (5 males/group, randomly selected). Before starting urine collection water bottles were removed from each cage and each animal received approximately 10 mL/kg of drinking water by gavage, in order to obtain urine samples suitable for analysis. The measurements performed on urine samples are as follows: appearance, volume (manually recorded), specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, blood.
These parameters were analysed by Menarini Aution Max AX 4280/Aution Eleven AE 4020/Aution Sticks 10EA or ATAGO Refractometer (for Specific gravity), according to in- ternal procedures. The sediment, obtained from centrifugation at approximately 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, was examined microscopically for: epithelial cells, leucocytes, erythrocytes, crystals, spermatozoa and precursors, other abnormal components.

- Blood collection and thyroid hormone determination (T4 and TSH)
Blood collection for hormone determination was performed from all animals at termination.
Males
Blood samples (approximately 0.8 mL) for hormone determination were collected under isoflurane anaesthesia from the abdominal vena cava . The order of collection was equalised between groups.
Females
As a part of the necropsy procedure, blood samples (approximately 0.8 mL) for hormone determination was withdrawn from the abdominal vena cava under isoflurane anaesthesia. The order of collection was equalised between groups.

- Immunoanalysis - Thyroid hormone determination (T4 and TSH)
Samples were assayed to determine the serum levels of Total thyroxine (total T4) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) by RadioImmunoAssay (RIA).

Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):

- Before allocation and stock females:
All females ordered for the study were evaluated pre-exposure for oestrous cyclicity and animals that exhibit anomalies in the oestrous cycle were not allocated to the study. Oestrus cycle was monitored by vaginal smears for 2 weeks before allocation. These data were not tabulated in this report but will be archived with the raw data.

- Females allocated to groups: Vaginal smears were taken in the morning from Day 1 of dosing up to positive identification of mating. The vaginal smear data was examined to determine the following: 1. anomalies of the oestrous cycle 2. the pre-coital interval (i.e., the number of nights paired prior to the detection of mating)

-Before despatch to necropsy: Vaginal smears were also taken from all females, before despatch to necropsy and the oestrous cycle phase recorded. No vaginal smears were taken from females sacrificed for humane reasons.

Litter observations:

Litter data at birth, on Day 1, Day 4 and on Day 13 post-partum of females were recorded.

-Pups identification, weight and observations:
On Day 1, as soon as possible after parturition was considered complete (Day 0 post partum), all pups (live and dead) were counted, sexed and live pups were identified. Live pups were individually weighed on Days 1, 4 and 13 post partum. Pups killed or dying during the lactation period were weighed before despatch to necropsy. Observation was performed once daily for all litters from Day 0 post partum. After culling, all pups were sacrificed with the dams on Day 14 post partum.

- Culling and pup selection for blood collection (serum hormone determination) at necropsy:
On Day 4 post partum, the size of each litter was adjusted by eliminating extra pups by random selection (by use of a random list generated by the computerised system) to yield, as nearly as possible, four pups per sex per litter. Partial adjustment (for example, 5 males and 3 females) was acceptable. On Day 4 post partum, at least one culled male and one culled female (where possible) were selected for hormone determination. No pups were eliminated when litter size will drop below the culling target (8 pups/litter).

-Anogenital distance (AGD):
The AGD of each pup was measured with a digital caliper on Day 1 post partum. The AGD was normalized to the cube root of body weight collected on Day 1 post partum.

- Nipple count:
On Day 13 post partum, all live male pups were observed for the presence of nipples/areolae. Since no nipples were observed, these data were not reported (data archived with the other raw data of the study).

- Blood collection and thyroid hormone determination (T4 and TSH) (delegated phase)
Pups on Days 4 and 14 post partum: On Day 4 and 14 post partum, as part of the necropsy procedure, blood samples of approx- imately 0.5 mL (by sex) were taken from each litter (1 sample for males and 1 sample for females, when possible). Blood samples were withdrawn under light ether anaesthesia from the heart (intracardiac puncture). The order of collection was equalised between groups.

Postmortem examinations (parental animals):

- Necropsy:
The clinical history of adult animals was studied and a detailed post-mortem examination was conducted (including examination of the external surface and orifices). Changes were noted, the requisite organs weighed, and the required tissue samples preserved in fixative and processed for histopathological examination.
Females: All females were examined also for the following: 1) number of visible implantation sites (pregnant animals) and 2) number of corpora lutea (pregnant animals). Uteri of females with no visible implantations were immersed in a 20% solution of ammonium sulphide to reveal evidence of implantation.

- Organ weights:
Parental animals: From all animals completing the scheduled test period, the following organs were dissected free of fat and weighed: abnormalities, adrenal glands, bone marrow, aecum, clitoral gland, colon, duodenum, epididymides, eyes, femur, heart, ileum, jejunum, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, mammary gland, nasal cavity, oessophagus, ovaries, parathyroid gland, pituitary gland, penis, prostate gland, rectum, sciatic nerve, seminal vesicles, spinal column, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, splee, stomatch, testes, thymus, thyroid gland, trachea, urinary bladder, uterus, vagina. The ratios of organ weight to body weight were calculated for each animal.

- Tissues fixed and preserved:
Samples of all the tissues (all parental animals) were fixed and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin (except eyes, optic nerves and Harderian glands, testes and epididymides which were fixed in modified Davidson’s fluid and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol).

- Histopathological examination:
After dehydration and embedding in paraffin wax, sections of the tissues were cut at 5 micrometer thickness and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. In addition, the testes and epididymides were cut at 2-3 micrometer thickness and stained with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). The tubular stages of the spermatogenic cycle, was conducted in order to identify treatment-related effects, such as: missing germ cell layers or types, retained spermatids, multinucleated or apoptotic germ cells and sloughing of spermatogenic cells into the lumen. Identification of the stages of the spermatogenic cycle was carried out. The examination was restricted to 1) tissues from 5 males and 5 females randomly selected (animals evaluated for clinical pathology) in the control and high dose group killed at term and 2) all abnormalities in all groups.

Postmortem examinations (offspring):

- Necropsy:
All pups found dead in the cage or sacrificed for humane reasons were examined for external and internal abnormalities. All culled pups sacrificed at Day 4 post partum were subjected to an external examination. Sex was determined by internal gonads inspection.
Pups at Day 14 postpatum: All live pups sacrificed on Day 14 post partum were examined for external abnormalities.
Internal examination: Gonads were inspected from all pups in order to confirm the sex previously determined by external examination. All pups with abnormalities were retained in a 10% neutral buffered formalin.
Nipple count retention on Day 14 post-partum: The ventral region of male pups was checked for presence of nipples/areolae.

- Organ weights:
Pups at Day 14 post-partum: Thyroid was weighed from one male and one female pup selected for blood collection of hormone determination and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin for possible histopathological examination. The thyroid weight was determined after fixation.

Statistics:

Standard deviations were calculated as appropriate. For continuous variables the significance of the differences amongst group means was assessed by Dunnett’s test or a modified t test, depending on the homogeneity of data. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used for the other parameters. Intergroup differences between the control and treated groups were assessed by the non- parametric version of the Williams test. The mean values, standard deviations and statistical analysis were calculated from actual values in the computer without rounding off.

Reproductive indices:

Group mean values were calculated for all parameters. The following reproductive indices were calculated for main groups animals:

- Males
Copulation Index (%) = (no.of males with confirmed mating / no.of males cohabitated) × 100
Fertility Index (%) = (no.of males which induced pregnancy / no.of males cohabitated) × 100

- Females
Copulatory Index (%) = (no.of females with confirmed mating / no.of females cohabitated) × 100
Fertility Index (%) = (no.of pregnant females/ no.of females cohabitated) × 100

- Males and females
Pre coital Interval = The number of nights paired prior to the detection of mating

Offspring viability indices:

Pre-implantation loss was calculated as a percentage from the formula: (no. of corpora lutea − no.of visible implantation / no. of corpora lutea) × 100
Pre-natal loss was calculated as a percentage from the formula: (no.of visible implantations − Live litter size at birth / no.of visible implantations) × 100
Post-natal loss at Day 0 post partum was calculated as a percentage from the formula: (Total litter size − Live litter size / Total litter size) × 100
Post-natal loss at Day 4 post partum (before culling) was calculated as a percentage from the formula: (Live litter size at birth − live litter size at Day 4 (before culling)/ Live litter size at birth) × 100
Post-natal loss at Day 13 post partum (after culling) was calculated as a percentage from the formula: (Live litter size on Day 4 (after culling) − Live litter size on Day 13 / Live litter size on Day 4 (after culling)) × 100
Anogenital distance in pups was presented as normalized to the cube root of body weight collected on Day 1 post partum.
Sex ratios was calculated at birth, on Day 4 and on Day 14 post partum and was presented as the percentage of males per litter.

Clinical signs:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Salivation was observed in 8 out of 10 males and 9 out of 10 females dosed at 300 and and in all males and females dosed at 750 mg/kg/day with a dose-related frequency (only occasionally in one individual females dosed at 100 mg/kg/day), from the first few days of the pre-mating phase up to termination.
Animals of the control group did not show any sign during the whole treatment period. Piloerection, pallor and swollen neck were also occasionally seen in 1 female dosed at 300 mg/kg/day (animal no. X1680059), while dyspnoea was observed in 1 male dosed at 750 mg/kg/day (animal no. X1680076). Due to the transient occurence and the low incidence, these signs were not considered treatment-related.

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not examined

Mortality:

mortality observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence):

One male from Group 3 (dosed at 300 mg/kg/day, no. X1680048) and one male from Group 4 (dosed at 750 mg/kg/day, no. X1680078) were found dead on Days 9 and 13 of the pre- mating phase, respectively. In addition, 1 female from Group 2 (dosed at 100 mg/kg/day, no. X1680033) was sacrificed for humane reasons on Day 22 of the gestation phase. Altogether, these mortalities were not considered treatment-related.
Animal no. X1680048 (300 mg/kg/day) showed salivation and dyspnoea in the days be- fore death. Macroscopically, dark red colour and incomplete collapse of lungs and clear fluid in the thoracic cavity were noted. At microscopic observation, diffuse oedema and haemorrhage of the lungs were observed. Death was considered to be related to misgavage.
Animal no. X1680078 (750 mg/kg/day) showed salivation in the days before death. Macro- scopically, single dark red area of the calvaria and dark red fluid in the cranial and thoracic cavity were observed. At microscopic observation, sub meningeal haemorrhage of the brain, alveolar and interstitial haemorrhage of the lungs, were noted. Death was considered to be related to a traumatic impact of the head following an accidental fall from the cage.
Animal no. X1680033 (100 mg/kg/day), was sacrificed for humane reasons on Day 22 of the gestation phase for difficulty in parturition. Piloerection and pallor were observed prior to sacrifice. No abnormalities were detected at macroscopic observation. At microscopic observation, unilateral cortical hypertrophy was noted. On the basis of the prolonged time without completing the parturition, impaired parturition was considered to be the reason for sacrifice. The gross and microscopic evaluation did not allow to establish the cause of impared parturition. In the absence of a dose-relation and other treatment-related effects, the difficulty in parturition observed in this animal is not considered to be treatment-related.

Body weight and weight changes:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Body weight and body weight gain for male and female animals were generally comparable between the treated and control groups, before and during mating, during gestation and post partum periods.
Before pairing, on Day 15, females receiving 750 mg/kg/day showed a decrease in body weight gain (-91%) compared to the control group, while statistically significant body weight losses were seen in the males dosed at 300 mg/kg/day on Day 15 of mating phase. These isolated changes were followed by a regular growth of the animals. Due to their occasional occurrence and/or in the absence of a dose-relation, these changes were not considered treatment-related.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Food consumption was unaffected by treatment in both gender during the study.

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related changes were recorded.
The statistically significant differences recorded between control and treated animals (mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration in males, reticulocytes and platelets in females) were not dose-related and/or of minimal severity, therefore they were considered to be incidental.
No changes were recorded for coagulation.

Clinical biochemistry findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related changes were recorded.
A statistically significant decrease of total bilirubin (48%) was recorded in males dosed at 750 mg/kg/day. The decrease of bilirubin has no biological/pathological significance, especially in rats where normal values are low (mean historical control data is 0.04 mg/dL) and the low limit of historical control data is 0 mg/dL.

Endocrine findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Parental and pups on Day 14 post partum: No treatment related changes were observed in thyroid hormone.

Urinalysis findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Parental males: no changes were obersved.

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Observation of animals at removal from the cage and in the open arena (neurotoxicity assessment) did not reveal changes attributable to the test item, compared to controls.

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related alterations in motor activity, grip strength and sensory reactivity to stimuli were observed in any treatment group at the examination performed at the end of treatment.

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no treatment-related microscopic observations at the end of the treatment period. Any microscopic observations had a comparable incidence in control and treated groups and/or are characteristically seen in untreated rats of the same age and were considered incidental and unrelated to treatment. There were no test item-related microscopic observations in the testis (stage aware evalu- ation on PAS-stained slides).

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Other effects:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Observation of animals at removal from the cage and in the open arena (neurotoxicity assessment) did not reveal changes attributable to the test item, compared to controls.

Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related anomalies were noted in the oestrous cycle and pre-coital interval of the treated females, when compared to controls.
The total number of oestrous cycles observed in all females before pairing (number of non sequential days in which the females were in oestrous) were similar between control and treated groups and was of 3 times (mean value). The number of copulation plugs was similar between control and treated groups.
The copulatory and fertility indices were 90% for controls and 100% for low, mid- and high dose groups (dosed at 100, 300 and 750 mg/kg/day). One male of the high dose group (no. X1680066) which cohabitated with 2 females, mated with the first female only (no. X1680065). The copulatory and fertility indices were 90% for controls and high dose groups and 100% for low and mid-dose groups.
Copulatory and fertility indices were considered to be unaffected by administration of the test substance.
- Males: The copulatory and fertility indices were 90% for controls and 100% for low, mid- and high dose groups (dosed at 100, 300 and 750 mg/kg/day). One male of the high dose group (no. X1680066) which cohabitated with 2 females, mated with the first female only (no. X1680065).
- Females: The copulatory and fertility indices were 90% for controls and high dose groups and 100% for low and mid-dose groups.

Reproductive function: sperm measures:

not examined

Reproductive performance:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

- Fate of females: The number of females with live pups on Day 14 post partum was: 9 in the control and high dose groups, 8 in the low dose, and 10 in the mid-dose treated groups (dosed at 0, 100, 300 and 750 mg/kg/day).

- Implantation, pre-birth loss data and gestation lenght of females: Mean gestation period was comparable between control and treated animals, being of 22/23 days. Corpora lutea, number of implantations sites and live litter size did not show dose-related or treatment-related differences, compared to controls.
Pre implantation loss (percentage) was similar between control and treated groups. Pre- natal loss (percentage) was increased in the 3 treated groups (with no dose-relation) when compared to controls, with no statistical significance. The relationship with the test item was considered to be unlikely, in the absence of a clear dose-relation and in view of the comparison with the reference control data.
No differences which could be considered adverse were observed in total litter size, live litter size, mean pup loss, sex ratio and mean pup weights among the treated dams and the controls at birth and on Days 1, 4 and 13 post partum.

- Litter data at birth, on Day 1, Day 4 and on Day 13 post partum of females and sex ratio of pups: The increase in mean post-natal loss observed in Group 3 females, compared to the control, was attributed to animal no. X1680037, which showed total litter loss on Day 2 post partum. The slight decrease in mean litter weight seen from Day 1 to Day 13 post partum in dams dosed at 750 mg/kg/day when compared to controls was mainly attributed to animal no. X1680075, with 2 pups only. No differences were observed in mean pup weights.

Salivation was observed in 8 out of 10 males and 9 out of 10 females dosed at 300 and and in all males and females dosed at 750 mg/kg/day with a dose-related frequency (only occasionally in one individual females dosed at 100 mg/kg/day), from the first few days of the pre-mating phase up to termination. Animals of the control group did not show any sign during the whole treatment period. Piloerection, pallor and swollen neck were also occasionally seen in 1 female dosed at 300 mg/kg/day (animal no. X1680059), while dyspnoea was observed in 1 male dosed at 750 mg/kg/day (animal no. X1680076). Due to the transient occurence and the low incidence, these signs were not considered treatment-related. Mortality was observed but not treatment-related (attributed to misgavage and accidental trauma, respectively). Neurotoxicity assessment (removal from the home cage and observations in an open arena), motor activity, grip strength and sensory reactivity to stimuli did not reveal changes attributable to the test substance. Body weight and body weight gain of treated animals did not show differences throughout the study when compared to the control group. Body weight and body weight gain of treated animals did not show differences throughout the study when compared to the control group. The food consumption was comparable in all groups. No adverse findings were recorded in clinical pathology investigations (haematology including coagulation parameters and clinical chemistry). Hormone analysis did not show any relation to treatment. Urinalysis in male animals did not reveal changes attributable to the test substance.
Concerning the reproductive parameters, no relevant differences were found in terms of mating performance including the pre-coital interval (number of days paired to sperm positive day), copulatory evidence (positive identification of mating, i.e. the presence of sperm and/or copulation plug in situ or in the cage) or fertility index. Terminal body weight and organs weight did not show relevant differences between control and treated groups. At macroscopic and microscopic observations, no treatment-related changes were seen any in treated males and females, when compared to the controls.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

ca. 750 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

clinical signs

mortality

body weight and weight gain

food consumption and compound intake

haematology

clinical biochemistry

urinalysis

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

gross pathology

neuropathology

histopathology: non-neoplastic

reproductive function (oestrous cycle)

reproductive performance

other: Endocrine:Thyroid hormone

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Clinical signs:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related clinical signs were observed in pups during the 14-day observation period. Cold to the touch, apparently no food intake (milk) and small appearance, pallor, hair loss, were in general the mainly clinical signs noted in control and/or treated pups. Some pups were found dead or missing, possibly due to cannibalization after death. Incidence of these signs was comparable between treated and control groups.

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not examined

Mortality / viability:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Some pups were found dead or missing, possibly due to cannibalization after death. Incidence of these signs was comparable between treated and control groups.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The slight decrease in mean litter weight seen from Day 1 to Day 13 post partum in dams dosed at 750 mg/kg/day when compared to controls was mainly attributed to animal no. X1680075, with 2 pups only. No differences were observed in mean pup weights.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not examined

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

not examined

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Sexual maturation:

not examined

Anogenital distance (AGD):

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No differences in the anogenital distance (value normalized to the cube root of body weight), performed on Day 1 post partum, were seen between control and treated groups both for male and female pups.

Nipple retention in male pups:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No nipples were observed in male pups.

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No differences were observed in the weight of thyroid in treated pups, when compared to controls.

Gross pathological findings:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Autolysed abdominal organs were generally observed in pups found dead at check carried out after birth and in pups which died during the lactation period. Autolysis process, normally occurs when pups are found dead some time after death, therefore it is not considered to be treatment-related. No significant findings were seen in pups killed on Days 4 and 14 post partum.

Histopathological findings:

not examined

Other effects:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Litter at birth, on Day 1, Day 4 and on Day 13 post partum of females and sex ratio of pups: No differences which could be considered adverse were observed in total litter size, live litter size, mean pup loss, sex ratio and mean pup weights among the treated dams and the controls at birth and on Days 1, 4 and 13 post partum. The increase in mean post-natal loss observed in Group 3 females, compared to the control, was attributed to animal no. X1680037, which showed total litter loss on Day 2 post partum. The slight decrease in mean litter weight seen from Day 1 to Day 13 post partum in dams dosed at 750 mg/kg/day when compared to controls was mainly attributed to animal no. X1680075, with 2 pups only. No differences were observed in mean pup weights.

Necropsy: Autolysed abdominal organs were generally observed in pups found dead at check carried out after birth and in pups which died during the lactation period. Autolysis process, normally occurs when pups are found dead some time after death, therefore it is not considered to be treatment-related. No significant findings were seen in pups killed on Days 4 and 14 post partum.

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Developmental immunotoxicity:

not examined

Litter data and sex ratios were unaffected by treatment. Similar clinical signs were recorded in pups of the control and treated groups but these signs were non treatment related. No differences of toxicological relevance were seen between the control and treated pups in anogenital distance. Necropsy findings in decedent pups and in pups sacrificed on Days 4 and 14 post partum did not reveal any treatment-related effect, as well as in thyroid weight of pups sacrificed on Days 4 and 14 post partum.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Generation:

F1

Effect level:

ca. 750 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

clinical signs

mortality

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

gross pathology

other: Anogenital distance, Nipple count, sex ratios

Key result

Critical effects observed:

no

Key result

Reproductive effects observed:

no

Conclusions:

Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for general toxicity was considered to be 750 mg/kg/day for males and females. No effects of the test substance on male and female reproductive performance, such as gonadal function, mating behaviour, conception, parturition and lactation of the offspring until Day 14 post-partum were observed at any of the dose levels investigated. Therefore, the NOAEL for fertility and reproduction parameters of parental males and females was considered to be 750 mg/kg/day, as well as for growth and development of F1 pups until Day 14 post-partum.

Executive summary:

A combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction / developmental toxicity screening was conducted in rats according to OECD Guideline 422, in compliance with GLP. Four groups of ten Sprague Dawley rats (males and females) were exposed by oral gavage to increasing concentrations of the test substance (0, 100, 300 and 750 mg/kg/day). All doses were administered at a constant volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. 0.5% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose was used as vehicle. According to the study design, males were treated for 14 days prior to pairing and during pairing with females until the day before necropsy, for a total of 33/34 days. Females were treated for 14 days prior to pairing, during pairing and throughout the gestation and lactation periods until Day 13 post-partum, for a total of 38 to 65 days. The following investigations were performed: body weight, clinical signs (including neurotoxicity assessment, motor activity and sensory reactivity to stimuli), food consumption, clinical pathology investigations (haematology and clinical chemistry in five randomly selected animals/sex/group), macroscopic observations, organ weights. In addition, oestrous cycle evaluation of parental females (2 weeks before dosing, during pre-mating and mating phases, prior to necropsy), mating performance, thyroid hormone measurements and litter data were performed. For F1 pups, clinical signs, anogenital distance, external and/or internal examinations were recorded along with thyroid hormone levels in one randomly selected pup/sex/group at Day 14 post-partum. Routine histopathological examination was performed in control and high dose groups (five randomly selected animals/sex/group), which included identification of the stages of the spermatogenic cycle in five males. No mortality occurred throughout the study. Salivation was the only treatment-related clinical sign recorded in males and females treated at 300 and 750 mg/kg/day, during the study. However, this clinical sign was not considered to be adverse. Piloerection, pallor, swollen neck and dyspnoea were also occasionally noted in single female and male rat dosed at 300 and 750 mg/kg/day respectively. Due to the transient occurence and the low incidence, these signs were not considered treatment-related. Neurotoxicity assessment (removal from the home cage and observations in an open arena), motor activity, grip strength and sensory reactivity to stimuli did not reveal changes attributable to the test substance. Body weight and body weight gain of treated animals did not show differences throughout the study when compared to the control group. The food consumption was comparable in all groups. No adverse findings were recorded in clinical pathology investigations (haematology including coagulation parameters and clinical chemistry). Hormone analysis did not show any relation to treatment. Urinalysis in male animals did not reveal changes attributable to the test substance. Oestrous cycle, pre-coital intervals, copulatory index and fertility index did not show any differences that were considered to be related to treatment. No differences were observed in term of implantation, pre-birth loss data or gestation length of females between treated and control groups. All pregnant dams gave birth between Days 22 and 23 post coitum. Litter data and sex ratios were unaffected by treatment. No test substance-related effects were seen in anogenital distance in pups of the treated groups, compared to controls. No nipples were found in male pups. No differences were noted in thyroid weight between pups of the control and treated groups. No treatment-related findings were noted in pups which died or were sacrificed on Days 4 (culled pups) and 14 post partum. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for general toxicity was considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day for males and females. No effects of the test substance on male and female reproductive performance, such as gonadal function, mating behaviour, conception, parturition and lactation of the offspring until Day 14 post-partum were observed at any of the dose levels investigated. Therefore, the NOAEL for fertility and reproduction parameters of parental males and females was considered to be 750 mg/kg/day, as well as for growth and development of F1 pups until Day 14 post-partum (Longobardi, 2022).

Effect on fertility: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

750 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Effect on fertility: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on fertility: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

A study was conducted to determine the repeated dose toxicity of the read across substance, C18-unsatd. MIPA, in rats according to OECD Guideline 422, in compliance with GLP. Groups of ten male and ten female Sprague-Dawley rats received the read across substance at dose-levels of 0, 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg bw/day daily by oral (gavage) administration 2 weeks before mating, during mating, gestation and until up to Day 5 p.p. The concentration of the dose formulation was checked in study Weeks 1, 3 and 6. The animals were checked at least twice daily during the dosing period for mortality and morbidity and once daily for clinical signs. Detailed clinical observations were performed once a week. Body weight and food consumption were recorded once a week during premating and mating periods (food consumption not during mating), and during gestation on Days 0, 7, 14 and 20 p.c. and lactation on Days 1 and 5 p.p. The animals were paired for mating after 2 weeks of treatment and the females were allowed to litter and rear their progeny until Day 5 p.p. The total litter sizes and the sex of each pup were recorded after birth. The pups were observed daily for clinical signs, abnormal behaviour and external abnormalities and weighed on Days 1 and 5 p.p. At the end of the treatment period, Functional Observation Battery, motor activity and laboratory investigations (hematology and blood biochemistry) were carried out on five males and five females. The males were sacrificed after at least 5 weeks of treatment and the females on Day 6 p.p. Final body weights and selected organs weights (adrenals, brain, epididymides, heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, testes and thymus) were recorded and a complete macroscopic post-mortem examination was performed, with particular attention paid to the reproductive organs. A microscopic examination was performed on selected organs from five males and five females in the control- and high-dose groups, on liver, thymus, seminal vesicles and bone marrow from five males and/or five females in the low- and intermediate-dose groups and on all macroscopic lesions. The pups were sacrificed on Day 5 p.p. and submitted for a macroscopic post-mortem examination of the principal thoracic and abdominal organs. The read across substance concentrations checked during the study were within an acceptable range of variations when compared to the nominal values (± 15%). There was no read across substance in control formulations. There were no read across substance-related deaths. Clinical signs consisted of ptyalism in all animals at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day and in most of the animals at 100 mg/kg bw/day (minor toxicological significance), as well as hypoactivity, loud breathing, piloerection and/or round back observed in a few animals at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day for a few days (limited toxicological significance). There were no relevant effects on mean body weight, mean Functional Observation Battery (FOB), as well as on mean hematology parameters in any group and sex. An effect of the read across substance treatment on mean motor activity data at 300 and/or 1000 mg/kg bw/day was considered to be equivocal but of limited toxicological significance. In males, mean food consumption at 1000 mg/kg bw/day was reduced in the first week of treatment only (23 g/male/day, vs. 27, p<0.001). This effect was considered to be of limited toxicological significance. Mean food consumption in males at 100 and 300 mg/kg bw/day and in females were not affected. In females, mean cholesterol level was higher than in controls at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day (up to 1.9 mmol/L, vs.1.2, p<0.01) and considered to be non-adverse in absence of adverse correlates in the study. There were no relevant blood biochemistry findings in females at 100 mg/kg bw/day or in males. At histopathology at 1000 mg/kg bw/day, minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy correlating with higher mean liver weight was seen in the liver of both sexes (about +28% in males and +20% in females compared to controls, p<0.01 generally). In females, mild lymphoid atrophy was seen in the thymus of 2/5 females, correlating with lower mean weight at necropsy (about -22% from controls). At 300 mg/kg/day, only minimal hepatocellular hypertrophy was seen in the liver of a single male correlating with minor higher mean absolute weight in this group. All these microscopic findings were considered to be non-adverse (low number of animals affected and/or minimal to slight grades). There were no histopathological effects at 100 mg/kg bw/day. There were no effects on mean mating, fertility and delivery data in any group. There were no read across substance-related effects on pup viability, clinical signs, body weight and sex ratio. Dilated ureter and renal pelvis were recorded with dose-relationship in a few litters at necropsy at 300 (1 or 2 litters affected out of 10) and 1000 (2/7 litters) mg/kg bw/day, vs. none in the controls. An effect of the read across substance treatment was considered to be of minor toxicological significance. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for parental toxicity, the NOEL for reproductive performance (mating and fertility) and the NOAEL for toxic effects on progeny were considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day (Bentz, 2013). 

Furthermore, after discussion with ECHA in the frame of a Dossier Improvement Action Plan (DIAP), a combined repeated dose toxicity study with reproduction / developmental toxicity screening was conducted with C8-18 and C18 -unsatd. MIPA in rats according to OECD Guideline 422, in compliance with GLP, to address this REACH endpoint requirement and to further support the read across approach proposed for the FAA category members. In this study, four groups of ten Sprague Dawley rats (males and females) were exposed by oral gavage to increasing concentrations of the test substance (0, 100, 300 and 750 mg/kg/day). All doses were administered at a constant volume of 10 mL/kg body weight. 0.5% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose was used as vehicle. According to the study design, males were treated for 14 days prior to pairing and during pairing with females until the day before necropsy, for a total of 33/34 days. Females were treated for 14 days prior to pairing, during pairing and throughout the gestation and lactation periods until Day 13 post-partum, for a total of 38 to 65 days. The following investigations were performed: body weight, clinical signs (including neurotoxicity assessment, motor activity and sensory reactivity to stimuli), food consumption, clinical pathology investigations (haematology and clinical chemistry in five randomly selected animals/sex/group), macroscopic observations, organ weights. In addition, oestrous cycle evaluation of parental females (2 weeks before dosing, during pre-mating and mating phases, prior to necropsy), mating performance, thyroid hormone measurements and litter data were performed. For F1 pups, clinical signs, anogenital distance, external and/or internal examinations were recorded along with thyroid hormone levels in one randomly selected pup/sex/group at Day 14 post-partum. Routine histopathological examination was performed in control and high dose groups (five randomly selected animals/sex/group), which included identification of the stages of the spermatogenic cycle in five males. No mortality occurred throughout the study. Salivation was the only treatment-related clinical sign recorded in males and females treated at 300 and 750 mg/kg/day, during the study. However, this clinical sign was not considered to be adverse. Piloerection, pallor, swollen neck and dyspnoea were also occasionally noted in single female and male rat dosed at 300 and 750 mg/kg/day respectively. Due to the transient occurence and the low incidence, these signs were not considered treatment-related. Neurotoxicity assessment (removal from the home cage and observations in an open arena), motor activity, grip strength and sensory reactivity to stimuli did not reveal changes attributable to the test substance. Body weight and body weight gain of treated animals did not show differences throughout the study when compared to the control group. The food consumption was comparable in all groups. No adverse findings were recorded in clinical pathology investigations (haematology including coagulation parameters and clinical chemistry). Hormone analysis did not show any relation to treatment. Urinalysis in male animals did not reveal changes attributable to the test substance. Oestrous cycle, pre-coital intervals, copulatory index and fertility index did not show any differences that were considered to be related to treatment. No differences were observed in term of implantation, pre-birth loss data or gestation length of females between treated and control groups. All pregnant dams gave birth between Days 22 and 23 post coitum. Litter data and sex ratios were unaffected by treatment. No test substance-related effects were seen in anogenital distance in pups of the treated groups, compared to controls. No nipples were found in male pups. No differences were noted in thyroid weight between pups of the control and treated groups. No treatment-related findings were noted in pups which died or were sacrificed on Days 4 (culled pups) and 14 post partum. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for general toxicity was considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day for males and females. No effects of the test substance on male and female reproductive performance, such as gonadal function, mating behaviour, conception, parturition and lactation of the offspring until Day 14 post-partum were observed at any of the dose levels investigated. Therefore, the NOAEL for fertility and reproduction parameters of parental males and females was considered to be 750 mg/kg/day, as well as for growth and development of F1 pups until Day 14 post-partum (Longobardi, 2022).

The results are in line with existing data and support similar toxicological profile within and across the different categories. For completeness, it should be noted that small biological variations have been observed at the top dose of 1000 mg/kg bw/day in the dose range findings studies for C8-18 and C18-unsatd. MIPA and C16-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, but not in the main studies. Taking full advantage of the in vivo studies conducted, additional blood samples were collected in the OECD TG 422 testing programme. These samples are currently undergoing metabolomics analyses to enhance the quality and quantity of data from a biological perspective.

In addition, after discussion with ECHA in the frame of a Dossier Improvement Action Plan (DIAP), a testing proposal is submitted for the conduct of an extended one generation reproductive toxicity study (EOGRTS) according to OECD Guideline 443 with the read across substance C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA.

Additional considerations 

Based on an in-depth analysis of the available information (see read-across justification in Section 13 of the IUCLID dataset), it is the FAA consortium’s hypothesis that a read-across within and across MEA, DEA and MIPA derived alkanolamides is scientifically plausible and justified. While there is at this point no evidence putting the read-across hypothesis in question, the FAA consortium recognizes some limitations, predominantly related to the quality of individual endpoint studies (including quality of the test substance characterisations) and existing higher Tier endpoint data gaps. After discussion with ECHA in the frame of a Dossier Improvement Action Plan (DIAP), the FAA Consortium agrees to the need to strengthen the toxicology data-based link between and within the DEA, MEA and MIPA subcategories.

In view of this, the FAA Consortium decided to proceed with a 3-Tier testing strategy. In Tier 1, a series of bridging studies according to OECD TG 422 were conducted with a representative short- and a long chain substance of each subcategory (i.e., DEA, MEA, MIPA). The results of the Tier 1 are in line with existing data and seem to support similar toxicological profile within and across the different categories. It should however be noted that small biological variations have been observed (e.g., top dose findings for C8-18 and C18-unsatd. MIPA /C16-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA in DRF).

Taking full advantage of the bridging studies samples, metabolomics analyses arecurrently ongoingto enhance the quality and quantity of data from a biological perspective and to further elucidate the small biological variations observed.The results will be used to refine the Tier 2 testing strategy.

The objective of Tier 2 will be to generate a complete set of higher toxicology data for a selected >1000 tpa substance (i.e., OECD TG 408/443/414 (rats)/414 (2nd species). The testing in Tier 2 will be conducted with C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, the substance that is generally perceived to be the most critical from a reproductive toxicity point of view based on the classification of DEA.

Tier 2 proposed studies have been included in the present dossier update. Should these suggest significant differences in type and strength of effects between the DEA, MEA and MIPA subcategories, therefore not supporting the current read across justification, further testing may be initiated.The strategy and current status overview are detailed in two documents entitled‘ECHA-DIAP - FAA testing strategy summary – 24Sep20’ and ‘ECHA-DIAP - FAA testing strategy summary status overview-24Mar22’, both attached in Section 13 of the most recent IUCLID datasets.

Effects on developmental toxicity

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

Not available

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study with acceptable restrictions

Justification for type of information:

Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the category justification.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Official Journal of European Community L 133, May 30, 1988; 87/302/EEC

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: Official Journal of European Community L 180, March 01, 1991; 91/325/EEC

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River, Wiga D-Sulzfeld
- Age at study initiation: 8-10 wk
- Weight at study initiation: 209 g (mean)
- Housing: Single animal in Makrolon Type M3 cage (Ebeco) with standard softwood bedding
- Diet: Pelleted Altromin Maintenance Diet 1324, ad libitum
- Water: Tap water, ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 5 d

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 20-24
- Humidity (%): 43-66
- Air changes (per h): 10-15
- Photoperiod (h dark/h light): 12/12

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

arachis oil

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
Test material was suspended in Arachidis oil, DAB 9 such that the required dose per kg body weight was contained in 5 mL.

VEHICLE
Concentration in vehicle: 0, 20, 60 and 200 mg/mL

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

no

Details on mating procedure:

Impregnation procedure: Purchased timed pregnant

Duration of treatment / exposure:

From Day 6 up to Day 15 post coitum

Frequency of treatment:

Once daily

Duration of test:

20 d

Dose / conc.:

0 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

No. of animals per sex per dose:

30

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: Based on the results of toxicological examinations done before (Report No. 486 = TBD 830034, June 27, 1983) (details not reported)

Maternal examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examination: On Day 0, 6, 16 and 20 post coitum

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organs examined: All maternal organs, with emphasis on the uterus and uterine contents

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: Position of fetus in the uterus

Fetal examinations:

External examinations: Yes: [all per litter]
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: [approximately half per litter]
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: [approximately half per litter]
- Head examinations: Yes: [approximately half per litter]

(See Table 1 for exact number of fetuses examined)

Statistics:

The following statistical methods were used:
If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-Test, based on a pooled variance, was applied for the comparison between the treated groups and the control group.
The Steel-Test was applied when the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
Fisher's Exact test for 2x2 tables was applied if the variables could be dichotomized without loss of information (Bonferroni-Holm-corrected).

Indices:

- Pre-implantation loss (%) = [(Number of corpora lutea - number of implantations)/number of corpora lutea] X 100
- Post-implantation loss (%) = [(Number of implantations - number of live fetuses)/number of implantations] X 100
- Sex ratio (%) = [(number of males/females)/number of fetuses] X 100

Historical control data:

None

Clinical signs:

effects observed, treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Salivation and propulsion of the head in all dose groups. Additionally, the highest dose group showed a severe salivation. These symptoms were noted variable in the individual groups during the application period.

Dermal irritation (if dermal study):

not examined

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

No mortality at any dose level.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related effects on body weight gain were observed in the dams.

Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):

not examined

Food efficiency:

not examined

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

not examined

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

not examined

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Placenta and uterus weight: No significant differences between the control and the treatment groups.

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No macroscopic changes were observed in the survived dams except for one dam at 100 mg/kg/d bw, which showed greenish-brownish fluid in the uterine horn.

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

not examined

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

not examined

Other effects:

not examined

Details on results:

None.

Number of abortions:

not examined

Pre- and post-implantation loss:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

Pre-implantation loss was not affected by the treatment. The post-implantation loss and total embryonic deaths were significantly increased in all treatment groups. However, these findings were considered to be incidental (non-treatment-related) because the values in the 100 mg/kg/d bw group were significantly greater than other two higher dose groups and in each group there was one single female with a high incidence of embryonic death.

Total litter losses by resorption:

no effects observed

Early or late resorptions:

not examined

Dead fetuses:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Apart from the control (1 dead foetus) and the 100 mg/kg bw/day groups (7 dead foetuses), all females had viable foetuses. The data for post-implantation loss, embryonic deaths and total foetuses showed some deviations, which were considered to be non-treatment-related.

Changes in pregnancy duration:

not examined

Changes in number of pregnant:

not examined

Other effects:

not examined

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect level:

body weight and weight gain

clinical signs

gross pathology

mortality

organ weights and organ / body weight ratios

Key result

Abnormalities:

no effects observed

Fetal body weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The weights of live fetuses exhibited no significant differences on a litter and individual basis.

Reduction in number of live offspring:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

The data for post-implantation loss, embryonic deaths and total foetuses showed some deviations, which were considered to be non-treatment-related.

Changes in sex ratio:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The sex ratio of the fetuses was not affected by the treatment.

Changes in litter size and weights:

not examined

Changes in postnatal survival:

not examined

External malformations:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No macroscopic findings were observed at external examination of fetuses which were considered to be an effect of the treatment. 1 dead fetus in control and 7 dead fetuses (4 out of 7 partly mummified) in 100 mg/kg/d bw group were recorded. One fetus showed a stump tail at 300 mg/kg/d bw and paleness was observed in one fetus at 1000 mg/kg/d bw. These singular findings are normal observations in the animal strain used.

Skeletal malformations:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

(i) Retardations: No significant finding at 100 mg/kg/d bw. Two sternebrae were non-ossified in 19 and 29 fetuses (statistically significant) at 300 and 1000 mg/kg/d bw, respectively. Statistically significant increase in the number of fetuses with incomplete ossification of skull bones (17 fetuses) and decrease in the number of fetuses with incomplete ossification of 13th rib (0 fetus) was observed at 1000 mg/kg/d bw. The increased "incomplete ossified skull bones" was essentially due to only 2 dams. The other statistically significant differences were considered to be incidental because these retardation effects were not accompanied by weight retardation and were within the normal range of variation for this strain.
(ii) Variations: No variations in any group.
(iii) Malformations: One fetus with stump tail and missing vertebrae coccigycae at 300 mg/kg/d bw (not considered to be treatment-related).

Visceral malformations:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

No treatment-related abnormalities.

Other effects:

not examined

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Basis for effect level:

reduction in number of live offspring

changes in sex ratio

fetal/pup body weight changes

external malformations

skeletal malformations

visceral malformations

Key result

Abnormalities:

no effects observed

Key result

Developmental effects observed:

no

Table 2. Summary of performance of mated females

Treatment dose (mg/kg/d)	0	100	300	1000
No. of mated females	30	30	30	30
No. of pregnant females	30	29	28	29
No. of females with premature litter	1	0	2	3
No. of mortalities	0	0	0	0
No. of females with live fetuses at termination	29	29*	26	26

* One dam out of these was not included because the weights of fetuses were not determined

Conclusions:

Under the study conditions, the NOAELs for parental toxicity and developmental toxicity were considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Executive summary:

A study was conducted to evaluate the prenatal developmental toxicity of the read across substance, C12-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, according to OECD Guideline 414, in compliance with GLP. The substance was administered to groups of 30 female rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day, once daily from Gestation Days (GD) 6 to 15 inclusive. Control animals were dosed with the vehicle alone (arachis oil, DAB 9). Clinical condition and reaction to treatment were recorded at least once daily. Body weights were reported on GD 0, 6, 16 and 20. All surviving females were sacrificed on GD 20 and the foetuses were removed by caesarean section. At necropsy, the females were examined macroscopically. Live foetuses were weighed, sexed and examined for visceral and skeletal abnormalities. No deaths or treatment-related changes in body weight gain and necropsy findings were observed in dams at any dose level. Treatment-related symptoms observed in all groups were salivation and propulsion of the head. The highest dose group showed severe salivation. Apart from the control (1 dead foetus) and the 100 mg/kg bw/day groups (7 dead foetuses), all females had viable foetuses. Pre-implantation loss and mean numbers of resorptions were not affected by treatment. The data for post-implantation loss, embryonic deaths and total foetuses showed some deviations, which were considered to be non-treatment related. Mean placental and uterus weights were not affected by the treatment. Foetal sex ratio was comparable in all groups. No treatment-related foetal abnormalities were found at necropsy. The examined foetuses showed no treatment-related visceral and skeletal abnormalities/variations. One foetus at 300 mg/kg bw/day showed a stump tail and missing coccigycae vertebrae. Further, the data for skeletal ossifications showed some deviations in the two highest dose groups. However, all these effects were assessed to be non-treatment related. Under the study conditions, the NOAELs for parental toxicity and developmental toxicity were considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Pitterman, 1994).

Reference 2

Endpoint:

developmental toxicity

Type of information:

read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

November 2016 - June 2017

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

KL2 due to RA

Justification for type of information:

Refer to section 13 of IUCLID for details on the category justification.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)

Deviations:

no

Remarks:

no major deviations

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Limit test:

no

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Remarks:

SPF (Specific Pathogen Free) Sprague-Dawley - Crl: OFA (SD)

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories France, Domaine des Oncins, 69210 L'ARBRESLE Cedex, France
- Age at study initiation: 10 to 11 weeks at the beginning of the treatment period
- Weight at study initiation: Between 224.4 and 326.7 g on the day of randomisation (d5pc) The weight variation of animals used was minimal (+/- 20% of the mean weight). About 10% more animals were ordered to allow selection of animals according to the criterion of body weight and they were used as spare animals in case of unforeseen events happen
- Fasting period before study:
- Housing: Animals were housed individually in cages of standard dimensions with sawdust bedding.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): RM3 (E)-SQC SDS/DIETEX feed (quality controlled/radiation sterilised) was available ad libitum except during the fasting experimental period. The certificate of analysis concerning this feed product is included in the report. The criteria for acceptable levels of contaminants in the feed supply were within the limits of the analytical specifications established by the diet manufacturer.
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): Drinking water was available ad libitum in polycarbonate bottles with a stainless steel nipple. A specimen of water is obtained approximately every 6 months and sent to Laboratoire de la Touraine - ZA n°1 du Papillon - Rue de l'Aviation - 37210 Parçay-Meslay - France, for analysis. The certificates of analysis are included in the report. The criteria for acceptable levels of contaminants in the water supplied were within the limits of the analytical specifications.
- Acclimation period:Animals arrived at CERB on day 1 of pregnancy (d1pc). Animals were supplied in several batches for logistical reasons. Each animal had five days in the laboratory animal house where the experiment took place before beginning of dosing. Only animals without any visible sign of illness were used for the study.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): The animals were placed in an air-conditioned (20-24°C) animal house
- Humidity (%): relative humidity between 45% and 65% (except during the cleaning slot). Between 28 Nov at 07.35 p.m. up to 29 Nov at 11.10 a.m., an abnormal decrease of hygrometry was noted in animal room.
- Air changes (per hr): non-recycled filtered air was changed approximately 10 times per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark/hrs light): The artificial day/night cycle involved 12 hours light and 12 hours darkness with light on at 7.30 a.m

IN-LIFE DATES: From: 25 November 2016 To: 22 December 2016

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

corn oil

Details on exposure:

DIET PREPARATION no information available

VEHICLE
Corn oil will be used (Reference C8267)
- Lot/batch no. (if required): MKBS6944V and MKBW9504V, Expiry dates: 08 Oct 2020 and 06 Oct 2021 respectively
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 5 mL/kg body weight.

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Concentrations of test item in formulations were checked during the first and last week of the study. Each concentration level and the vehicle were checked. 1 mL samples of each test item dosing formulation were taken in duplicate by top, middle and bottom sampling. Similar samples from the vehicle were taken, from the middle of the formulation only. Only the middle samples were assayed. Samples were collected in glass ontainers and stored at room temperature. Labels on the containers were marked in waterproof ink with Testing Facility, Study Number, Name of the test item and Concentrations, Sampling Date, Sampling Time and Storage conditions. The sample labels also indicated whether the samples were taken from the top, middle (for vehicle) or bottom of the formulation container. The identity and concentration of the test item in the samples and the absence of the test item in the control formulation was determined by liquid chromatography with UV-detection within the validated stability period available at this moment i.e. one week after sampling Acceptance criteria of the formulation analysis were fixed usually +/- 15% to the nominal concentration. The analytical method is validated within the range 85-115% of the theoretical concentration for formulations between 19.765 mg/mL and 198.120 mg/mL, with a precision better than 10%. The samples in corn oil must be analysed within the stability period (i.e. 30 days at room temperature) and must be within the range 85-115% to meet the acceptance criteria.

Formulation analysis was performed on one formulation prepared during the first and the last week of the study. The concentrations tested were 20 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL. The concentrations found were within the range of acceptance (15% of the intended concentration). The absence of test item was also confirmed in the vehicle samples. Therefore, these data confirmed that the formulations were properly prepared.

Details on mating procedure:

- Impregnation procedure: The breeding establishment will be responsible for mating. Females will be mated at the beginning of the morning. They will be inspected for the presence of a vaginal plug.

- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug referred to as day 0 of pregnancy (d0pc)

Duration of treatment / exposure:

The test item administered in pregnant rats from day 6 to day 19 of gestation

Frequency of treatment:

N-(2-hydroxypropyl) Oleamide or its vehicle will be administered once a day at approximately the same time (a maximum range of 4 hours between the start and the end of the daily treatment) at each chosen dose level

Duration of test:

21 days (days 0-20 post coitum)

Dose / conc.:

100 mg/kg bw/day

Dose / conc.:

300 mg/kg bw/day

Dose / conc.:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

No. of animals per sex per dose:

20 mated females/dose

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: Proposed doses are selected in agreement with the Sponsor. The choice is based on previous studies (Combined repeated dose toxicity study with the reproduction/developmental toxicity screening test by oral route (gavage) in rats - OECD 422 - Study No. 39644 RSR). Moreover, the highest dose should reveal signs of toxicity and the lowest dose should represent a no-observed-adverse effects level.

Maternal examinations:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: No data

DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Animals were observed in the home cage before the first dosing and at least once a day during the study except on d7 for 3/20 female of group 2. The time of observation during the treatment period was at 60 min post dose (+/- 30 min). Females showing signs of abortion or of premature delivery during the study, the day on which such findings seen were noted.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Animals were weighed on the following days:
• on d1 and d5 (day of randomisation)
• daily during treatment (from d6 to d19)
• on d20, day of necropsy, not fasted and not exsanguinated

FOOD CONSUMPTION : Yes
- Food consumption was measured and presented daily from d6 to d19

WATER CONSUMPTION : No data

POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day # 20: On day 20 of pregnancy, all surviving animals were killed by subtotal exsanguination following isoflurane inhalation. Females showing signs of abortion or of premature delivery during the study were killed on the day of such findings
- Organs examined: Animals showing signs of abortion or of premature delivery were necropsied as quickly as possible and specimens as required by the study plan obtained whenever practically possible. The main organs cited below were examined macroscopically. All animals were subjected to gross necropsy and their organs (brain, liver, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), large intestine (caecum, colon, rectum), kidneys, spleen, adrenals, lungs, heart) were examined macroscopically. Uterus and ovaries from each female were macroscopically observed and fixed in an appropriate fixative. Gravid uteri were weighed before extraction of foetuses

OTHER:
All organs showing macroscopic signs of pathology and corresponding organs of control groups for comparison were fixed in an appropriate fixative. Remaining tissues were destroyed 6 months after issue of the draft release.

Ovaries and uterine content:

The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Number and uterine location of foetuses (live and dead): Yes

Fetal examinations:

- External examinations: Yes: [all per litter]
- Soft tissue examinations: No data
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: [performed in the first instance only on control and high dose groups]
- Number of live or dead foetuses: Yes
- Individual foetal body weight (live and dead): Yes : [all per litter]
- Caudo-cranial measurement of live and dead foetuses: Yes : [all per litter]
- Gross evaluation and weight of placenta of all foetuses: Yes : [all per litter]
- Sexing of all foetuses: Yes : [all per litter]

Statistics:

See "Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables"
The validated computerised system used in this phase was the Xybion Path/Tox System, Version 4.2.2.

Indices:

Pre-implantation loss and post-implantation loss were calculated according to the following formula:
Pre-implantation loss (%):
((Number of corpora lutea - number of implantations) / Number of corpora lutea) x 100
Post-implantation loss (%):
((Number of implantations - number of live foetuses) / Number of implantations) x 100

Foetal or litter incidence was calculated according to the following formula:
Foetal or litter incidence (%):
(Total number of foetus or litter with a particular finding / Total number of foetus per group) x 100

Historical control data:

No data available

Clinical signs:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There was an increased salivation in some females treated with test item at 300 mg/kg bw (in 1/20) on d13 and d14 and at 1000 mg/kg bw from d12 up to the end of the study (between 1 to 3/20). There was also chromodacryorrhoea in 1 or 2/20 different animals following the day of observation in females treated with test item at 300 mg/kg bw or at 1000 mg/kg bw. These signs were of low incidence and were not attributed to a toxicological effect of the test item. There was aggressiveness on d5 in 1/20 female treated with test item at 100 mg/kg bw. This sign was only observed on the first day of treatment and was not attributed to the test item.

Mortality:

no mortality observed

Description (incidence):

No mortality and no relevant clinical signs or signs of reaction to treatment were noted in treated females.

Body weight and weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There was no change in body weight gain.

Food efficiency:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There was a statistically significant isolated lower food consumption in females treated with test item at 100 mg/kg bw on d10 (-13%) and d18 ( -20%) or in females treated with test item at 1000 mg/kg bw on d6, d11 or d18 (between -14 and -18%). This lower food consumption is transient and attributable to the high variability in the control group. From d5pc, food consumption was lower for Female No. 1602737 treated with test item at 100 mg/kg bw.

Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):

not examined

Ophthalmological findings:

not examined

Haematological findings:

not examined

Clinical biochemistry findings:

not examined

Urinalysis findings:

not examined

Behaviour (functional findings):

no effects observed

Immunological findings:

not examined

Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There was no change in uterus weight.

Gross pathological findings:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

There were no macroscopic findings in mated females killed on d20pc. At the necropsy, there was a dark liquid in the vulva and vagina, a black abnormal content in stomach and enlarged spleen in Female No. 1602755 treated with test item at 300 mg/kg bw. In Female No. 1602730 treated with test item at 1000 mg/kg bw, there was dark liquid in the vagina, transparent and abnormal area in stomach, adhesion between lungs and thoracic cavity, adhesion between lungs, heart and diaphragm, cloudy liquid in the thoracic cavity and heart with firm area and granular aspect.

Neuropathological findings:

not examined

Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:

not examined

Histopathological findings: neoplastic:

no effects observed

Other effects:

no effects observed

Number of abortions:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

Signs of abortion (blood near genital orifice and in cage) were seen in two females, on d19 in one female treated with the intermediate dose (No. 1602755) and on d16 in one female treated with the highest dose (No. 1602730).

Pre- and post-implantation loss:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There was a higher percentage of pre and post implantation loss for Female No. 1602737 treated with test item at 100 mg/kg bw and Female No. 1602766 treated with test item at 300 mg/kg bw. For these females, there was no foetus, only resorptions were observed.

Total litter losses by resorption:

no effects observed

Early or late resorptions:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

In Female No. 1602755, there is 16 implantation sites, with 1 early resorption. In Female No. 1602730, there is 17 implantation sites, with 5 early and 3 late resorptions.

Dead fetuses:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

In Female No. 1602755, there is 16 implantation sites with 1 dead foetus. In Female No. 1602730, there is 17 implantation sites, with 9 dead foetus.

Changes in pregnancy duration:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

On d20 of pregnancy (d20pc), all mated females were necropsied and all foetuses were examined.

Changes in number of pregnant:

no effects observed

Other effects:

not examined

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Key result

Abnormalities:

no effects observed

Fetal body weight changes:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The mean body weight per litter and per group of live foetuses were indicated as well as the mean caudal-cranial measurement per litter and per group and the mean weight of the placenta of these foetuses per litter and per group.

Reduction in number of live offspring:

no effects observed

Changes in sex ratio:

no effects observed

Changes in litter size and weights:

no effects observed

Changes in postnatal survival:

not specified

External malformations:

effects observed, non-treatment-related

Description (incidence and severity):

There were isolated macroscopic findings seen in the control or treated groups at the same incidence such as point or area in head, limbs or back.

Skeletal malformations:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The test item administered in pregnant rats from day 6 to day 19 of gestation did not induce any relevant changes in foetuses examined at skeletal examination.

Visceral malformations:

no effects observed

Description (incidence and severity):

The test item administered in pregnant rats from day 6 to day 19 of gestation did not induce any relevant changes in foetuses examined at visceral examination.

Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:

There was no change in pre and post-implantation loss, in the number of corpora lutea, in the number of live and abnormal foetuses, in the number of normal and abnormal dead foetuses or in the early and late resorptions. There was no change in caudo-cranial measurement,foetus weight or proportion of male/female foetus. There was a statistically significant lower placenta weight in the group receiving test item at 100 mg/kg bw. This was low in amplitude (-6%) and was not attributed to a toxicological effect of test item.

Key result

Dose descriptor:

NOEL

Sex:

male/female

Remarks on result:

not determinable due to absence of adverse toxic effects

Key result

Abnormalities:

no effects observed

Key result

Developmental effects observed:

no

Table 7.8.2/2: Clinical signs – autonomic profile/miscellaneous - Group incidences

Clinicalsigns	Time	Vehicle	Test item100mg/kg	Test item300mg/kg	Test item1000mg/kg
Increased salivation	D5 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19	0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20	0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20	0/20 0/20 1/20 1/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/19	0/20 1/20 0/20 2/20 1/20 1/19 3/19 2/19 2/19
Chromodacryorrhoea	D5 D9 D10 D11 D12 D14 D15 D17 D18 D19	0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 1/20 0/20 0/20 0/20	0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20 0/20	0/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 1/20 0/20 0/20 1/20 1/20 0/19	0/20 0/20 1/20 0/20 0/20 1/20 2/20 1/19 1/19 1/19

Only times with clinical signs and showing differences with between groups are reported.

Results are expressed as the group incidence of animals showing the sign.

Corn oil

D: Day

P>0.05, when compared with the control group dosed with the vehicle, Fisher's test.

†: mortality occurred, no statistical analysis was performed.

Table 7.8.2/3: Body weight (mean table)

Treatment

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

Vehicle

Mean SEM % N

260 6 NA 20

264 6 +2 20

267 6 +3 20

272 6 +5 20

277 6 +7 20

284 6 +9 20

288 6 +11 20

Test item 100mg/kg

Mean SEM % N P

262 5 NA 20 NS

267 6 +2 20 NS

270 6 +3 20 NS

275 6 +5 20 NS

279 5 +6 20 NS

286 6 +9 20 NS

289 6 +10 20 NS

Test item 300mg/kg

Mean SEM % N P

257 5 NA 20 NS

260 5 +1 20 NS

263 4 +2 20 NS

268 4 +4 20 NS

273 4 +6 20 NS

278 5 +8 20 NS

284 4 +11 20 NS

Test item 1000mg/kg

Mean SEM % N P

262 5 NA 20 NS

266 5 +2 20 NS

268 4 +2 20 NS

273 4 +4 20 NS

277 4 +6 20 NS

283 5 +8 20 NS

288 4 +10 20 NS

Threshold

18

18

18

18

18

18

18

Treatment

D12

D13

D14

D15

D16

D17

D18

D19

D20

Vehicle

Mean SEM % N

295 6 +13 20

300 6 +15 20

306 6 +18 20

313 6 +20 20

323 6 +24 20

337 6 +30 20

350 6 +35 20

363 6 +40 20

376 6 +45 20

Test item 100mg/kg

Mean SEM % N P

294 6 +12 20 NS

301 6 +15 20 NS

306 6 +17 20 NS

314 6 +20 20 NS

324 7 +24 20 NS

337 8 +29 20 NS

348 9 +33 20 NS

357 9 +36 20 NS

368 10 +40 20 NS

Test item 300mg/kg

Mean SEM % N P

289 5 +12 20 NS

294 4 +14 20 NS

300 4 +17 20 NS

308 4 +20 20 NS

318 4 +24 20 NS

333 4 +30 20 NS

342 5 +33 20 NS

355 6 +38 19 NS

367 6 +43 19 NS

Test item 1000mg/kg

Mean SEM % N P

293 4 +12 20 NS

299 4 +14 20 NS

306 5 +17 20 NS

311 5 +19 20 NS

320 5 +22 20 NS

336 5 +28 19 NS

348 5 +33 19 NS

359 5 +37 19 NS

370 6 +41 19 NS

Threshold

18

18

18

18

18

20

20

22

22

Results expressed in g

D: day

Vehicle: Corn oil

NS:P>0.05, when compared to control group

Analysis of variance for repeated measurements with Dunnett's test

NA: not applicable

%: variation expressed in percentage in relation to predose values

Table 7.8.2/4: Absolute weight of uterus (mean values)

Treatment		Uterus Weight (g)
Vehicle	Mean SEM N	71.6 2.5 20
Testitem 100mg/kg	Mean SEM N % P	70.4 5.5 20 -2 NS
Testitem 300mg/kg	Mean SEM N % P	67.6 4.0 20 -6 NS
Testitem 1000mg/kg	Mean SEM N % P	69.6 3.9 20 -3 NS
	Threshold	14.0

%: variation expressed in percentage in relation to control values

Vehicle: Corn oil

NS:P>0.05, when compared with control group

Analysis of variance with Dunnett's test if P <0.05

Table 7.8.2/5: Macroscopic observations - Group incidences

Organs	Observations	vehicle	Test item100mg/kg	Test item300mg/kg	Test item1000mg/kg
Placenta	Dark Total animals involved	0/256 0	0/259 0	14/243 14	0/246 0
Head	Punctate or point Area Total animals involved	1/256 2/256 3	0/259 2/259 2	1/243 1/243 2	1/246 2/246 3
Limbs	Punctate or point Area Total animals involved	1/256 2/256 3	2/259 3/259 5	1/243 5/243 6	1/246 4/246 5
Abdomen	Punctate or point Total animals involved	1/256 1	0/259 0	0/243 0	0/246 0
Tail	Area Twisted Total animals involved	1/256 0/256 1	0/259 0/259 0	0/243 1/243 1	0/246 0/246 0
Back	Punctate or point Area Total animals involved	14/256 0/256 14	10/259 5/259 15	11/243 0/243 11	11/246 2/246 13

Table 7.8.2/6: Caudo-cranial measurements and weights of live foetuses, weights of the placenta (mean values)

Treatment		Caudo-cranial measurement(mm)	Foetus weight(g)	Placenta weight(g)
Vehicle	Mean SEM N	35.2 0.2 256	3.77 0.03 256	0.567 0.006 255
Test item 100mg/kg	Mean SEM N % P	34.8 0.1 259 -1 NS	3.69 0.02 259 -2 NS	0.533 0.005 259 -6 ??
Test item 300mg/kg	Mean SEM N % P	34.7 0.3 243 -1 NS	3.70 0.04 243 -2 NS	0.557 0.006 242 -2 NS
Test item 1000mg/kg	Mean SEM N % P	35.2 0.1 246 0 NS	3.78 0.02 246 0 NS	0.569 0.005 246 0 NS
	Threshold	0.6	0.09	0.018

%: variation expressed in percentage in relation to control values

Vehicle: Corn oil

NS:P>0.05, ??:P<0.01, when compared with control group

Analysis of variance with Dunnett's test if P <0.05

Conclusions:

Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for embryo-foetal developmental toxicity was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Executive summary:

A study was conducted to evaluate the prenatal developmental toxicity of the read across substance, C18-unsatd. MIPA, according to OECD Guideline 414, in compliance with GLP. The substance diluted in corn oil was administered by gavage to groups of mated female Sprague-Dawley rats (20 mated females/dose) at the dose levels of 0, 100, 300, 1000 mg /kg bw/day from Day 6 to 19 after mating. The aim of the study was to investigate any possible adverse effects on the pregnant female rat and on the developing embryo and foetus following daily administration to pregnant rats by the oral route from implantation throughout organogenesis and until late gestation. Morbidity/mortality checks were performed twice daily. Clinical observations were performed before the first dosing and daily. Body weight was recorded on Day 5 then daily from Day 6 to 20. Food consumption was measured daily from Day 6 to 19. On Day 20 of pregnancy, all mated females were necropsied and all foetuses were examined. Foetuses were examined macroscopically and the following data were noted: number of live or dead foetuses, individual foetal body weight (live and dead), caudo-cranial measurement of live and dead foetuses, gross evaluation and weight of placenta of all foetuses, external morphological examination of these foetuses, sexing of all foetuses. The clinical signs (increased salivation and chromodacryorrhoea) observed were at low incidence and were not attributed to a toxicological effect of the read across substance. There was no change in pre- and post-implantation loss, in the number of corpora lutea, in the number of live and abnormal foetuses, in the number of normal and abnormal dead foetuses or in the early and late resorptions. There was no change in caudo-cranial measurement, foetus weight or proportion of male/female foetus. There was a statistically significant lower placenta weight in the group receiving read across substance at 100 mg/kg bw. This was low in amplitude and was not attributed to a toxicological effect of read across substance. The read across substance administered in pregnant rats from Day 6 to 19 of gestation did not induce any relevant changes in foetuses examined at skeletal and visceral examination. Based on the above results, it could be concluded that the read across substance had no harmful effects on the prenatal development of the rat offspring at doses used in the present study. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for embryo-foetal developmental toxicity was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Mortier, 2018). 

Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

1 000 mg/kg bw/day

Study duration:

subacute

Species:

rat

Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Additional information

A study was conducted to evaluate the prenatal developmental toxicity of the read across substance, C12-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, according to OECD Guideline 414, in compliance with GLP. The substance was administered to groups of 30 female rats by gavage at dose levels of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day, once daily from Gestation Days (GD) 6 to 15 inclusive. Control animals were dosed with the vehicle alone (arachis oil, DAB 9). Clinical condition and reaction to treatment were recorded at least once daily. Body weights were reported on GD 0, 6, 16 and 20. All surviving females were sacrificed on GD 20 and the foetuses were removed by caesarean section. At necropsy, the females were examined macroscopically. Live foetuses were weighed, sexed and examined for visceral and skeletal abnormalities. No deaths or treatment-related changes in body weight gain and necropsy findings were observed in dams at any dose level. Treatment-related symptoms observed in all groups were salivation and propulsion of the head. The highest dose group showed severe salivation. Apart from the control (1 dead foetus) and the 100 mg/kg bw/day groups (7 dead foetuses), all females had viable foetuses. Pre-implantation loss and mean numbers of resorptions were not affected by treatment. The data for post-implantation loss, embryonic deaths and total foetuses showed some deviations, which were considered to be non-treatment related. Mean placental and uterus weights were not affected by the treatment. Foetal sex ratio was comparable in all groups. No treatment-related foetal abnormalities were found at necropsy. The examined foetuses showed no treatment-related visceral and skeletal abnormalities/variations. One foetus at 300 mg/kg bw/day showed a stump tail and missing coccigycae vertebrae. Further, the data for skeletal ossifications showed some deviations in the two highest dose groups. However, all these effects were assessed to be non-treatment related. Under the study conditions, the NOAELs for parental toxicity and developmental toxicity were considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Pitterman, 1994).  

A study was conducted to evaluate the prenatal developmental toxicity of the read across substance, C18-unsatd. MIPA, according to OECD Guideline 414, in compliance with GLP. The substance diluted in corn oil was administered by gavage to groups of mated female Sprague-Dawley rats (20 mated females/dose) at the dose levels of 0, 100, 300, 1000 mg /kg bw/day from Day 6 to 19 after mating. The aim of the study was to investigate any possible adverse effects on the pregnant female rat and on the developing embryo and foetus following daily administration to pregnant rats by the oral route from implantation throughout organogenesis and until late gestation. Morbidity/mortality checks were performed twice daily. Clinical observations were performed before the first dosing and daily. Body weight was recorded on Day 5 then daily from Day 6 to 20. Food consumption was measured daily from Day 6 to 19. On Day 20 of pregnancy, all mated females were necropsied and all foetuses were examined. Foetuses were examined macroscopically and the following data were noted: number of live or dead foetuses, individual foetal body weight (live and dead), caudo-cranial measurement of live and dead foetuses, gross evaluation and weight of placenta of all foetuses, external morphological examination of these foetuses, sexing of all foetuses. The clinical signs (increased salivation and chromodacryorrhoea) observed were at low incidence and were not attributed to a toxicological effect of the read across substance. There was no change in pre- and post-implantation loss, in the number of corpora lutea, in the number of live and abnormal foetuses, in the number of normal and abnormal dead foetuses or in the early and late resorptions. There was no change in caudo-cranial measurement, foetus weight or proportion of male/female foetus. There was a statistically significant lower placenta weight in the group receiving read across substance at 100 mg/kg bw. This was low in amplitude and was not attributed to a toxicological effect of read across substance. The read across substance administered in pregnant rats from Day 6 to 19 of gestation did not induce any relevant changes in foetuses examined at skeletal and visceral examination. Based on the above results, it could be concluded that the read across substance had no harmful effects on the prenatal development of the rat offspring at doses used in the present study. Under the study conditions, the NOAEL for embryo-foetal developmental toxicity was considered to be 1000 mg/kg bw/day (Mortier, 2018). 

In addition, after discussion with ECHA in the frame of a Dossier Improvement Action Plan (DIAP), testing proposals are submitted for the conduct of prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rat and rabbit according to OECD Guideline 414 with the read across substance C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA.

Additional considerations 

Based on an in-depth analysis of the available information (see read-across justification in Section 13 of the IUCLID dataset), it is the FAA consortium’s hypothesis that a read-across within and across MEA, DEA and MIPA derived alkanolamides is scientifically plausible and justified. While there is at this point no evidence putting the read-across hypothesis in question, the FAA consortium recognizes some limitations, predominantly related to the quality of individual endpoint studies (including quality of the test substance characterisations) and existing higher Tier endpoint data gaps. After discussion with ECHA in the frame of a Dossier Improvement Action Plan (DIAP), the FAA Consortium agrees to the need to strengthen the toxicology data-based link between and within the DEA, MEA and MIPA subcategories.

In view of this, the FAA Consortium decided to proceed with a 3-Tier testing strategy. In Tier 1, a series of bridging studies according to OECD TG 422 were conducted with a representative short- and a long chain substance of each subcategory (i.e., DEA, MEA, MIPA). The results of the Tier 1 are in line with existing data and seem to support similar toxicological profile within and across the different categories. It should however be noted that small biological variations have been observed (e.g., top dose findings for C8-18 and C18-unsatd. MIPA /C16-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA in DRF).

Taking full advantage of the bridging studies samples, metabolomics analyses are currently ongoing to enhance the quality and quantity of data from a biological perspective and to further elucidate the small biological variations observed. The results will be used to refine the Tier 2 testing strategy.

The objective of Tier 2 will be to generate a complete set of higher toxicology data for a selected >1000 tpa substance (i.e., OECD TG 408/443/414 (rats)/414 (2nd species). The testing in Tier 2 will be conducted with C8-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, the substance that is generally perceived to be the most critical from a reproductive toxicity point of view based on the classification of DEA.

Tier 2 proposed studies have been included in the present dossier update. Should these suggest significant differences in type and strength of effects between the DEA, MEA and MIPA subcategories, therefore not supporting the current read across justification, further testing may be initiated. The strategy and current status overview are detailed in two documents entitled‘ECHA-DIAP - FAA testing strategy summary – 24Sep20’ and ‘ECHA-DIAP - FAA testing strategy summary status overview-24Mar22’, both attached in Section 13 of the most recent IUCLID datasets.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Based on the results of reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rodents with the read across substance C18-unsatd. MIPA or C12-18 and C18-unsatd. DEA, the test substance does not require classification for these endpoints according to CLP (EC 1272/2008) criteria.