Calcium sulfate

Endpoint summary

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Genetic toxicity in vitro

Description of key information

In vitro gene mutation study in bacteria:

In a reliable OECD guideline study (NIER 2001) calcium sulfate dihydrate was tested in a bacterial reverse mutation assay inSalmonella typhimurium(strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537) and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA with and without metabolic activation (S9). The concentrations tested were12, 37, 111, 333, 1,000 and 3,000 μg/plate. No mutations occurred.

In vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells:

In a reliable OECD guideline study (Flanders 2010) calcium sulfate dihydrate was tested for its abilty to induce mutations in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Calcium sulfate dihydrate did not induce any toxicologically significant increases in the mutant frequency at the TK +/- locus in L5178Y cells and wais therefore considered to be non mutagenic under the conditions of the test.

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study performed according to GLP and guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 472 (Genetic Toxicology: Escherichia coli, Reverse Mutation Assay)

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Rat (Sprague-Dawley strain), male, liver homogenate - S9 mix

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

12, 37, 111, 333, 1000 and 3000 µg/plate

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

0 µg/plate of test material

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

no

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

sodium azide

Remarks:

Used with tester stratins TA100 and TA1535 at 0.5 µg/plate

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

0 µg/plate of test material

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

no

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

Remarks:

Used with tester strains WP2 uvrA and TA98 at 0.5 µg/plate

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

0 µg/plate of test material

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

no

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

9-aminoacridine

Remarks:

Used with tester starins TA1537 at 50 µg/plate

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

0 µg/plate of test material

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

no

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: 2 aminoanthracene

Remarks:

Used with tester strains TA100 and TA98 at 0.4 µg/plate and tester strains TA1535 and TA1537 at 2 µg/plate and tester strain WP2 uvrA at 4 µg/plate

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

Description of follow up repeated study: Preliminary test had carried out to decide the appropriate starting dose level of the main study at the concentration of 1.6, 8, 40, 200, 1,000 and 3,000 μg/plate. Criteria for evaluating results: the number of revertant colonies in the plate was counted after 2 days incubation at 37 °C.

The direct incorporation method: For test without metabolic activation, the test substance and 0.1 ml of fresh bacterial culture were added to 2.0 ml of overlay agar. For tests with metabolic activation, 0.5 ml of metabolic activation mixture containing an adequate amount of postmitochondrial fraction was added to the overlay agar after the addition of the bacteria and test substance. All plates in a given test should be incubated for the same time period.

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

not applicable

Untreated negative controls validity:

not applicable

Positive controls validity:

valid

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

not applicable

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

not valid

Table 1: Result of bacterial reverse mutation assay with calcium sulfate, dihydrate.

Tester strain	Chemical treated	Dose (µg/plate)	Colonies/plate (mean)[Factor]
			Without S-9 mix	With S-9 mix
TA100	Test item	0 12 37 111 333 1,000 3,000	132 139 [1.0] 143 [1.1] 125 [0.9] 129 [1.0] 124 [0.9] 124 [0.9]	114 115 [1.0] 122 [1.1] 115 [1.0] 125 [1.0] 106 [1.0] 115 [1.0]
TA 1535	Test item	0 12 37 111 333 1,000 3,000	13 20 [1.5] 22 [1.7] 17 [1.3] 16 [1.2] 17 [1.3] 14 [1.1]	10 11 [1.1] 12 [1.2] 13 [1.3] 14 [1.4] 13 [1.3] 9 [0.9]
TA 1537	Test item	0 12 37 111 333 1,000 3,000	15 16 [1.0] 11 [0.7] 15 [1.0] 14 [0.9] 13 [0.9] 12 [0.8]	17 17 [1.0] 22 [1.3] 19 [1.1] 17 [1.0] 16 [0.9] 16 [0.9]
E.coli WP2uvrA	Test item	0 12 37 111 333 1,000 3,000	8 7 [0.9] 6 [0.8] 8 [1.0] 8 [1.0] 6 [0.8] 6 [0.8]	12 8 [0.7] 13 [1.1] 8 [0.7] 8 [0.7] 9 [0.8] 9 [0.8]
Positive controls
TA100 TA1535 TA98 TA1537 WP2uvrA TA100 TA1535 TA98 TA1537 WP2uvrA	SA SA 4NQO 9-AA 4NQO 2-AA 2-AA 2-AA 2-AA 2-AA	0.5 0.5 0.5 50 0.5 0.4 2 0.4 2 4	493 [3.7] 371 [28.5] 426 [19.4] 740 [49.3] 377 [47.1]         14 [0.6]	491 [4.3] 394 [39.4] 289 [8.5] 326 [19.2] 311 [25.9]

[Factor]: No. of colonies of treated plate/No. of colonies of negative control plate

SA: Sodium azide 9-AA: 9-Amino acridine

4NQQ: 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 2-AA: 2-aminoanthracene

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative With and without metabolic activation

Mutation in the Salmonella tryphimurium (strains TA 98, TA100, TA 1535 and TA 1537) and in the Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA did not occur with calcium sulfate, dihydrate

Reference 2

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in mammalian cells

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2009-11-13 to 2010-01-19

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study conducted to GLP and Guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 476 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.17 (Mutagenicity - In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

In accordance with GLP standards published as OECD Principles on Good Laboratory Practice (revised 1997, ENV/MC/CHEM(98)17); and are in accordance with, and implement, the requirements of Directives 2004/9/EC and 2004/10/EC.

Type of assay:

mammalian cell gene mutation assay

Target gene:

TK +/- locus (thymidine kinase heterozygote system)

Species / strain / cell type:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Prior to freezing stocks of the cells, they were cleansed of homozygous (TK -/-) mutants by culturing in THMG medium for 24 hours.

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

not applicable

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S9 microsomal enzyme fraction

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Concentrations were as calcium sulfate
Preliminary toxicity test: 0, 5.32, 10.63, 21.27, 42.53, 85.06, 170.13, 340.25, 680.5 and 1361 µg/mL in the presence and absence of S9

Experiment 1: 21.25, 42.5, 85, 170, 340, 453.33, 566.66 and 680 µg/mL in the absence of S9. 85.06, 170.13, 340.25, 680.5, 1020.75 and 1361 µg/mL in the presence of S9.

Experiment 2: 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 µg/mL in the absence of S9. 85.06, 170.13, 340.25, 680.5, 1020.75 and 1361 µg/mL in the presence of S9.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: R0 medium

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

R0 medium

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

ethylmethanesulphonate

Remarks:

Migrated to IUCLID6: (EMS) in the absence of metabolic activation at 400 µg/mL in Experiment 1 and 150 µg/mL in Experiment 2.

Untreated negative controls:

not specified

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

R0 medium

True negative controls:

not specified

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

cyclophosphamide

Remarks:

Migrated to IUCLID6: (CP) 2 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in medium

DURATION
- Exposure duration: in Experiment 1, cells were treated with the test material for 4 hours both in the presence and absence on metabolic activation. In Experiment 2, cells were treated with the test material for 4 hours in the presence of metabolic activation and 24 hours in the absence of metabolic activation.
- Expression time : 2 days
- Selection time : up to 48 hours

SELECTION AGENT :5 trifluorothymidine (TFT)

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: performed in duplicate (denoted as A and B)

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 10^4 cells/mL (2000 cells/well) plated in selective medium for evaluation of mutant frequency and 10 cells/mL (2 cells/well) to assess viability (%V) plated in non-selective medium.

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: relative total growth

OTHER: MTT (2.5 mg/mL in PBS) was added to each well of the mutation plates to aid in counting viable cells.

Evaluation criteria:

The normal range for mutant frequency per survivor is 50-200 x 10-6 for the TK+/- locus in L5178Y cells at this laboratory. Vehicle controls results should be within this range, minor errors may cause this to be slightly elevated. Experiments where the vehicle control values are markedly greater than 250 x 10-6 mutant frequency per survivor are not normally acceptable and are repeated.
Positive control chemicals should induce at least three to five fold increases in mutant frequency greater than the corresponding vehicle control.
For a test material to demonstrate a mutagenic response it must produce a statistically significant increase in the induced mutant frequency (IMF) over the concurrent vehicle mutant frequency value. Any test material dose level that has a mutation frequency value that is greater than the corresponding vehicle control by the Global Evaluation Factor (GEF) of 126 x 10-6 will be considered positive. If a test material produces a modest increase in mutant frequency, only marginally exceeding the GEF and is not reproducible or part of a dose-related response, then it may be considered to have no toxicological significance. However when a test material induces modest reproducible increases in the mutation frequencies that do not exceed the GEF value then scientific judgement will be applied. If the reproducible responses are significantly dose-related and include increases in the absolute numbers of mutant colonies then they may be considered to be toxicologically significant.
Small significant increases designated by the UKEMS statistical package were reviewed using the above criteria (and where necessary disregarded at the Study Director's discretion).

Statistics:

The experimental data was analysed using a dedicated computer program which follows the statistical guidelines recommended by the UKEMS.

Species / strain:

mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks:

The test material did not induce any toxicologically significant dose-related increases in the mutant frequency at any dose level, either with or without metabolic activation, in either the first or the second experiment.

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

cytotoxicity

Remarks:

The maximum dose level used was the 10 mM limit dose in the presence of metabolic activation, and was limited by test material induced toxicity in the absence of metabolic activation. The 24-hour exposure without metabolic activation demonstrated that th

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

not specified

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Effects of pH: No marked change was noted in the pH when the test material was added to the media.
- Effects of osmolality: osmolality did not increase by more than 50 mOsm when test material was dosed into the media
- Precipitation: In the preliminary toxicity test, a precipitate of the test material was observed at and above 170.13 µg/mL in all three of the exposure groups. In Experiment 1 a precipitate of the test material observed at and above 85 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation, and at and above 340.25 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation. In Experiment 2, a precipitate of the test material was observed at and above 100 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation, and at and above 170.13 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation.

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: Historical control data were included. All controls performed within the study were found to be valid.

RANGE-FINDING/SCREENING STUDIES: Please refer to Table 1 in the attached Appendix 1 Tabulated data for full results of the range-finding study. At 4 and 24-hours in the absence of metabolic activation there were marked dose-related reductions in the Relative Suspension Growth (%RSG) of treated cells. A slight reduction in %RSG occurred at the 10 mM limit dose in with S9. The toxicity curve was very steep in both the 4-hour and 24-hour exposure groups in the absence of metabolic activation. A precipitate was observed at concentrations ≥ 170.13 µg/mL in all three groups. In the mutagenicity experiments the maximum dose for the 4 and 24-hour exposure groups without S9 was limited by toxicity. The maximum dose level for the 4-hour exposure group in the presence of metabolic activation was the 10 mM limit dose.

For tabulated data on results, please refer to Appendix 1 Tabulated data for Flanders 2010.

Controls

The positive controls produced marked increases in the mutant frequency per viable cell indicating that the test system was operating satisfactorily and that the metabolic activation system was functional. Vehicle control mutant frequency values were within the acceptable range of 50 to 200 x 10^-6viable cells. Both positive controls induced acceptable levels of toxicity.

Toxicity

In Experiment 1, evidence of toxicity following exposure to the test material in the absence of metabolic activation was noted. The modest reduction observed in the presence of metabolic activation in the preliminary toxicity test was not reproduced. No significant reductions in viability (%V) in either the absence or presence of metabolic activation occurred indicating no residual toxicity. Near optimum levels of toxicity were achieved in the absence of metabolic activation. Optimum levels of toxicity were not achieved in the absence of metabolic activation due to the sharp onset of toxicity (despite a very narrow dose interval). However, a dose level that exceeded the usual acceptable upper limit of toxicity was plated for viability andresistance.

In Experiment 2, a marked dose-related reduction occurred in % and RTG values in cultures dosed with the test material in the absence of metabolic activation and no evidence of any reductions in the presence of metabolic activation. There were no significant reductions in viability (%V) with or without metabolic activation, indicating no residual toxicity. Optimum levels of test material‑induced toxicity were achieved in the absence of metabolic activation. The 24-hour exposure without metabolic activation demonstrated that the extended time point had a marked effect on the toxicity of the test material.

The author concluded that with no evidence of any toxicologically significant increases in mutant frequency at any of the dose levels, including the dose level that exceeded the usual upper limit of acceptable toxicity or in the 24-hour exposure group of Experiment 2 where optimum levels of toxicity were achieved, the test material had been adequately tested.

Experiment 1

The test material did not induce any statistically significant or dose related (linear-trend) increases in the mutant frequency x 10^-6 per viable cell in the absence of metabolic activation. In the presence of metabolic activation, a very modest dose related (linear trend) statistically significant response was observed. However, statistically significant increases in mutant frequency were not observed at any of the of the individual dose levels, thewas not exceeded at any of the individual dose levels, the mutant frequency values observed at 1020 and 1361 µg/mL only marginally exceeded the upper acceptable range for vehicle controls, and the response was not reproduced in Experiment 2. Therefore, the response was considered to be of no toxicological significance. A precipitate of the test material was observed at ≥85 µg/mL in the absence of metabolic activation, and ≥340.25 µg/mL in the presence of metabolic activation, this was considered not to affect the purpose and integrity of the study.

Experiment 2

The test material did not induce any statistically significant or dose related (linear-trend) increases in the mutant frequency x 10^-6per viable cell in either the absence or presence of metabolic activation. The test material precipitated at ≥100 µg/mL without S9, and at ≥170.13 µg/mL with S9

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results: negative in the presence and absence of metabolic activation

The test material did not induce any toxicologically significant increases in the mutant frequency at the TK +/- locus in L5178Y cells and is therefore considered to be non mutagenic under the conditions of the test.

Executive summary:

Introduction. The study was conducted according to a method that was designed to assess the potential mutagenicity of the test material on the thymidine kinase, TK +/-, locus of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell line. The method used meets the requirements of the OECD (476) and Method B17 of Commission Regulation (EC) No. 440/2008 of.

Methods. Two independent experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, L5178Y TK +/- 3.7.2c mouse lymphoma cells (heterozygous at the thymidine kinase locus) were treated with the test material at up to eight dose levels, in duplicate, together with vehicle (solvent) and positive controls using 4-hour exposure groups both in the absence and presence of metabolic activation (2% S9). In Experiment 2, the cells were treated with the test material at up to eight dose levels using a 4‑hour exposure group in the presence of metabolic activation (1% S9) and a 24‑hour exposure group in the absence of metabolic activation.

The dose range of test material was selected following the results of a preliminary toxicity test. The dose range for Experiment 1 was 21.25 to 680 µg/ml in the absence of metabolic activation and 85.06 to 1361 µg/ml in the presence of metabolic activation. The dose range for Experiment 2 was 25 to 350 µg/ml in the absence of metabolic activation, and 85.06 to 1361 µg/ml in the presence of metabolic activation.

Results. The maximum dose level used was the 10 mM limit dose in the presence of metabolic activation, and was limited by test material induced toxicity in the absence of metabolic activation. In Experiment 1 a precipitate of the test material was observed at and above 85 µg/ml in the absence of metabolic activation, and at and above 340.25 µg/ml in the presence of metabolic activation. In Experiment 2 a precipitate of the test material was observed at and above 100 µg/ml in the absence of metabolic activation, and at and above 170.13 µg/ml in the presence of metabolic activation. The vehicle (solvent) controls had acceptable mutant frequency values that were within the normal range for the L5178Y cell line at the TK +/- locus. The positive control materials induced marked increases in the mutant frequency indicating the satisfactory performance of the test and of the activity of the metabolising system.

The test material did not induce any toxicologically significant dose-related increases in the mutant frequency at any dose level, either with or without metabolic activation, in either the first or the second experiment.

Conclusion. The test material was considered to be non-mutagenic to L5178Y cells under the conditions of the test.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Genetic toxicity in vivo

Description of key information

In vivo micronucleus assay:

In a reliable OECD guideline study (NIER 2002) male mice were given 1,250, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg bw doses of calcium sulfate dihydrate. Bone marrow was sampled 24h after the last dose and PCE/NCE ratio determined.Calcium sulfate dihydrate showed negative results in the micronucleus test in vivo up to the test concentration of 5000 mg/kg bw

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Endpoint:

in vivo mammalian somatic cell study: cytogenicity / erythrocyte micronucleus

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: DNA damage and/or repair

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Study performed to GLP and guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 474 (Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

micronucleus assay

Species:

mouse

Strain:

ICR

Sex:

male

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: 8 weeks

Route of administration:

oral: feed

Vehicle:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose)

Details on exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:Calcium sulfate, dihydrate was dissolved in 1 % CMC (Sodium carboxymethyl Cellulose) and supersonic wave was used to prepare the highest dose concentration.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

1 day

Frequency of treatment:

Single treatment

Dose / conc.:

1 250 mg/kg bw/day

Dose / conc.:

2 500 mg/kg bw/day

Dose / conc.:

5 000 mg/kg bw/day

No. of animals per sex per dose:

6

Positive control(s):

- mitomycin C
- Doses / concentrations: 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg

Details of tissue and slide preparation:

To observe the cell multiplication of bone marrow, a specimen was fixed with methanol. And 4 % Giemsa solution was used for dyeing to observe the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes. To observe the micronucleus in the polychromatic erythrocytes, 40 μg/ml acridine was dropped for dyeing

Evaluation criteria:

At least 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal were scored for the incidence of micronuclei

Statistics:

ANOVA (using Sigmastat 2.0 statistic programme)

Sex:

male

Genotoxicity:

negative

Remarks on result:

other: Calcium sulfate dihydrate showed negative results in the micronucleus test in vivo up to the test concentration of 5000 mg/kg b.w

Table 1: Effect on mitotic index or PCE/NCE ratio by dose level.

Dose (mg/kg)	Group mean (PCE/(PCE+NCE)) (%)	Group mean frequency of MNPCE (per 1,000)
Vehicle 1,250 2,500 5,000 Positive control (0.5mg/kg) Positive control (1.0mg/kg)	60.49±7.77 56.58±9.07 54.61±6.13 54.48±9.02 46.58±10.76 46.96±7.08	6.5 7.0 7.7 8.0 19.2 44.8

Conclusions:

negative
Calcium sulfate dihydrate showed negative results in the micronucleus test in vivo up to the test concentration of 5000 mg/kg b.w

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (negative)

Justification for classification or non-classification

It is concluded that the available data indicate that calcium sulfate has no genotoxicity and therefore does not warrant classification for mutagenicity under CLP.