Calcium sulfate

Toxicity to reproduction: other studies

Administrative data

Endpoint:

toxicity to reproduction: other studies

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Reliability:

3 (not reliable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Supporting study only

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Effects of sulfate in water on swine reproduction and young pig performance.

Author:

Paterson DW, Wahlstrom RC, Libal GW & Olson OE

Year:

1979

Bibliographic source:

Journal of Animal Science, 49(3): 664-667

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline available

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of high sulphate waters given to swine during gestation and lactation

GLP compliance:

not specified

Type of method:

in vivo

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Test animals

Species:

pig

Sex:

female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

During gestation all animals were housed in uninsulated wooden colony type houses located in dry lots. Feed was restricted to 1.8 kg per head daily and fed in individual feeding stalls. Water was availabel ad libitum. Sows were allowed access to feed and water each morning adn evening for 2.0 and 1.5 hr respectively. Saline water was available in the creep area for pigs after 10 days of age

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: drinking water

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Sulfate content was determined weekly by a turbidimetric method. The average and their standard deviations for the entire experimental period were as follows: control 320 ± 24 ppm; low sulfate, 1790 ± 35 ppm and high sulfate, 3298 ± 139 ppm.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

30 days postbreeding through 28 days lactation

Frequency of treatment:

Water was added ad libitum

Doses / concentrations

Doses / concentrations 1

Dose / conc.:

320 ppm

Doses / concentrations 2

Dose / conc.:

620 ppm

Doses / concentrations 3

Dose / conc.:

1 820 ppm

Doses / concentrations 4

Dose / conc.:

2 840 ppm

Doses / concentrations 5

Dose / conc.:

3 320 ppm

Doses / concentrations 6

Dose / conc.:

5 060 ppm

Details on study design:

The reproductive trial involved 31 sows and 27 gilts of Hampshire x Yorkshire x Duroc breeding. Sows and gilts were grouped separately on the basis of ancestry and weight. Outcome groups were randonly assigned to the three treatments. The three treatments consisted of sodium sulfate added to water to give sulfate and total dissolved solids in ppm as follows (1): 320, 620, (2) 1820, 2840 and (3) 3320, 5060.

Results and discussion

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

3 320 ppm

Remarks on result:

other: Sulfates up to and including 3320 ppm in water have no significant effect on reproduction in the gilt or sow.

Any other information on results incl. tables

Table 1: Effect of sulfate content of water on reproductive performance

Parameter	Added sulfates (ppm)			Gilts	Sows
	0	1500	3000
No. litter	12	13	14	16	23
Avg gestation gain, kg^a	30.2	27.5	26.0	41.0	18.6
Avg lactation gain, kg^b	1.5	-5.5	1.7	5.5	-7.0
Water consumption, litters/day
Gestation	13.3	11.2	10.6	15.1	9.2
Lactation	13.6	14.2	16.8	14.4	15.5
Pigs/litter
Total	11.1	10.9	10.0	9.8	11.7
Live	9.6	10.0	8.2	8.7	9.9
Avg pig birth weight, kg^b	1.4	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.5
Avg litter birth weight, kg	13.5	13.5	11.8	11.6	14.2
No. pigs at 28 days	6.7	6.9	6.3	6.5	6.8
28-day pig weight, kg	6.1	6.2	6.3	6.1	6.4
28-day litter weight, kg	40.4	42.2	40.2	39.5	42.3

^aSignificant difference (P 0.01) between gilts and sows

^bSignificant difference (P 0.05) between gilts and sows

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Sulfates up to and including 3320 ppm in water have no significant effect on reproduction in the gilt or sow.