[No public or meaningful name is available]

GHS

General Information

Name:

Graphene oxide

Not classified

Implementation:

EU

Type of classification:

self-classification

Remarks:

In recent years, a number of research studies focused on the biocompatibility of graphene oxide. However, a considerable number of these used exposure routes such as intravenous injection, which are considered as worst-case scenario not transferable to human exposure, or intratracheal instillation of high doses leading to a non-realistic lung overload triggering local inflammatory responses. Nevertheless, graphene-based NM seem not to be taken up via gastrointestinal administration (Yang et al. 2013), or dermal exposure (recently summarised by the ECETOC Nano Task Force, published as Landsiedel et al., 2017). Furthermore, the bioavailability of NM after inhalation clearly depends on the particle size and the respiratory fraction. Beside the particle form (lateral size and number of graphene layers), the effects of graphene oxide also seem to depend on the physico-chemical properties influenced e.g. by the number and nature of oxygen groups and their functionalisation. 

Therefore, the specific characterisation of the test material is crucial for the assessment of its (eco-)toxicological properties, and more specific, the toxicological profile of carbon-based nanomaterials was found to be modified by the aggregate formation during exposure. However, a clear characterisation of the test items used in these studies and their modulation during treatment is often missing. Thus, for the time being a case-by-case approach is appropriate. The available data on any of the graphene oxide test material may not necessarily be relevant for the registered substance, and the hazard assessment for graphene oxide will be restricted to the specific characterisation of the registered test item described in this IUCLID dossier.

Classification

Physical hazards

Explosives

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Flammable gases and chemically unstable gases

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Aerosols

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Reason for no classification:

hazard class not assessed

Oxidising gases

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Gases under pressure

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Flammable liquids

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Flammable solids

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Self-reactive substances and mixtures

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Pyrophoric liquids

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Pyrophoric solids

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Self-heating substances and mixtures

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Substances and mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Oxidising liquids

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Oxidising solids

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Organic peroxides

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Corrosive to metals

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Desensitized explosives

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Health hazards

Acute toxicity - oral

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Acute toxicity - dermal

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Acute toxicity - inhalation

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Skin corrosion / irritation

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Serious eye damage / eye irritation

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Respiratory sensitisation

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Skin sensitisation

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Aspiration hazard

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Reproductive toxicity

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Effects on or via lactation

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Germ cell mutagenicity

Reason for no classification:

data inconclusive

Carcinogenicity

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

1. Specific target organ toxicity - single (STOT-SE)

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

1. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated (STOT-RE)

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Environmental hazards

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (acute / short-term)

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Hazardous to the aquatic environment (long-term)

Reason for no classification:

data conclusive but not sufficient for classification

Hazardous to the ozone layer

Reason for no classification:

data lacking

Labelling

Signal word:

No signal word