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EC number: 203-271-5 | CAS number: 105-11-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Explosiveness
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- explosive properties of explosives
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 01-06-2019 to 07-05-2020
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well documented guideline study performed, non-GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Testing conducted according to international transport and supply/use regulations and manual and criteria.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Part I: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to explosives of Class 1
- Version / remarks:
- UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Part I (Seventh ed., 2019)
Testing consisted of:
1. DSC Screening
2. UN MTC Tests associated test UN Test Series as below:
(i) Gap test : UN Test 1 (a) and/or 2 (a)
(ii) Koenen tube test : UN Test 2 (b)
(iii) Time / pressure test : UN Test 1 (c) and/or 2 (c)(i)
(iv) BAM Fallhammer test : EU Method A.14 (mechanical sensitivity: shock) and/or equivalent or similar to UN Test 3 (a)(ii)
(v) BAM friction test : EU Method A.14 (mechanical sensitivity: friction) and/or equivalent or similar to UN Test 3 (b)(i)
(vi) Deflagration Test : UN Test C.2
(vii) Dutch Pressure Vessel Test: UN Test E.2
(viii) BAM Trauzl Test : UN Test F.3
(ix) Single Package Test: UN Test 6 (a) : (i) 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg
(xi) External fire (bonfire) test : UN Test 6 (c) : 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg - Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method A.14 (Explosive properties)
- Version / remarks:
- See above.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Well documented guideline study performed, non-GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Testing conducted according to international transport and supply/use regulations and manual and criteria.
- Key result
- Parameter:
- other: DSC screening
- Remarks on result:
- other: DSC screening (heating rate +5 K/min): indicated > 800 J/g at onset temperature < 500 °C (actual: 229 – 237 °C and 1879 – 2153 J/g)
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 2
- Remarks:
- and/or UN Test Series 1 (a)
- Method:
- UN Test 2 (a): UN gap test
- Parameter:
- fragmented length (cm)
- Value:
- 31
- Result:
- negative, not sensitive to detonative shock
- Remarks:
- negative, no propagation of detonation
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 2
- Method:
- UN Test 2 (b): Koenen test
- Parameter:
- limiting diameter (mm)
- Value:
- 2
- Result:
- positive, violent effect on heating under confinement
- Remarks:
- Fragmentation type: 'F': Tube fragmented into three or more mainly large pieces (actual 'F3', i.e. three pieces)
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 2
- Method:
- UN Test 2 (c) (i): Time/pressure test
- Parameter:
- other: time for a pressure rise (ms)
- Value:
- 32
- Result:
- negative, no or slow deflagration
- Remarks on result:
- time for a pressure rise from 690 to 2070 kPa (ms)
- Remarks:
- Evaluation according to UN test 1 (c) (i) : "+" (positive), i.e. the test substance is capable of deflagration. Evaluation according to UN test 2 (c) (i) : “-“ (negative), i.e. the test substance is not capable of rapid deflagration.
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 3
- Method:
- UN Test 3 (a) (ii): BAM Fallhammer
- Parameter:
- limiting impact energy (J)
- Value:
- 7.5
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Remarks on result:
- other: The test item showed an explosion in five of six experiments with an impact energy of 40 J. The test item showed no explosion in six tests with an impact energy of 7.5 J.
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 3
- Method:
- UN Test 3 (b) (i): BAM friction apparatus
- Parameter:
- limiting load (N)
- Value:
- 360
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Remarks on result:
- limiting load > 360 N
- Key result
- Test series:
- other: UN Test C.2 : Deflagration Test
- Method:
- other: Deflagration Test
- Parameter:
- other: No rupture of the disc with an orifice of 3.5 mm (sample mass 10 g), but rupture of disc with orifice of 1.0 mm or larger
- Value:
- 1
- Result:
- positive, ability to deflagrate
- Remarks:
- In the first attempt the test item deflagration was so fast that the speed could not be determined. In the second attempt, a deflagration speed of 4.35 mm/s was measured, and the test came to an end. Evaluation according to UN test C.2 : "yes, rapidly"
- Key result
- Test series:
- other: UN Test E.2 : Dutch Pressure Vessel Test
- Method:
- other: UN Test E.2 : Dutch Pressure Vessel Test
- Parameter:
- other: sensitiveness of substance to effect of intense heat under confinement
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- other: No rupture of the disc with an orifice of 3.5 mm (sample mass 10 g), but rupture of disc with orifice of 1.0 mm or larger Actual: rupture at 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm and 2.5mm Evaluation according to UN test E.2 : "low”
- Remarks on result:
- other: test method examines effect of heating under confinement
- Key result
- Test series:
- other: UN Test F.3 : BAM Trauzl Test
- Method:
- other: UN Test F.3 : BAM Trauzl Test
- Parameter:
- other: Explosive Power
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- other: For 10 g test item an expansion of 24 cm3 was observed Evaluation according to UN test F.3 : "low”
- Remarks on result:
- other: test method examines explosive power
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (a): Single package test
- Parameter:
- other: Mass Explosion
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- negative, no explosion
- Remarks on result:
- mass explosion
- Remarks:
- Test item burned quickly with violent flames and smoke development. After the burn, the packaging showed that the clamping ring of the cardboard barrel opened and the test item burned off completely. The cardboard barrel was not destroyed, but it showed fire holes in some places. The detection/witness plate was not damaged.
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg Total Net Weight: 136.2 kg (3 units)
- Method:
- other: External fire (bonfire) test : UN Test 6 (c)
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) (in kW/m^2)
- Value:
- 4.9
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 130 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): 4.9 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Interpretation of results:
- Division 1.4 (substances, mixtures and articles which present no significant hazard) based on GHS criteria
- Remarks:
- EU & GHS criteria utilised in assessment
- Conclusions:
- (i) Test item: unpackaged & repackaged in non-original container : EU Criteria: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 : has the potential to meet the GHS Criteria for Division 1.1 (substances, mixtures and articles which have a mass explosion hazard): - when heated under confinement. See CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008: Annex 1 – section 2.1.3 for more information.
(ii) Test item: when packaged as indicated in the current study: meets GHS Criteria for Division 1.4 (compatibility group C) - Executive summary:
The potential explosivity of the test item was assessed in accordance with the UN Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (Seventh ed. 2019) using Test Series 1 & 2, 3 and 6. Further information was also obtained from the following additional tests: (i) UN Test C.2 : Deflagration Test ; (ii) UN Test E.2 : Dutch Pressure Vessel Test and/or (iii) UN Test F.3 : BAM Trauzl Test. The selection of testing was made by expert judgement and in accordance of the results observed in preceding tests. The test item was positive in the Koenen tube test : UN Test 2 (b) for heating under confinement but yielded otherwise negative UN Test Series 2(a) and (c) and negative UN Test Series 3 (a)(ii) and (b) tests. Further testing in the UN Test E.2 : Dutch Pressure Vessel Test and/or UN Test F.3 : BAM Trauzl Test, indicated low sensitiveness of the substance for heating under confinement and/or low explosive power, respectively. An external : Single Package Test to UN Test Series 6 (a), was conducted on a 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg. This indicated no mass explosion hazard. Subsequently, a UN Test Series 6 (c) external fire (bonfire) test of the test item was conducted in packaging which was: 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg with Total Net Weight: 136.2 kg (3 units). The wood crib was ignited using a mixture of liquid fuels and an igniter. The heat flux was measured using infrared sensors (bolometer). The criteria for thermal effects are the burning time and the heat flux in 15 m and 5 m distances. The heat flux is measured 5 s during the period of maximum heat generation. For an exemption from Class 1 "Explosives" of the UN Recommendations of the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the Hazard Class "Explosives" of the GHS the heat flux shall be determined at the distance of 5 m. Under the conditions of the study, the packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections. The measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux in 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 136 kg is 4.9 kW/m2). Based on the test results the test item as packed should be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
Cross-reference to other study:
Anon., 2020 : UN Test 6 (c) : external fire (bonfire) test in multiple packaging types: The results of the current study external bonfire test (in 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg) are reported in conjunction with the remaining packaging type test results, for consistency purposes.
- Endpoint:
- explosive properties of explosives
- Remarks:
- UN MTC Tests E.6 : External fire (bonfire) test : UN Test 6 (c) in multiple packaging types.
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 04-09-2020 to 07-12-2020
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well documented guideline study performed, non-GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Testing conducted according to international transport and supply/use regulations and manual and criteria.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Part I: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to explosives of Class 1
- Version / remarks:
- UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Part I (Seventh ed., 2019) - external bonfire test - in multiple packaging types.
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Well documented guideline study performed, non-GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Testing conducted according to international transport and supply/use regulations and manual and criteria.
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg Total Net Weight: 136.2 kg (3 units)
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (c): External fire (bonfire) test
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2)
- Value:
- 4.9
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 130 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): 4.9 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 10-gallon fiberboard drum (1G), net weight 15 kg Total net weight: 90 kg (6 units)
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (c): External fire (bonfire) test
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2)
- Value:
- 4
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 80 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): > 4.0 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 5-gallon fiberboard drum (1G), net weight 4 kg Total net weight: 43 kg (10 units)
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (c): External fire (bonfire) test
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2)
- Value:
- 4
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 70 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): > 4.0 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 5-gallon PE pails removable head (2H1) inserted in fibreboard box (4G), net weight of 5-gallon was about 8 kg Total net weight: 114 kg (14 units)
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (c): External fire (bonfire) test
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2)
- Value:
- 4
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 100 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): > 4.0 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- 4 PE gallon jerricans (3H2) inserted in fibreboard box (4C), net weight of each gallon ranged between 1.4 - 1.7 kg Total net weight: 96 kg (15 units)
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (c): External fire (bonfire) test
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2)
- Value:
- 4
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 20 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): > 4.0 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Remarks:
- plastic jerricans (3H1) with removable head and a volume of 20 1/5 gallon (inner packaging). Each plastic jerrican was inserted in a fibreboard box (4G) (outer packaging), net weight was about 8 kg Total net weight: 112 kg (14 units)
- Method:
- UN Test 6 (c): External fire (bonfire) test
- Parameter:
- other: Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2)
- Value:
- 4
- Result:
- Division 1.4
- Remarks on result:
- radiant heat
- Remarks:
- Burning time (in seconds): 100 s Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m2): > 4.0 kW/m^2 Other: no evidence of explosion, no potentially hazardous projections
- Interpretation of results:
- Division 1.4 (substances, mixtures and articles which present no significant hazard) based on GHS criteria
- Conclusions:
- For all packaging types : the packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections. In all packaging types, the measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux in 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 112 kg is 4.3 kW/m2). Based on the test results the test item as packed should be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
- Executive summary:
The potential explosivity of the test item was assessed in accordance with the UN Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (Seventh ed. 2019) using Test Series 6 (c) : external fire (bonfire) test of the test item within multiple packaging types. The selection of testing was made by expert judgement of the testing facility and in accordance of the results observed in preceding tests. Testing was completed within the following packaging types: (i) 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg ; (ii) 10-gallon fibreboard drum (1G), net weight 15 kg ; (iii) 5-gallon fibreboard drum (1G), net weight 4 kg ; (iv) 5-gallon PE pails removable head (2H1) inserted in fibreboard box (4G), net weight of 5-gallon was about 8 kg ; (v) 4 PE gallon jerricans (3H2) inserted in fibreboard box (4C), net weight of each gallon ranged between 1.4 - 1.7 kg and/or (vi) plastic jerricans (3H1) with removable head and a volume of 20 1/5 gallon (inner packaging). Each plastic jerrican was inserted in a fibreboard box (4G) (outer packaging), net weight was about 8 kg. For (vi) in the external fire test 14 packages each with 8 kg of the packaged test item were placed on the metal grid. The wood crib was ignited using a mixture of liquid fuels and an igniter. The heat flux was measured using infrared sensors (bolometer). The criteria for thermal effects are the burning time and the heat flux in 15 m and 5 m distances. The heat flux is measured 5 s during the period of maximum heat generation. For an exemption from Class 1 "Explosives" of the UN Recommendations of the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the Hazard Class "Explosives" of the GHS the heat flux shall be determined at the distance of 5 m. Under the conditions of the study, for all packaging types : the packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections. In all packaging types, the measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux in 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 112 kg is 4.3 kW/m2). Based on the test results the test item as packed should be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
- Endpoint:
- explosive properties of explosives
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 21-06-2017 to 30-01-2018
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Well documented guideline study performed, non-GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Testing conducted according to international transport and supply/use regulations and manual and criteria.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Part I: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to explosives of Class 1
- Version / remarks:
- UN MTC Tests E.2 and E.3 and E.6 and associated test UN Test Series as below:
(i) Gap test : UN Test 2 (a)
(ii) Koenen tube test : UN Test 2 (b)
(iii) Time / pressure test : UN Test 2 (c)(i)
(iv) BAM Fallhammer test : UN Test 3 (a)(ii)
(v) BAM friction test : UN Test 3 (b)(i)
(vi) Thermal stability test at 75°C : UN Test 3 (c)
(vii) Small scale burning test : UN Test 3 (d)
(viii) External fire (bonfire) test : UN Test 6 (c) - Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Well documented guideline study performed, non-GLP. All relevant validity criteria were met. Testing conducted according to international transport and supply/use regulations and manual and criteria.
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 2
- Method:
- UN Test 2 (a): UN gap test
- Parameter:
- fragmented length (cm)
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- negative, not sensitive to detonative shock
- Remarks:
- negative, no propagation of detonation
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 2
- Method:
- UN Test 2 (b): Koenen test
- Parameter:
- limiting diameter (mm)
- Value:
- 2
- Result:
- positive, violent effect on heating under confinement
- Remarks:
- Fragmentation type: 'F': Tube fragmented into three or more mainly large pieces
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 2
- Method:
- UN Test 2 (c) (i): Time/pressure test
- Parameter:
- other: time for a pressure rise (ms)
- Value:
- 39
- Result:
- negative, no or slow deflagration
- Remarks on result:
- time for a pressure rise from 690 to 2070 kPa (ms)
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 3
- Method:
- UN Test 3 (a) (ii): BAM Fallhammer
- Parameter:
- limiting impact energy (J)
- Value:
- 15
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 3
- Method:
- UN Test 3 (b) (i): BAM friction apparatus
- Parameter:
- limiting load (N)
- Value:
- 360
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Remarks on result:
- limiting load > 360 N
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 3
- Method:
- UN Test 3 (c) (i): Thermal stability test at 75°C
- Parameter:
- other: Thermal stability at 75 °C
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Remarks:
- No ignition / explosion / self-heating occurred during the test. The test result is therefore considered negative (-)
- Key result
- Test series:
- UN Test series 3
- Method:
- UN Test 3 (d): Small-scale burning test
- Parameter:
- other: fails to ignite, burn and/or explode
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Remarks on result:
- other: observed to ignite and burn in all four tests
- Test series:
- UN Test series 6
- Method:
- other: External fire (bonfire) test : UN Test 6 (c)
- Parameter:
- other: basis of whether a mass explosion, potentially hazardous projections or damage to the witness screens occurs
- Value:
- 0
- Result:
- result is considered "-" (negative)
- Remarks on result:
- other: See 'Remarks'
- Remarks:
- Package was quickly engulfed by the flames and ignited. The contents ignited and burned fiercely. Some burning material exited the drum and landed with 1 m of the fire, where it continued to burn. No metallic projections were seen and no impacts were recorded on the witness screens. No jetting of flames was seen.
- Interpretation of results:
- other: result for : Unpackaged substance. More information provided in 'Conclusions'.
- Remarks:
- EU & GHS criteria utilised in assessment
- Conclusions:
- Unpackaged Test Item: EU Criteria: CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 : has the potential to meet the GHS Criteria for Division 1.1 (substances, mixtures and articles which have a mass explosion hazard): - when heated under confinement. See CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008: Annex 1 – section 2.1.3 for more information.
- Executive summary:
The potential explosivity of the test item was assessed in accordance with the UN Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (2015) using Test Series 2, 3 and 6. The selection of testing was made by expert judgement and in accordance of the results observed in preceding tests. The test item was positive in the Koenen tube test : UN Test 2 (b) for heating under confinement but yielded otherwise negative UN Test Series 2(a) and (b) and negative UN Test Series 3 (a)(ii), (b) and (d) tests. On the basis of preceding testing UN Test Series 6(a) and (b) were omitted. The test item packaged in a 34 gallon fibreboard drum used for transport, was tested in UN Test Series 6(c): bonfire test at an appropriately licenced facility.
Note: Within the present study (packaged substance) Test Series 6(c), result and conclusion is overridden by the later (anon., 2020) External fire (bonfire) test: UN Test 6 (c) in multiple packaging types. Refer to cross-referenced study.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1.0 : Screening tests, UN Test Series 6 (a) single package test and results of UN Test Series 6 (c) external bonfire testing
Test Name | Test Number | Test Result | Comments |
UN Gap test | UN 2 (a) | Negative | The tube fragmentation length was 30 cm to 31 cm and the witness plate was curved/deformed ; no holes were punched through the witness plate. |
Koenen Tube test | UN 2 (b) | Positive | The sample has been shown to have a limiting diameter of 2 mm (positive) Type: ‘F’ Tube fragmented into three or more mainly large pieces |
Time / Pressure test | UN 2 (c)(i) | Negative | The shortest time for a pressure rise from 690 to 2070 kPa was 32 ms Actual: 43 ms, 32 ms and/or 34 ms (n=3 replicates) Evaluation according to UN test 1 (c) (i) : "+" (positive), i.e. the test item is capable of deflagration. Evaluation according to UN test 2 (c) (i) : “-“ (negative), i.e. the test item is not capable of rapid deflagration. |
|
|
|
|
BAM Fallhammer test | UN 3 (a)(ii) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting impact energy of > 7.5 J The test item showed an explosion in five of six experiments with an impact energy of 40 J. The test item showed no explosion in six tests with an impact energy of 7.5 J. |
BAM friction test | UN 3 (b)(i) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting load of > 360 N The test item was found not to be sensitive to friction with a friction load of 360 N. |
|
|
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Deflagration Test | UN Test C.2 | Yes, rapidly (worst-case) | In the first attempt the test item deflagration was so fast that the speed could not be determined. In the second attempt, a deflagration speed of 4.35 mm/s was measured, and the test came to an end. Evaluation according to UN test C.2 : "yes, rapidly" (worst case). |
Dutch Pressure Vessel Test | UN Test E.2 | Low | No rupture of the disc with an orifice of 3.5 mm (sample mass 10 g), but rupture of disc with orifice of 1.0 mm or larger Actual: rupture at 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm and 2.5mm Evaluation according to UN test E.2 : "low” |
BAM Trauzl Test | UN Test F.3 | Low | For 10 g test item an expansion of 24 cm3 was observed Evaluation according to UN test F.3 : "low” |
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Single Package Test | UN 6 (a) | Negative (no mass explosion) | 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg Test item burned quickly with violent flames and smoke development. After the burn, the packaging showed that the clamping ring of the cardboard barrel opened and the test item burned off completely. The cardboard barrel was not destroyed, but it showed fire holes in some places. The detection/witness plate was not damaged.
UN Test 6 (b), omitted based on the results of Test 6 (a) |
External fire (bonfire) Test | UN 6 (c) | Negative | 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg 136.2 kg (3 units) Burning time (in seconds) : 130 Heat flux (5 m distance) (in kW/m^2) : 4.9 Maximum height of flame (in meters) : ca. 15 |
Testing Facility comments:
(1) The criteria for thermal effects are the burning time and the heat flux in 15 m and 5 m distances. The heat flux is measured 5 s during the period of maximum heat generation. For an exemption from Class 1 "Explosives" of the UN Recommendations of the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the Hazard Class "Explosives" of the GHS the heat flux shall be determined at the distance of 5 m.
(2) The packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections, but the measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 136 kg is 4.9 kW/m2).
Based on the test results the test item as packed shall be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
The test is performed on packages of the explosive substance to determine whether there is a mass explosion or a hazard from dangerous projection, radiant heat and/or violent burning when involved in a fire.
The test item was evaluated in larger packages in accordance with test series 6 and classified in Division 1.4 (test facility reference provided in the full study report):
(i) 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg (see cross-referenced study)
(ii) 10-gallon fibreboard drum (1G), net weight 15 kg
(iii) 5-gallon fibreboard drum (1G), net weight 4 kg
(iv) 5-gallon PE pails removable head (2H1) inserted in fibreboard box (4G), net weight of 5-gallon was about 8 kg
(v) 4 PE gallon jerricans (3H2) inserted in fibreboard box (4C), net weight of each gallon ranged between 1.4 - 1.7 kg
The (further) the UN-test 6 (c) should be used to examine whether the test substance in smaller packaging may be excluded from the Class "Explosives ": package type: (vi) plastic jerricans (3H1) with removable head and a volume of 20 1/5 gallon (inner packaging). Each plastic jerrican was inserted in a fibreboard box (4G) (outer packaging), net weight was about 8 kg
Within the UN-test 6 (c) observations are made on the following:
(a) Evidence of explosion;
(b) Potentially hazardous projections and
(c) Thermal effects.
For (vi) in the external fire test 14 packages each with 8 kg of the packaged test item were placed on the metal grid. The wood crib was ignited using a mixture of liquid fuels and an igniter. The heat flux was measured using infrared sensors (bolometer).
Table 1.0 : Packaging types and results of UN Test Series 6 (c) external bonfire tests
Test | Packaging unit | Total net weight | Burning time (in seconds) | Heat flux : 5 m distance (in kW/m^2) | Maximum height of flame (in meters) |
(i) | 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg | 136.2 kg (3 units) | 130 | 4.9 | ca. 15 |
(ii) | 10-gallon fiberboard drum (1G), net weight 15 kg | 90 kg (6 units) | 80 | > 4 | ca. 10 |
(iii) | 5-gallon fiberboard drum (1G), net weight 4 kg | 43 kg (10 units) | 70 | > 4 | 5.3 |
(iv) | 5-gallon PE pails removable head (2H1) inserted in fibreboard box (4G), net weight of 5-gallon was about 8 kg | 114 kg (14 units) | 100 | > 4 | 15 |
(v) | 4 PE gallon jerricans (3H2) inserted in fibreboard box (4C), net weight of each gallon ranged between 1.4 - 1.7 kg | 96 kg (15 units) | 20 | > 4 | 9 |
(vI) | plastic jerricans (3H1) with removable head and a volume of 20 1/5 gallon (inner packaging). Each plastic jerrican was inserted in a fibreboard box (4G) (outer packaging), net weight was about 8 kg | 112 kg (14 units) | 100 | > 4 | ca. 15 |
Criteria to pass test | 100 kg net mass | > 330 s | < 4 kW/m^2 #1 |
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Where:
#1: Irradiance measured over 5 s during period of max. output < 4 kW/m^2
Testing Facility comments:
(1) The criteria for thermal effects are the burning time and the heat flux in 15 m and 5 m distances. The heat flux is measured 5 s during the period of maximum heat generation. For an exemption from Class 1 "Explosives" of the UN Recommendations of the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the Hazard Class "Explosives" of the GHS the heat flux shall be determined at the distance of 5 m.
(2) The packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections, but the measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux in 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 112 kg is 4.3 kW/m2). Based on the test results the test item as packed shall be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
Table1.0 : Test Results for the test item
Test Name | Test Number | Test Result | Comments |
UN Gap test | UN 2 (a) | Negative | The tube remained intact during both tests and no holes were punched through the witness plate. |
Koenen Tube test | UN 2 (b) | Positive | The sample has been shown to have a limiting diameter of 2 mm (positive) Type: ‘F’ Tube fragmented into three or more mainly large pieces |
Time / Pressure test | UN 2 (c)(i) | Negative | The shortest time for a pressure rise from 690 to 2070 kPa was 39 ms |
BAM Fallhammer test | UN 3 (a)(ii) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting impact energy of 15 J |
BAM friction test | UN 3 (b)(i) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting load of > 360 N |
Thermal stability test at 75°C | UN 3 (c) | Negative | No ignition / explosion / self-heating occurred during the test |
Small scale burning test | UN 3 (d) | Negative | The sample was observed to ignite and burn in all four tests |
External fire (bonfire) test | UN 6 (c) | Negative | The fibreboard drum was quickly engulfed by the flames and ignited. The contents of the drum then ignited and burned fiercely. Some burning material exited the drum and landed with 1 m of the fire, where it continued to burn. No metallic projections were seen and no impacts were recorded on the witness screens. No jetting of flames was seen. |
Description of key information
Packaged substance - Explosivity: For all tested packaging types : the packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections. The substance as packed should be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C and H204: Fire or projection hazard ; UN MTC Test Series 6(c) - External fire (bonfire) test, 2020
Unpackaged substance or re-packaged substance (not in original packaging) - Explosivity: Explosive if heated under confinement, UN MTC Test Series 2(b) - Koenen Tube test, 2018 and/or MTC Test Series 2(b) - Koenen Tube test, 2020
For un-packaged or re-packaged substance (not in original packaging) the risk to users of the substance is explicitly communicated by the application of : CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008: Note 1 to Table 2.1.2 in Annex 1 – section 2.1.3 and due to associated communication of the ‘Risk of explosion if heated under confinement’.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Explosiveness:
- explosive
Additional information
Key study : UN MTC (2015), 2018: The potential explosivity of the test item was assessed in accordance with the UN Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (2015) using Test Series 2, 3 and 6. The selection of testing was made by expert judgement and in accordance of the results observed in preceding tests. The test item was positive in the Koenen tube test : UN Test 2 (b) for heating under confinement but yielded otherwise negative UN Test Series 2(a) and (b) and negative UN Test Series 3 (a)(ii), (b) and (d) tests. On the basis of preceding testing UN Test Series 6(a) and (b) were omitted. The test item packaged in a 34 gallon fibreboard drum used for transport, was tested in UN Test Series 6(c): bonfire test at an appropriately licenced facility.
Note: Within the present study (packaged substance) Test Series 6(c), result and conclusion is overridden by the later (anon., 2020) External fire (bonfire) test: UN Test 6 (c) in multiple packaging types. Refer to cross-referenced study.
Table 1.0 : UN Transport MTC (2015) - results of test series
Test Name | Test Number | Test Result | Comments |
UN Gap test | UN 2 (a) | Negative | The tube remained intact during both tests and no holes were punched through the witness plate. |
Koenen Tube test | UN 2 (b) | Positive | The sample has been shown to have a limiting diameter of 2 mm (positive) Type: ‘F’ Tube fragmented into three or more mainly large pieces |
Time / Pressure test | UN 2 (c)(i) | Negative | The shortest time for a pressure rise from 690 to 2070 kPa was 39 ms |
BAM Fallhammer test | UN 3 (a)(ii) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting impact energy of 15 J |
BAM friction test | UN 3 (b)(i) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting load of > 360 N |
Thermal stability test at 75°C | UN 3 (c) | Negative | No ignition / explosion / self-heating occurred during the test |
Small scale burning test | UN 3 (d) | Negative | The sample was observed to ignite and burn in all four tests |
External fire (bonfire) test | UN 6 (c) | Negative | The fibreboard drum was quickly engulfed by the flames and ignited. The contents of the drum then ignited and burned fiercely. Some burning material exited the drum and landed with 1 m of the fire, where it continued to burn. No metallic projections were seen and no impacts were recorded on the witness screens. No jetting of flames was seen. |
Key study : UN MTC (7th ed., 2019), screening tests, single package test and external bonfire test, 2020 : The potential explosivity of the test item was assessed in accordance with the UN Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (Seventh ed. 2019) using Test Series 1 & 2, 3 and 6. Further information was also obtained from the following additional tests: (i) UN Test C.2 : Deflagration Test ; (ii) UN Test E.2 : Dutch Pressure Vessel Test and/or (iii) UN Test F.3 : BAM Trauzl Test. The selection of testing was made by expert judgement and in accordance of the results observed in preceding tests. The test item was positive in the Koenen tube test : UN Test 2 (b) for heating under confinement but yielded otherwise negative UN Test Series 2(a) and (c) and negative UN Test Series 3 (a)(ii) and (b) tests. Further testing in the UN Test E.2 : Dutch Pressure Vessel Test and/or UN Test F.3 : BAM Trauzl Test, indicated low sensitiveness of the substance for heating under confinement and/or low explosive power, respectively. An external : Single Package Test to UN Test Series 6 (a), was conducted on a 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg. This indicated no mass explosion hazard. Subsequently, a UN Test Series 6 (c) external fire (bonfire) test of the test item was conducted in packaging which was: 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg with Total Net Weight: 136.2 kg (3 units). The wood crib was ignited using a mixture of liquid fuels and an igniter. The heat flux was measured using infrared sensors (bolometer). The criteria for thermal effects are the burning time and the heat flux in 15 m and 5 m distances. The heat flux is measured 5 s during the period of maximum heat generation. For an exemption from Class 1 "Explosives" of the UN Recommendations of the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the Hazard Class "Explosives" of the GHS the heat flux shall be determined at the distance of 5 m. Under the conditions of the study, the packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections. The measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux in 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 136 kg is 4.9 kW/m2). Based on the test results the test item as packed should be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
Table 1.1 : Screening tests, UN Test Series 6 (a) single package test
Test Name | Test Number | Test Result | Comments |
UN Gap test | UN 2 (a) | Negative | The tube fragmentation length was 30 cm to 31 cm and the witness plate was curved/deformed ; no holes were punched through the witness plate. |
Koenen Tube test | UN 2 (b) | Positive | The sample has been shown to have a limiting diameter of 2 mm (positive) Type: ‘F’ Tube fragmented into three or more mainly large pieces |
Time / Pressure test | UN 2 (c)(i) | Negative | The shortest time for a pressure rise from 690 to 2070 kPa was 32 ms Actual: 43 ms, 32 ms and/or 34 ms (n=3 replicates)
Evaluation according to UN test 1 (c) (i) : "+" (positive), i.e. the test item is capable of deflagration. Evaluation according to UN test 2 (c) (i) : “-“ (negative), i.e. the test item is not capable of rapid deflagration. |
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BAM Fallhammer test | UN 3 (a)(ii) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting impact energy of > 7.5 J
The test item showed an explosion in five of six experiments with an impact energy of 40 J. The test item showed no explosion in six tests with an impact energy of 7.5 J. |
BAM friction test | UN 3 (b)(i) | Negative | The sample was observed to have a limiting load of > 360 N
The test item was found not to be sensitive to friction with a friction load of 360 N. |
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Deflagration Test | UN Test C.2 | Yes, rapidly (worst-case) | In the first attempt the test item deflagration was so fast that the speed could not be determined. In the second attempt, a deflagration speed of 4.35 mm/s was measured, and the test came to an end. Evaluation according to UN test C.2 : "yes, rapidly" (worst case). |
Dutch Pressure Vessel Test | UN Test E.2 | Low | No rupture of the disc with an orifice of 3.5 mm (sample mass 10 g), but rupture of disc with orifice of 1.0 mm or larger Actual: rupture at 1.0 mm and 2.0 mm and 2.5mm Evaluation according to UN test E.2 : "low” |
BAM Trauzl Test | UN Test F.3 | Low | For 10 g test item an expansion of 24 cm3 was observed Evaluation according to UN test F.3 : "low” |
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Single Package Test | UN 6 (a) | Negative (no mass explosion) | 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg Test item burned quickly with violent flames and smoke development. After the burn, the packaging showed that the clamping ring of the cardboard barrel opened and the test item burned off completely. The cardboard barrel was not destroyed, but it showed fire holes in some places. The detection/witness plate was not damaged.
UN Test 6 (b), omitted based on the results of Test 6 (a) |
Note: The results of the current study external bonfire test (in 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg) are reported in conjunction with the remaining packaging type test results (below), for consistency purposes.
Key study : UN MTC (7th ed., 2019), external bonfire test - multiple packaging types, 2020 : The potential explosivity of the test item was assessed in accordance with the UN Transport of Dangerous Goods: Manual of Tests and Criteria (Seventh ed. 2019) using Test Series 6 (c) : external fire (bonfire) test of the test item within multiple packaging types. The selection of testing was made by expert judgement of the testing facility and in accordance of the results observed in preceding tests. Testing was completed within the following packaging types: (i) 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg ; (ii) 10-gallon fibreboard drum (1G), net weight 15 kg ; (iii) 5-gallon fibreboard drum (1G), net weight 4 kg ; (iv) 5-gallon PE pails removable head (2H1) inserted in fibreboard box (4G), net weight of 5-gallon was about 8 kg ; (v) 4 PE gallon jerricans (3H2) inserted in fibreboard box (4C), net weight of each gallon ranged between 1.4 - 1.7 kg and/or (vi) plastic jerricans (3H1) with removable head and a volume of 20 1/5 gallon (inner packaging). Each plastic jerrican was inserted in a fibreboard box (4G) (outer packaging), net weight was about 8 kg. For (vi) in the external fire test 14 packages each with 8 kg of the packaged test item were placed on the metal grid. The wood crib was ignited using a mixture of liquid fuels and an igniter. The heat flux was measured using infrared sensors (bolometer). The criteria for thermal effects are the burning time and the heat flux in 15 m and 5 m distances. The heat flux is measured 5 s during the period of maximum heat generation. For an exemption from Class 1 "Explosives" of the UN Recommendations of the Transport of Dangerous Goods or the Hazard Class "Explosives" of the GHS the heat flux shall be determined at the distance of 5 m. Under the conditions of the study, for all packaging types : the packaged test item showed no evidence of explosion and no potentially hazardous projections. In all packaging types, the measured burning time was less than 330 seconds for 100 kg net mass and the heat flux in 5 m for 100 kg was higher than 4.0 kW/m^2 (comparable heat flux for 112 kg is 4.3 kW/m2). Based on the test results the test item as packed should be classified as GHS Explosive Division 1.4 Compatibility Group C.
Table 1.2 : Packaging types and results of UN Test Series 6 (c) external bonfire tests
Test | Packaging unit | Total net weight | Burning time (in seconds) | Heat flux (5 m distance) ( in kW/m^2) | Maximum height of flame (in meters) |
(i) | 34-gallon fibre drum (1G), net weight 45.4 kg | 136.2 kg (3 units) | 130 | 4.9 | ca. 15 |
(ii) | 10-gallon fiberboard drum (1G), net weight 15 kg | 90 kg (6 units) | 80 | > 4 | ca. 10 |
(iii) | 5-gallon fiberboard drum (1G), net weight 4 kg | 43 kg (10 units) | 70 | > 4 | 5.3 |
(iv) | 5-gallon PE pails removable head (2H1) inserted in fibreboard box (4G), net weight of 5-gallon was about 8 kg | 114 kg (14 units) | 100 | > 4 | 15 |
(v) | 4 PE gallon jerricans (3H2) inserted in fibreboard box (4C), net weight of each gallon ranged between 1.4 - 1.7 kg | 96 kg (15 units) | 20 | > 4 | 9 |
(vI) | plastic jerricans (3H1) with removable head and a volume of 20 1/5 gallon (inner packaging). Each plastic jerrican was inserted in a fibreboard box (4G) (outer packaging), net weight was about 8 kg | 112 kg (14 units) | 100 | > 4 | ca. 15 |
For information: | Criteria to pass test | 100 kg net mass | > 330 s | < 4 kW/m^2 #1 |
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Where:
#1: Irradiance measured over 5 s during period of max. output < 4 kW/m^2
Justification for classification or non-classification
The packaged substance meets the classification criteria under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 for explosives – Division 1.4 compatibility group C : H204: Fire or projection hazard.
The unpackaged substance & repackaged in non-original container has the potential to meet the classification criteria under Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 for explosives – Division 1.1: H201: Explosive; mass explosion hazard ; if inappropriately packaged or when re-packaged (not in original packaging containers) due to ‘Risk of explosion if heated under confinement’. The risk to users of the substance when un-packaged or re-packaged substance (not in original packaging) is covered by the automatic application of : CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008: Note 1 to Table 2.1.2 in Annex 1 – section 2.1.3.
This is to ensure that substances which may technically be ‘inadequately covered’ by the classification criteria per se : due to ‘packaging dependence’ will remain covered and the risks of the substance which is unpackaged/re-packaged (non-original container) due to ‘Risk of explosion if heated under confinement’ are communicated. Refer to ECHA Guidance on the CLP criteria (2017) – pages 104-107 for further information.
References:
1. REACH Regulation (EC) 1907/2006, Annex VII, section 7.11
2. CLP Regulation (EC) 1272/2008, Annex I, section 1 and 2
3. UN Transport of Dangerous Goods Manual of Tests and Criteria, Seventh Edition (2019)
4. ECHA Guidance on Application on the CLP Criteria, section 2.1 (v5.0, July 2017)
5. ECHA Guidance on Information Requirements and Chemical Safety Assessment (Chapter R.7a: Endpoint Specific Guidance, July 2017)
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