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EC number: 203-518-7 | CAS number: 107-75-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Irritation/corrosion:
- skin: not irritating (Toxicol Labs Limited 1985)
- eye: irritating (BASF 1972, XXI/221)
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Skin irritation / corrosion
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- skin irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable report performed according to current guidelines
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method B.4 (Acute Toxicity: Dermal Irritation / Corrosion)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: A. Smith, 7 Kydcomb Road, Warlingham, Surrey
- Housing: individually
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C):18-22
- Humidity (%):42-65
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light):12/12 - Type of coverage:
- semiocclusive
- Preparation of test site:
- other: clipped, intact
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- not specified
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 0.5ml
- Concentration (if solution): 100% - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 4 h
- Observation period:
- 1, 24, 48, 72 h; 7 d
- Number of animals:
- 4
- Details on study design:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: dorsal skin
- Type of wrap if used: placed evenly over a 2.5 cm square of surgical lint B.P placed onto a 6 cm square area of clipped, intact dorsal skin. The lint patches were held in place by encircling the trunk of the animals with a length of 'Elastoplast' elastic adhesive bandage 10 cm wide.
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing (if done): gentle swabbing with warm water
- Time after start of exposure: 4 h
SCORING SYSTEM:
Irritation was assessed and allocated a numerical value based on the following:
- Erythema and Eschar Formation
No erythema = 0;
Very slight erythema (barely perceptible) = 1;
Well-defined erythema = 2;
Moderate to severe erythema = 3;
Severe erythema (beet redness) to slight eschar formation (injuries in depth) = 4.
- Oedema Formation:
No oedema = 0;
Very slight oedema (barely perceptible) = 1;
Slight oedema (edges of area well-defined by definite raising) = 2;
Moderate oedema (raised approximately 1 mm) = 3;
Severe oedema (raised more than 1 mm and extending beyond area of exposure) = 4. - Irritation parameter:
- erythema score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- all animals
- Time point:
- other: 24, 48, 72 h
- Score:
- 0.8
- Max. score:
- 4
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 7 d
- Irritation parameter:
- edema score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- all animals
- Time point:
- other: 24, 48, 72 h
- Score:
- 0.1
- Max. score:
- 4
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within: 7 d
Reference
Readings | Animal | Erythema | Edema | Further findings |
1h | 1 | 1 | 0 | slight yellow staining |
2 | 0 | 0 | - | |
3 | 0 | 0 | - | |
4 | 1 | 0 | - | |
24h | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
2 | 0 | 0 | - | |
3 | 1 | 0 | - | |
4 | 1 | 0 | - | |
48h | 1 | 2 | 0 | - |
2 | 0 | 0 | - | |
3 | 1 | 0 | - | |
4 | 1 | 0 | - | |
72h | 1 | 1 | 0 | - |
2 | 0 | 0 | - | |
3 | 0 | 0 | - | |
4 | 1 | 0 | - | |
7d | 1 | 0 | 0 | - |
2 | 0 | 0 | - | |
3 | 0 | 0 | very slight desquamation | |
4 | 0 | 0 | - | |
Mean (24h-72h) | 1 | 1.7 | 0.3 | |
2 | 0 | 0 | ||
3 | 0.7 | 0 | ||
4 | 1 | 0 | ||
Mean (24h-72h) | all animals | 0.8 | 0.1 |
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed (not irritating)
Eye irritation
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable, well documented study report which meets basic scientific principles, not according to current guidelines
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Internal BASF method was used
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- Vienna White
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Gaukler
- Weight at study initiation: male 3.19 kg, female 3.44 kg - Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Controls:
- other: NaCl into other eye of same animal
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 50 µl
- Concentration (if solution): 100% - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- continuously
- Observation period (in vivo):
- 8 days
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 2
- Details on study design:
- SCORING SYSTEM:
Gradings for corneal opacity, conjunctival redness and chemosis were converted into numerical grading system acc. to Draize.
Chemosis (Swelling) and cornea (Opacity):
0 = none
1 = slight
2 = well defined
3 = severe
4 = very severe
Conjunctival redness (Redness):
0 = normal
1 = slight
2 = well defined
3 = severe
4= very severe - Irritation parameter:
- conjunctivae score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- all animals
- Time point:
- other: 24, 72 h
- Score:
- 1.25
- Max. score:
- 4
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 8 days
- Irritation parameter:
- chemosis score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- all animals
- Time point:
- other: 24, 72 h
- Score:
- 0.5
- Max. score:
- 4
- Reversibility:
- fully reversible within:
- Remarks on result:
- other: 72 h
- Irritation parameter:
- cornea opacity score
- Basis:
- mean
- Remarks:
- all animals
- Time point:
- other: 24, 72 h
- Score:
- 2
- Max. score:
- 4
- Reversibility:
- not fully reversible within: 8 d
Reference
Animal 1: male
Animal 2: female
Results:
Readings | Animal | Erythema | chemosis | Corneal opacity | Additional findings |
1h | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | miosis |
2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | miosis | |
3 h | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | discharge |
2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | discharge | |
24 h | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | mucosal hemorrhages |
2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | mucosal hemorrhages | |
72 h | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mucosal hemorrhages |
2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | mucosal hemorrhages, scar | |
4 d | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | mucosal hemorrhages |
2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | mucosal hemorrhages, scar | |
7 d | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | scar | |
8 d | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | scar | |
Mean 24 - 72 h | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | |
2 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 2.5 | ||
Mean | 1.25 | 0.5 | 2 |
No effects reported for iris.
No effects observed for eyes treated with NaCl.
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed (irritating)
Respiratory irritation
Endpoint conclusion
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Skin irritation:
In the chosen key study for skin irritation, according to EU Method B.4 (Acute Toxicity: Dermal Irritation / Corrosion) and GLP, four rabbits were treated with 0.5 mL of undiluted hydroxycitronellal for 4 hours under semiocclusive conditions (Toxicol Labs Limited, 1985). After 1, 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days, applications sites were evaluated for erythema and edema. Mean scores for erythema (24, 48, 72 hours) were 1.7, 0, 0.7 and 1 for each animal respectively. Mean scores for edema (24, 48, 72 hours) were 0.3, 0, 0 and 0 for each animal respectively. All effects were fully reversible within 7 days. Overall, application of undiluted hydroxycitronellal resulted in slight and reversible skin irritation under the chosen testing conditions.
In a supporting study, equivalent to EU Method B.4 (Acute Toxicity: Dermal Irritation / Corrosion) and GLP (reversibility not fully assessed), 0.5 ml of undiluted hydroxycitronellal was applied dermally under semi-occlusive conditions to three rabbits for 4 hours (Toxicol Labs Limited 1984). The application sites were evaluated 1, 24, 48, 72 hours and 7 days for erythema and edema. Mean scores for erythema (24, 48, 72 hours) were 1, 1, and 0.7 for each animal respectively. Mean scores for edema (24, 48, 72 hours) were 0.3, 0.3 and 0 for each animal respectively. Erythema were not fully reversible within 7 days, however a tendency of reversibility is indicated based on the single animal data given. Overall, application of undiluted hydroxycitronellal resulted in slight skin irritation under the chosen testing conditions.
In a skin irritation study, undiluted hydroxycitronellal was applied for 1, 5, 15 min and 20 h to the back of two Vienna White rabbits under occlusive conditions (BASF 1972; XXI/221). Sites were evaluated for the following eight days. Signs of skin irritation and desquamation were only observed after 20 h of exposure. Mean erythema score was 2 (24 -72 h) for each animal respectively, but was fully reversible after 8 days. No edema was observed. Desquamation was still present after 8 days. The effects observed were found after exposure conditions representing a worst case (occlusive, 20 hours exposure) and are not in line with current standard protocols.
A broad variety of studies in literature mainly from secondary sources are available, addressing skin irritation of hydroxycitronellal, but were not considered for this assessment, as these studies did not follow current standard protocols, used the test substance in dilutions only, and/or were of limited documentation. Within these studies, numerous irritancy-screening studies have been carried out for concentration selection for skin sensitization tests. Additionally, hydroxycitronellal was part of test substance panels for different in vitro test validation studies, with diverging findings.
Overall, on the basis of the present studies in vivo, that were performed according to current guidelines, hydroxycitronellal was found to be only slightly irritating to skin.
Data from studies in literature with human volunteers confirmed a slight irritation potential. Hydroxycitronellal was mildly irritating at 32% in acetone after a 48 hour occlusive application (Motoyoshi 1979) and 2/22 positive reactions were observed after a 24 hour closed patch application of undiluted hydroxycitronellal (Katz 1946). A broad variety ofirritancy screening tests carried out prior to human skin sensitization are availablein literature mainly from secondary sources and partially confirmed these dermal effects dependent on the chosen application conditions, e.g. occlusive, vehicle and concentrations used (not included into this assessment).
Eye irritation:
In the chosen key study for eye irritation according to an internal BASF method, 50 µl of undiluted hydroxycitronellal was applied to eyes of two Vienna White rabbits. Reactions were evaluated for eight days (BASF 1972, XXI/221). As result, mean scores (24, 72 hours) for corneal opacity, conjunctival redness and chemosis were 1.5, 1 and 0.5, for animal 1 and 2.5, 1.5 and 0.5 for animal 2, respectively. Conjunctival redness and corneal opacity were not reversible within the eight day observation period. Hydroxycitronellal has been found to be irritating to eyes under the chosen testing conditions.
In an supportive eye irritation study in rabbits from secondary source, 6 New Zealand white rabbits were treated with 0.1 mL of undiluted hydroxycitronellal (no data on purity given) and observed for 7 days (TSCATS, 1991). Mean scores (24, 48, 72 hours over all animals) for corneal opacity, iris, conjunctiva and chemosis score were 0, 0.8, 1.2 and 0.8, respectively and fully reversible within 7 days. A mild eye irritating effect was observed.
In an eye irritation study in rabbits from secondary source, 3 rabbits were treated with 0.1 mL of 5% hydroxycitronellal (diluent unknown). Eyes of additional animals were washed with warm water after 2 and 4 seconds, respectively. Mean scores of continuously treated animals (24, 48, 72 hours over all animals) were 0, 0, 1.4, 0.9 for corneal opacity, iris, conjunctiva and chemosis, respectively. All findings were reversible within 7 days. In animals treated with the test substance for 2 or 4 seconds, comparable reversible conjunctival redness and chemosis was found. Overall, mild and reversible eye irritation potential has been observed for diluted hydroxycitronellal under the chosen testing conditions.
Overall, hydroxycitronellal was determined to be irritating to eyes.
Justification for classification or non-classification
The present data on skin irritation do not fulfill the criteria laid down in regulation (EU) 1272/2008, and therefore, a non-classification is warranted.
The present data on eye irritation fulfill the criteria laid down in regulation (EU) 1272/2008. Therefore, a classification "eye irritant" (category 2) is warranted.
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