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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Toxicological information

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

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Administrative data

Endpoint:
in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
Remarks:
Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2005
Report date:
2005

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
Deviations:
no
GLP compliance:
yes (incl. QA statement)
Type of assay:
bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Constituent 1
Chemical structure
Reference substance name:
1-[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
EC Number:
220-562-2
EC Name:
1-[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-2-naphthol
Cas Number:
2814-77-9
Molecular formula:
C16H10ClN3O3
IUPAC Name:
1-[(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl]-2-naphthol
Test material form:
solid: particulate/powder
Remarks:
migrated information: powder

Method

Species / strainopen allclose all
Species / strain / cell type:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Species / strain / cell type:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Metabolic activation system:
rat liver S9-mix
Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
Experiment I (including the additional experiment with strain TA 98): 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 ug/plate.
Experiment II: 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 ug/plate
Controls
Untreated negative controls:
yes
Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
yes
Positive controls:
yes

Results and discussion

Test resultsopen allclose all
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 98
Metabolic activation:
with
Genotoxicity:
positive
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 100
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1535
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
S. typhimurium TA 1537
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid
Key result
Species / strain:
E. coli WP2 uvr A
Metabolic activation:
with and without
Genotoxicity:
negative
Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
Vehicle controls validity:
valid
Untreated negative controls validity:
valid
Positive controls validity:
valid

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:
Interpretation of results:
positive with metabolic activation

Under the experimental conditions reported, the test item induced gene mutations by frameshifts in the genome of the strain TA 98 in the presence of metabolic activation. Therefore, C.I Pigment Red 4 is considered to be mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay.
Executive summary:

This study was performed to investigate the potential of C.I. Pigment Red 4 to induce gene mutations according to the plate incorporation assay with rat liver S9 (experiment I), and the pre-incubation test with hamster liver S9 (experiment II) using the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100 and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA.

The assay was performed in two complete experiments with and without liver microsomal activation and one additional experiment solely with strain TA 98 in the presence of metabolic activation. The results of the additional experiment are reported as part of experiment I. Each concentration, including the controls, was tested in triplicate. The test item was tested at the following concentrations:

Experiment I (including the additional experiment with strain TA 98): 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000mg/plate.

Experiment II: 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000mg/plate

 

The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000mg/plate with and without metabolic activation in bath independent experiments.

 

No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants, occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation. No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers was observed following treatment with C.I Pigment Red 4 at any dose level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix) in strains TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 100, and WP2 uvrA. However, a substantial increase was observed in strain TA 98 in the presence of metabolic activation in both independent experiments. The required threshold of two times the mutation frequency of the corresponding solvent control was well exceeded at concentrations as low as 3mg/plate in experiment I and 33mg/plate in experiment II. To verify the results of experiment I, an additional plate incorporation test was performed with strain TA 98 in the presence of metabolic activation. In this additional experiment the result of the first experiment was confirmed.

 

Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls and showed a distinct increase of induced revertant colonies.