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Diss Factsheets

Ecotoxicological information

Sediment toxicity

Currently viewing:

Administrative data

Endpoint:
sediment toxicity: long-term
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
weight of evidence
Reliability:
2 (reliable with restrictions)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
other: Already evaluated by the Competent Authorities for Biocides and Existing Substance Regulations.
Cross-reference
Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
reference to same study

Data source

Reference
Reference Type:
other: study report
Title:
Unnamed
Year:
2005

Materials and methods

Test guideline
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
OECD Guideline 218 (Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment)
Principles of method if other than guideline:
other: see freetext
GLP compliance:
not specified

Test material

Constituent 1
Reference substance name:
copper chloride
IUPAC Name:
copper chloride
Details on test material:
Test substance: other TS: Cu2+ as delivered as CuSO4
Analytical purity: no data

Sampling and analysis

Analytical monitoring:
yes
Details on sampling:
At T0 and Tend

Test substrate

Details on sediment and application:
first type of sediments tested was Laboratory Formulated Sediments.
Field collected Natural Sediment: collected at 5 Belgian sites (Brakel site, Kraenepoel 1 and 2, IJzer and Leuven) and cleaned by hand sorting or press sieving.
Spiked sediments were stabilized/ equilibrated for 8-11 days befor test initiation

Test organisms

Test organisms (species):
other: Tubifex tubifex, Hyallela azteca, Chironomus riparius, Lumbriculus variegatus, Gammarus pulex
Details on test organisms:
Origin: in house cultures
T. tubifex: adult organisms; H. azteca: 7 days old juveniles; C. riparius: 48h old larvae; L. variegatus: adult organisms with complete regeneration of tail or head (4-5 cm length), G. pulex: 21 days old juveniles

Study design

Study type:
laboratory study
Test type:
semi-static
Water media type:
freshwater
Type of sediment:
natural sediment
Limit test:
no
Exposure duration
Exposure phase:
total exposure duration
Remarks:
28-35 days, depending on the test organism

Test conditions

Hardness:
192-227 mg CaCO3/L
Test temperature:
T. tubifex, H. azteca and L. variegatus: 23 +/- 2°C
C. riparius: 20 +/- 2°C
G. pulex: 15 +/- 2°C
pH:
range 7.2-7.8
Ammonia:
range: 0.2-1.4
Nominal and measured concentrations:
Measured
Details on test conditions:
16:8 light dark photoperiod

Results and discussion

Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
140 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: Hyalella azteca; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
49.9 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: Hyalella azteca; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
59.5 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
59.5 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
emergence rate
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
292 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.30 mmol/kg; OC 29.81%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
292 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
emergence rate
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.30 mmol/kg; OC 29.81%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
505.9 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.30 mmol/kg; OC 29.81%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
177.1 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.15 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
75.4 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.15 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
54.2 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 1 sediment: AVS 0.28 mmol/kg; OC 2.12%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
54.4 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 1 sediment: AVS 0.28 mmol/kg; OC 2.12%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
85.4 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
55.5 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: C. riparius; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
80.5 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: biomass
Remarks on result:
other: L. variegatus; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
Duration:
28 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
91.8 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: biomass
Remarks on result:
other: L. variegatus; Natural Kraenepoel 2 sediment: AVS 0.10 mmol/kg; OC 1.96%
Duration:
35 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
94.7 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: G. pulex; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
Duration:
35 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
94.7 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: G. pulex; Artificial OECD substrate: AVS 0.05 mmol/kg; OC 2.62%
Duration:
35 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
97.4 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
other: survival
Remarks on result:
other: G. pulex; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.21 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
Duration:
35 d
Dose descriptor:
NOEC
Effect conc.:
30.6 mg/kg sediment dw
Nominal / measured:
meas. (arithm. mean)
Conc. based on:
element
Remarks:
Cu
Basis for effect:
growth rate
Remarks on result:
other: G. pulex; Natural Brakel sediment: AVS 0.21 mmol/kg; OC 2.83%
Details on results:
Part 2 of the results. Other results see 'De Schamphelaere, 2005 -- Part 1'.
Only the NOEC values used for the PNEC derivation are shown.
Reported statistics and error estimates:
Logistic model, Mann-Whitney U test.
Statistica 6.0 software was used for all statistics.

Any other information on results incl. tables

see Executive summary

Comment : In the report of the Schamphelaere et al (2005) it was indicated that

- the endpoint reproduction was considered less suitable for estimating copper effects forH. aztecasince during the additional 14 days water exposure analysis the organism might have recovered by eliminating part of their accumulated copper. In this report we concur with this view and hence only the endpoints on survival and growth were retained as Q1 data forH. azteca. The endpoint reproduction was assigned the Q2 label.

- For the midgeC. ripariusall endpoints (survival, growth and emergence) were deemed appropriate (Q1). Only the results with theLeuvensediment had to be discarded since only 8 % survival was recorded in the controls (Q2).

- For the oligochaeteT. tubifexall results were selected as Q 1 data. Although for the Kraenepoel 2 sediments the pH of both pore water and overlying water were close to 6.

-The endpoint selected for the interpretation of the results with the oligochaeteL. variegatuswas total biomass since it integrates all relevant processes (fragmentation, growth and survival) and is a good indication of population growth.

-For the amphipod G. pulex all the endpoints considered (survival and growth) were retained

Additional info : full study-report and full excel table- see De Schamphelaere et al., 2005 part 1.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Validity criteria fulfilled:
yes
Conclusions:
Good quality study. The reliable NOEC data and OC normalization were used for the PNEC derivation. Only test results from sediments with AVS<0/77 µmol/g dry weight are retained and reported below
Executive summary:

Acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and organic carbon (OC) reduce chronic toxicity of Cu to benthic organisms. This is demonstrated by the general pattern of increased effect concentrations at higher AVS and higher OC levels in artificial sediments, and also by the higher effect concentrations in natural sediments with high AVS/highOC vs. low AVS/low OC.

The effect of AVS is difficult to interpret due to copper-specific analytical artefacts of the SEM/AVS extraction procedure, co-occurrence of Cu(II)S and Cu(I)2S, and potential bioturbation, which was not always measured. Only low AVS data are therefore considered for the PNEC.

Organic carbon is almost linearly nearly proportional to the effect concentrations : increasing NOECs with increasing OC content in artificial sediments. In general, after normalizing the NOECs for organic carbon, the variability in effect concentrations in artificial sediment was reduced from an average of factor 4.0-7.2 (cross-species) to an average of factor 1.5-1.8 (cross-species). There is no consistent trend (across endpoints or organisms) that OC-normalized copper toxicity in natural sediments is different than in artificial sediments. That means, the Cu-binding capacity of natural organic carbon is not consistently lower or higher than that of artificial organic carbon. The differences among natural sediments concerning the toxicity reducing capacity of OC are relatively minor in most cases, i.e. either within the experimental variability or a difference of less than a factor of 2. The remaining uncertainty (variability) among natural sediments may be related to less important bioavailability modifying parameters which were not yet considered (e.g. pH).