Sodium 1-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulphonate

Biodegradation in water: screening tests

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability

Type of information:

other: expert judgement

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2023

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline required

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Expert judgement

GLP compliance:

no

Inoculum or test system:

other: not applicable

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

other: expert judgement

Parameter:

other: ready biodegradability based on expert judgement

Remarks on result:

other: not readily biodegradable based on Expert Judgement

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not applicable

Interpretation of results:

not readily biodegradable

Conclusions:

Not readily biodegradable

Executive summary:

Not readily biodegradable based on expert judgement 

Reference 2

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: inherent biodegradability

Type of information:

other: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

From April 06 to May 04, 1994

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

Justification for Read Across is given in Section 13 of IUCLID

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 302 B (Inherent biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/EMPA Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic

Inoculum or test system:

other: sludge of a biological sewage teatment plant

Details on inoculum:

- Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): ARA-Reinech.
- Collected on: 05/04/1994
- Concentration: 910 mg/L

Duration of test (contact time):

28 d

Initial conc.:

ca. 298 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Initial conc.:

ca. 151.2 mg/L

Based on:

DOC

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

DOC removal

Details on study design:

TEST CONDITIONS
- Water/Nutrient: according to the specification of the EEC L133 (pp. 99-105) Volume 31 resp. OECD Method 302 B.
- Temperature: 22.0 ± 3°C (room temperature).
- Test duration: 28 days.
- Lighting: indirect daylight.
- Estimation Technique: TOC/DOC Analyzer/ SHIMADZU TOC-5000.

Reference substance:

diethylene glycol

Remarks:

149.4 mg/l

Parameter:

% degradation (DOC removal)

Value:

ca. 45.8

Sampling time:

3 h

Remarks on result:

other: adsorption

Parameter:

% degradation (DOC removal)

Value:

ca. 92.3

Sampling time:

28 d

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Interpretation of results:

inherently biodegradable, fulfilling specific criteria

Conclusions:

bioelimination of test substance measured as DOC after 28 days corrected by the blank control is: 92.3%
Adsorption after 3 hours: 45.8%

Executive summary:

Methods:

The inherent biodegradability of test substance was determined in a 28 days Zahn-Wellens -test according to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, No. 302B, 1981.

Results:

Bioelimination of test substance measured as DOC after 28 days corrected by the blank control is: 92.3%

Adsorption after 3 hours: 45.8%

Reference 3

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water: screening test, other

Type of information:

other: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

March 3, 1976

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

abstract

Justification for type of information:

Justification for Read Across is given in Section 13 of IUCLID

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Internal method Nr.15 (BOD5)
Internal method Nr.16 (COD)
No other information available.

GLP compliance:

no

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic

Inoculum or test system:

not specified

Details on inoculum:

No data available

Duration of test (contact time):

5 d

Initial conc.:

ca. 1 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Initial conc.:

ca. 5 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Initial conc.:

ca. 10 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Initial conc.:

ca. 50 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Initial conc.:

ca. 100 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Initial conc.:

ca. 500 mg/L

Based on:

test mat.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

O2 consumption

Details on study design:

TEST CONDITIONS
- pH: 6.7 ( 1g/L )

Reference substance:

not specified

Parameter:

% degradation (O2 consumption)

Remarks on result:

not determinable

Parameter:

COD

Value:

ca. 1 260.48 mg O2/g test mat.

Parameter:

BOD5

Value:

ca. 42 mg O2/g test mat.

Parameter:

BOD5*100/COD

Value:

ca. 3

Remarks on result:

other: the value is dimentionless

TOC = 48.5%

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Interpretation of results:

not readily biodegradable

Conclusions:

BOD5= 42 mg O2/g
COD= 1260.48 mg O2/g
BOD5/COD= 0.03

Executive summary:

Method:

Internal method Nr. 16 and Nr.15

Results:

- BOD5= 42 mg O2/g

- COD= 1260.48 mg O2/g

- BOD5/COD= 0.03

Description of key information

Not readily biodegradable
DOC (28 d) = 92.3%; adsorption after 3h = 45.8%
BOD5/COD= 0.03

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Biodegradation in water:

not biodegradable

Additional information

Different available tests may be valuable, as part of a Weight of Evidence approach that gives information on biodegradability. No information about the Biodegradability in water and Aquatic toxicity of the Target Substance is available. The information for Biodegration in water: screening tests are predicted by using a similar substance with the test substance, due to the absence of information for the test susbtance. The complete Read - Across justification is attached at section 13.

 

Inherent biodegradability 

The inherent biodegradability was determined in a Zahn-Wellens, test according to the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, No. 302B, Paris 1981. The test has been performed in compliance with the Procedures and Principles of Good Laboratory Practice , regulation of Switzerland. The test substance and the reference substance Diethylenglycol, respectively, were tested in concentrations of 150 mg/L DOC.

The biodegradation of the test substance after 28 days was 92.3%, with adsorption after 3 h of 45.8%. The biodegradation of the reference substance after 9 days was 98.8%.

In a further test, the DOC removal was calculated with a Zahn/Wellens test (OECD 302 B) in 14 days, with a sample not fully representative of the test substance, and its value was 99%. Only short abstract was available, therefore no consideration can be made using the results obtained by this test.

 

COD/BOD5 ratio

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are the most commonly used parameters for the characterization of the biodegradability capacity.

COD results are typically higher than BOD5 values, and the ratio between vary depending on the characteristics of the substrate. This ratio has been commonly used as an indicator for biodegradation capacity, the "Biodegradability index" (B.I.).

As indicated in ECHA Guidance requirement R.7B, the BOD5 test is a traditional biodegradation test that is now replaced by the ready biodegradability tests. Therefore, this test should not be performed today for assessment of the ready biodegradability of substances.

Older test data may, however, be used when no other degradability data are available.

Studies on BOD5 and COD are available for this substance, therefore they have been used together with the inherent biodegradability OECD 302.B., in the weight of evidence approach for this substance.

COD was measured according to Method A-16. Details of the method have been not reported. The COD measured was 1260.48 mg/g O2, at concentration of 5 mg/L.

BOD5 was measured according to Method A-15. Details of the method have been not reported. The BOD5 measured was 42 mg/g O2, at concentration of 100 mg/L.

 

As reported in the ECHA Guidance R7.b, a substance is considered as readily biodegradable if BOD5/COD > = 0.5. The ratio BOD5/COD for the test item is 0.03, therefore the substance is considered as not readily biodegradable.

Moreover, considering the nature of their design and use, dyes are not intended to be readily biodegradable as this would assist in the rapid destruction of the dyestuff, rendering it unfit for purpose. As such, it is accepted that such substances are not readily biodegradable under relevant environmental conditions. A published study (Pagga & Brown, 1986) describes the results of the testing of 87 dyestuffs in short-term aerobic biodegradation tests. The authors of this publication concluded that dyestuffs are very unlikely to show any significant biodegradation in such tests and that 'there seems little point in carrying out such test procedures’on dyestuffs. There are ISO, European, American (AATCC) and national standards for the colour fastness of dyes. Dyes are required to have specific fastness properties. If the dyes were biodegradable, it would not be possible for them to have these fastness properties.

 

Pagga, U. and Brown, D. (1986). The degradation of dyestuffs: Part II. Behaviour of dyestuffs in aerobic biodegradation tests. Chemosphere 15: 479-491.