Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
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EC number: 230-386-8 | CAS number: 7085-19-0
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- Please see the read-across justification report in Section 13 of the dossier.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 21 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive.
Phytotoxicity: Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings 21 days after treatment in all crops except oat and ryegrass. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean and onion 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce and corn 0.037 lb ai/A, radish and cucumber 0.012 lb ai/A and tomato and cabbage 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Percent Survival: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat and ryegrass showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean, corn and onion 0.33 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato and cabbage 0.11 lb ai/A, cucumber 0.037 lb ai/A and radish 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn and onion but not on the remaining six crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 1.0 lb ai/A for oat, ryegrass, soybean and onion. For corn the EC50 was 0.91 lb ai/A. For cucumber and radish the EC50 values were 0.092 and 0.039 lb ai/A respectively. For the remaining three crops the EC50 value was 0.11 – 0.33 lb ai/A.
Plant Height: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat showed a significant difference in plant height between the control and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.037 lb ai/A, and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except oat and ryegrass. The 21-day EC50 values for oat and ryegrass were > 1.0 lb ai/A. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.034 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.83 lb ai/A (soybean).
Plant Dry Weight: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops showed a significant reduction in plant dry weight between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.0.37 lb ai/A and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 0.1 lb ai/A for oat and > 0.037 lb ai/A for radish. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.033 (cabbage) to 0.90 lb ai/A (ryegrass).
Considering the very close structural similarity between the source and target substances (as justified in the read-across report that is attached to section 13 of the dossier), results from the study performed with mecoprop-p can be extrapolated to mecoprop. - Executive summary:
A tier 2 vegetative vigour non-target phytotoxicity study using the test material was conducted on soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion in accordance with the standardised guideline EPA OPP 123-1 under GLP conditions.
Prior to treatment, seedlings were grown to the 1 - 3 true leaf stage, then thinned to five plants of uniform height per pot. A single treatment of test material was applied with an overhead flat fan nozzle (TeeJet 8001-E) in 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of acetonitrile. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of five plants each. The maximum label rate was 1.0 pound active ingredient per acre (ai/A). the test material was applied at equivalent rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33, and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37, and 1.1 kilogram active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800, and 2 400 ppm ai.
Plants were observed for 21 days following treatment. Phytotoxicity observations were recorded on days 7, 14, and 21. Dry weight and plant height effects were determined on day 21.
Verification of vegetative vigour treatment solution concentrations was performed by the testing facility using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultra-violet (UV) detector. Dose verification resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 54.2 to 115 % of target concentrations. Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm were prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples. At the time of analysis, these fortifications yielded recoveries of 48.0 and 74.8 %, respectively. Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm, prepared at the time of analysis of the study samples, yielded recoveries of 88.3 and 93.2 %, respectively. Percent recovery from some samples were low due to stability that was affected during storage.
- Phytotoxicity: Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings 21 days after treatment in all crops except oat and ryegrass. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean and onion 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce and corn 0.037 lb ai/A, radish and cucumber 0.012 lb ai/A and tomato and cabbage 0.0041 lb ai/A.
- Percent Survival: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat and ryegrass showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean, corn and onion 0.33 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato and cabbage 0.11 lb ai/A, cucumber 0.037 lb ai/A and radish 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn and onion but not on the remaining six crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 1.0 lb ai/A for oat, ryegrass, soybean and onion. For corn the EC50 was 0.91 lb ai/A. For cucumber and radish the EC50 values were 0.092 and 0.039 lb ai/A respectively. For the remaining three crops the EC50 value was 0.11 – 0.33 lb ai/A.
- Plant Height: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat showed a significant difference in plant height between the control and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.037 lb ai/A, and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except oat and ryegrass. The 21-day EC50 values for oat and ryegrass were > 1.0 lb ai/A. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.034 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.83 lb ai/A (soybean).
- Plant Dry Weight: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops showed a significant reduction in plant dry weight between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.0.37 lb ai/A and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 0.1 lb ai/A for oat and > 0.037 lb ai/A for radish. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.033 (cabbage) to 0.90 lb ai/A (ryegrass).
Under the conditions of this study, of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive.
Considering the very close structural similarity between the source and target substances (as justified in the read-across report that is attached to section 13 of the dossier), results from the study performed with mecoprop-p can be extrapolated to mecoprop.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Justification for type of information:
- Please see the read-across justification report in Section 13 of the dossier.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across source
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.5 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.5 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study the results showed that of the four monocot species (oat, ryegrass, corn and onion), onion appeared to be the most sensitive and ryegrass the least sensitive when treated with the test material. Of the six dicot species, sensitivity to the test material varies within crops in each parameter. Of all the parameters tested plant dry weight appeared to be the most sensitive.
For the seed germination test the EC50 was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all 10 crops. The % germination NOEC was 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except soybean and onion for which the % germination NOEC was 0.50 lb ai/A for both crops.
For the seedling emergence test the EC50 for oat, ryegrass, corn and lettuce was > 1.0 lb ai/A. For the other crops the EC50 ranged from 0.071 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.56 lb ai/A (tomato). The seedling emergence NOEC for oat, ryegrass and corn was 1.0 lb ai/A; for lettuce and soybean it was 0.33 and 0.11 lb ai/A respectively. The remaining five crops had a seedling emergence NOEC of 0.037 lb ai/A.
For the percent survival test the EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except cabbage and radish which had an EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days of > 0.33 and 0.058 lb ai/A, respectively. The NOEC for seedling survival was 1.0 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat and ryegrass. Cabbage and corn had a NOEC of 0.33 lb ai/A. Onion and radish had a NOEC of 0.037 and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively.
In the phytotoxicity test ryegrass had a NOEC for phototoxicity of 1.0 lb ai/A. Lettuce, tomato, corn and onion had a NOEC of 0.012 lb ai/A. The remaining five crops had a NOEC of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
The EC50 for plant height was > 1.0 lb ai/A for ryegrass. The EC50 for the other crops ranged from 0.015 (radish) to 0.19 lb ai/A (oat). The NOECs for plant height were 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass and 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce, oat, tomato and corn. The remaining five crops had a NOEC for plant height of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
The EC50 for plant dry weight ranged from 0.0054 lb ai/A (cabbage) to 0.20 lb ai/A (ryegrass). The NOEC for plant dry weight for ryegrass and oat was 0.037 lb ai/A and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively. For radish, cabbage and onion the NOEC was 0.0014 lb ai/A. For the remaining five crops the NOEC for plant dry weight was 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Considering the very close structural similarity between the source and target substances (as justified in the read-across report that is attached to section 13 of the dossier), results from the study performed with mecoprop-p can be extrapolated to mecoprop. - Executive summary:
The phytotoxicity of the test material was assessed according to Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision J, Guideline 123-1 (a) and in compliance with GLP.
A tier 2 nontarget phytotoxicity study was conducted to determine the effects of the test material on seed germination, seedling emergence, and early growth of soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion.
The test material was applied at the following equivalent rates:
- Seed Germination: 0.0, 0.031, 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.035, 0.071, 0.15, 0.28, 0.56 and 1.1 kg active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these dosing solutions were 0.0, 0.094, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm. Serial dilutions were made using a two-fold geometric progression. The maximum label rate was 1.0 lb ai/A (1.1 kg ai/ha).
- Seedling Emergence: 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37, and 1.1 kg ai/ha). The ppm ranges of these dosing solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm ai. Serial dilutions were made using a three-fold geometric progression. The maximum label rate was 1.0 ai/A (1.1 kg ai/ha).
Verification of treatment solution concentrations was performed by the Analytical Services Group of the testing facility using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultra-violet (UV) detector.
Dose verification data are based on nominal concentrations. Dose verification for the seed germination study resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 105 to 107 % of target concentrations. Fortification samples at 0.0900 (in duplicate) and 3.00 ppm were prepared at the time of analysis and yielded recoveries of 95.8 and 102 %, respectively.
Dose verification for the seedling emergence study resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 84.8 to 100 % of target concentrations. A low fortification sample at 3.00 ppm and high fortification at 2 500 ppm were prepared at the time of sample analysis. The fortification samples yielded recoveries of 84.7 and 122 %, respectively.
Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm were also prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples. At the time of analysis, these fortifications yielded recoveries of 83.0 and 75.2 % respectively.
Seed Germination: The test material solution was applied to blotters contained in petri plates. Each treatment consisted of four replicates. Ten seeds of each crop were placed in individual petri plates. At 6 days after treatment, all crops except soybean and onion showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.50 lb ai/A for soybean and onion. Regression analysis was not conducted on the percent effect data for any crop due to lack of significant treatment effects or detrimental effect levels being below 25 %. The EC50 was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all 10 crops. The % germination NOEC was 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except soybean and onion for which the % germination NOEC was 0.50 lb ai/A for both crops.
Percent Emergence: In the seedling emergence section, four parameters (percent emergence, percent survival, plant height, and plant dry weight) were evaluated. Ten seeds of each crop were planted in pots containing pasteurised soil. Each treatment consisted of four replicates. A single treatment of the test material was applied with an overhead flat-fan nozzle (TeeJet 8001-E) in 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of 100 % acetonitrile. At 14 days after treatment, oat and ryegrass showed no significant difference in percent emergence between controls and any of the treatment rates tested. Soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, corn and onion showed a significant difference between controls and one or more of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion, but not on the remaining three crops. The EC50 for oat, ryegrass, corn and lettuce was > 1.0 lb ai/A. For the other crops the EC50 ranged from 0.071 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.56 lb ai/A (tomato). The seedling emergence NOEC for oat, ryegrass and corn was 1.0 lb ai/A; for lettuce and soybean it was 0.33 and 0.11 lb ai/A respectively. The remaining five crops had a seedling emergence NOEC of 0.037 lb ai/A.
Percent Survival: At 21 days after treatment, soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat, onion and ryegrass showed no significant difference from controls. Radish, cabbage and corn showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and one or more of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish and corn, but not on the remaining eight crops. The EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except cabbage and radish which had an EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days of > 0.33 and 0.058 lb ai/A, respectively. The NOEC for seedling survival was 1.0 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat and ryegrass. Cabbage and corn had a NOEC of 0.33 lb ai/A. Onion and radish had a NOEC of 0.037 and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively.
Phytotoxicity: Phytotoxicity was evaluated 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The results reported were based on 21-day evaluation. Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings in all crops except ryegrass at 21 days after treatment. At the lowest treatment rates, mild to moderate stunting occurred on radish, cucumber and corn. At the higher treatment rates, emergence of soybean, radish and cabbage was greatly depressed. Ryegrass had a NOEC for phototoxicity of 1.0 lb ai/A. Lettuce, tomato, corn and onion had a NOEC of 0.012 lb ai/A. The remaining five crops had a NOEC of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Plant Height: At 21 days after treatment, all crops showed significant reduction in plant height from controls in all of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except ryegrass. The EC50 for plant height was > 1.0 lb ai/A for ryegrass. The EC50 for the other crops ranged from 0.015 (radish) to 0.19 lb ai/A (oat). The NOECs for plant height were 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass and 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce, oat, tomato and corn. The remaining five crops had a NOEC for plant height of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Plant Dry Weight: At 21 days after treatment, all crops showed significant reduction in plant dry weight from controls in all of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The EC50 for plant dry weight ranged from 0.0054 lb ai/A (cabbage) to 0.20 lb ai/A (ryegrass). The NOEC for plant dry weight for ryegrass and oat was 0.037 lb ai/A and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively. For radish, cabbage and onion the NOEC was 0.0014 lb ai/A. For the remaining five crops the NOEC for plant dry weight was 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Under the conditions of the study the results showed that of the four monocot species (oat, ryegrass, corn and onion), onion appeared to be the most sensitive and ryegrass the least sensitive when treated with the test material. Of the six dicot species, sensitivity to the test material varies within crops in each parameter. Of all the parameters tested plant dry weight appeared to be the most sensitive.
Considering the very close structural similarity between the source and target substances (as justified in the read-across report that is attached to section 13 of the dossier), results from the study performed with mecoprop-p can be extrapolated to mecoprop.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 16 December 1992 to 12 January 1993
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- other: read-across target
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 123-1 (Vegetative Vigor Tier II)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: The material was stored in a cabinet at room temperature for the duration of the study. From receipt to application storage temperatures ranged from 15.6 to 32.2 °C. The stock solution was refrigerated between 3 and 9 °C. On two occasions temperatures were 10 and 15 °C, respectively. - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- The test compound was not miscible in water; therefore, for preparation of treatment solutions, the test compound was dissolved in 100 % acetonitrile.
TEST MATERIAL CONCENTRATION
The test material was applied to all ten crops at rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33, and 1.0 lb ai/ A in the equivalence of 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of solvent. Treatment application rates were calculated on the purity (percent ai) of the test material which was 92.2 % ai.
The maximum application concentration was prepared by dissolving 1 300.1 mg (amount weighed) of the test material in 500 mL acetonitrile. Serial dilutions were made using a three-fold geometric progression. Serial dilutions using 100 % acetonitrile were made to achieve lower application rates to coincide with the analytical dosing solutions 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800, and 2 400 ppm ai. The control was 100 % acetonitrile which showed no adverse effects on test plants.
CALCULATION OF REQUIRED VOLUME
Each treatment replicate (one pot of each crop) was placed on a 6.5 x 31.25 in. aluminium tray. The spray plot measured 45.5 x 15.5 in. for an area of 4.90 square feet. The volume of liquid required was calculated to be 21.3 mL.
SPRAY BOOTH CALIBRATION AND TEST MATERIAL APPLICATION
All applications were performed indoors with a spray booth equipped with a single TeeJet 8001-E nozzle and a compressed air cylinder. A nozzle height of 105 inches was used to achieve a 15.5 inch spray swath. Spray pressure was adjusted to 35 psi and a graduated cylinder was used to collect the nozzle output. Spray volume was collected six times and an average volume of 6.3 mL ± 0.15 was calculated. The time required to spray 21.3 mL per plot at a nozzle output of 6.3 ± 0.15 mL/second was calculated to be 3.38 seconds/plot.
An electronic stopwatch was used to monitor the speed of the nozzle. Pass timings were replicated six times for an average pass time of 3.38 ± 0.04 seconds. Spraying of treatment solutions started with the control and then from the lowest to the highest concentration. Spraying with test material commenced within 40 minutes of completion of solution preparation. - Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Soybean
- Variety: Forrest
- Plant family: Leguminosae
- Batch or lot no.: SBO 104
- Source of seed: Azlin Sees Service - Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Lettuce
- Variety: Prize Head MI
- Plant family: Compositae
- Batch or lot no.: 1015
- Source of seed: Champion Seed Co. - Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Radish
- Variety: Cherry Bomb
- Plant family: Cruciferae
- Batch or lot no.: 4
- Source of seed: Burpee seed Co. - Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Tomato
- Variety: Burpee's VF Hybrid
- Plant family: Solanaceae
- Batch or lot no.: 3042SK
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cucumber
- Variety: Straight eight
- Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
- Batch or lot no.: 37819T9060
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cabbage
- Variety: Early Jersey Wakefield
- Plant family: Cruciferae
- Batch or lot no.: 33077
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Variety: Swan
- Plant family: Gramineae
- Batch or lot no.: F0188
- Source of seed: Northrup King - Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Ryegrass
- Variety: Competitor
- Plant family: Gramineae
- Batch or lot no.: P68-0-1-30
- Source of seed: Omni Seed Co. - Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Corn
- Variety: Golden Cross Bantam
- Plant family: Gramineae
- Batch or lot no.: Lot 2
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Onion
- Variety: Norstar
- Plant family: Amaryllidaceae
- Batch or lot no.: 55664069P
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Test type:
- vegetative vigour test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Test temperature:
- 18 to 26 °C
- pH:
- Soil pH was 7.9; water (pH 7.4) was used for irrigation
- Details on test conditions:
- SOIL PREPARATION
Sandy loam soil was pasteurised for approximately 48 hours in a Pro-Grow Soil Steriliser. Osmocote® fertiliser (17:19:13) was uniformly distributed in the soil at 90.7 grams per 1.6 cubic feet. This rate appeared to be adequate for plant growth. Perlite was added to pasteurised soil to facilitate drainage. Soil used was from batch number 73, prepared according to test facility standard operating procedure. Soil characterisation data were pH 7.9, organic matter 1.1 %, cation exchange capacity 9.6 and moisture capacity 4.9 - 16.9 %.
SEED PLANTING
Seeds of approximately the same size were planted in accordance with testing facility SOP. Seeds were planted in 7.5 x 7.5 x 6.0 cm plastic pots, completely filled with soil/perlite mixture. A plexiglass template was used to create planting holes in the soil, thus allowing for uniform planting depth and seed distribution per pot. Soybean, cucumber, oat, and com were planted at a depth of 2.5 cm, while the remaining six crops were planted at a depth of 1.3 cm. Each treatment/ crop combination was replicated four times.
PLANT SELECTION
After planting, all pots were placed in a testing facility greenhouse and adequately watered for seedling emergence and growth. Prior to treatment, seedlings were grown to 1 - 3 true leaves and then thinned to five plants of uniform height per pot.
Crop age on day of treatment are as follows:
- Onion: 22 days
- Tomato and lettuce: 16 days
- Soybean, cabbage, ryegrass and cucumber: 13 days
- Radish, corn and oat: 12 days
After treatment, pots were placed in the greenhouse. After a minimum of 48 hours, all pots were randomised within crops to minimise potential environmental variation in the greenhouse. The greenhouse (48 x 28 ft) is positioned east-to-west. It is equipped with Spero Lighting using Phillips 1 000 W Metal Halide Lamps to supplement light during periods of low sunlight intensity. It is also equipped with a cooling/heating system controlled by Grotron Climate and Environmental Control.
GREENHOUSE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA
- Irrigation Schedule: Water (pH 7.4) used for irrigation was from the testing facility’s irrigation well. During the first 48 hours after treatment, pots were hand watered on an as-needed basis to prevent the test material from being washed off. Throughout the remainder of the study, pots were watered using HydroRain® controlled irrigation system with watering nozzles spaced 50 inches apart. Pots were irrigated for two minutes at 8:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. daily. Approximately 32.9 mL were delivered per pot per day. Irrigation volumes were determined by measuring output on a single day.
- Light Quantity and Duration: Sunrise and sunset data were obtained from the Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory. Photoperiod for the day of application and the last day plants were in the greenhouse was 09 hr 39 minutes and 09 hr 36 minutes, respectively. Trays containing study pots were rotated approximately 180° twice weekly to reduce phototropism. Periods of artificial light from 7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. were recorded. Light quantity, determined in footcandles using a Quantum Instruments Photometer 1, was measured at canopy height at approximately 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. on weekdays either in the presence or absence of artificial lights.
Mean light intensities at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. were as follows:
10:00 a.m.:
1) Footcandles (includes artificial light): 2110
2) Lux (lux = footcandles measured x (10.8 lux / 1 footcandle): 22 788
2:00 p.m.:
1) Footcandles (includes artificial light): 2320
2) Lux (lux = footcandles measured x (10.8 lux / 1 footcandle): 25 056
- Temperature and Humidity: A Weathertronics hygrothermograph was used to collect greenhouse temperatures and relative humidity ranges, which were 18 to 26 °C and 40 to 82 %.
- Data Collection: The study was completed 21 days after treatment. Plant height was recorded prior to treatment and 21 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity ratings were recorded 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Twenty-one days after treatment, surviving plants within treatment replicates were cut at soil level and placed in pre-weighed aluminium foil sheets. Plant material was dried at approximately 100 °C for a minimum of 48 hours and dry weight recorded.
PLANT HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS
Plant heights taken prior to treatment were used to uniformly distribute pots to treatment groups. Pre-treatment differences from controls were calculated using the following equation:
Pre-treatment percent difference = [(pre-treated plant height - control plant height) / control plant height] x 100
Pre-treatment height and means were determined the same as post treatment height and means. Pre-treatment percent difference equation showed that no significant difference existed prior to treatment. Plant height was determined by extending each seedling to its maximum height and measuring to the nearest millimetre. Replicate mean plant height at day 21 was calculated for each treatment by dividing total pot plant height by the total number of plants in each pot (five). The sample units used for ANOVA analysis were the replicate means for plant heights.
PHYTOTOXICITY RATING SYSTEM
At 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment, plants were observed for signs of phytotoxicity resulting from treatments. Levels of the phytotoxicity rating system are:
0 - Indicates no injury/ effect.
1 - Indicates slight plant effect or restricted to one area of the plant (e.g., a leaf).
2 - Indicates a moderate effect (engrossing the whole plant - mild stunting, chlorosis).
3 - Indicates a severe effect with recovery possible (severe leaf desiccation).
4 - Indicates a total plant effect (very poor vigour).
5 - Moribund or plant death.
Individual replicate mean phytotoxicity ratings are converted to a percentage: 0 = 0 %, 1 = 0.2 %, 2 = 0.4 %, 3 = 0.6 %, 4 = 0.8 %, and 5 = 1 %.
NOEC
The NOEC was determined by the highest dose where a less than or equal to 20 % detrimental effect was recorded. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The test material was applied at equivalent rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37 and 1.1 kilogram active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm ai.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Percent survival
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 21 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Key result
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Key result
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Dry weight
- Details on results:
- PHYTOTOXICITY
Oat and ryegrass produced no phytotoxic symptoms. Some of the common phytotoxic symptoms observed were stunting, leaf chlorosis, leaf necrosis, low vigour, and finally, plant death. Tomato, cucumber, and onion exhibited basal stem swelling. There was also a great degree of lodging on corn. Lodging refers to seedlings that were in a semi prostrate position.
At 21 days after treatment, oat and ryegrass showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/ A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.11 lb ai/ A for soybean and onion; 0.037 lb ai/ A for lettuce and com; 0.012 lb ai/ A for radish and cucumber; and 0.0041 lb ai/ A for tomato and cabbage. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on 21-day phytotoxicity rating no-effect concentration levels (lb ai/ A) are:
Oat = ryegrass (1.0) < soybean = onion (0.11) < lettuce = corn (0.037) < radish = cucumber (0.012) < tomato = cabbage (0.0041)
PERCENT SURVIVAL
At 21 days after treatment, oat and ryegrass showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates, and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/ A. The highest treatment rate (no effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.33 lb ai/ A for soybean, corn, and onion; 0.11 lb ai/ A for lettuce, tomato, and cabbage; 0.037 lb ai/ A for cucumber; and 0.012 lb ai/ A for radish. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on percent survival no effect concentration levels (lb ai/ A) are:
Oat = ryegrass (1.0) < soybean = corn = onion (0.33) < lettuce = tomato = cabbage (0.11) < cucumber (0.037) < radish (0.012)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn, and onion, but not on the remaining six crops due to lack of significant treatment effects, detrimental effects below 25 %, or lack of a true dose response relationship. The EC25 value (lb ai/ A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is:
Onion (1.0) < corn (0.61) < cucumber (0.040) < radish (0.035)
Interpolated EC25 values are as follows: Soybean = oat = ryegrass ( > 1.0 lb ai/ A), and lettuce = tomato = cabbage (0.11 - 0.33 lb ai/ A).
PLANT HEIGHT
At 21 days after treatment, oat showed no significant difference between the control and any of the treatment rates and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/ A. The highest treatment rate (no effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.33 lb ai/ A for ryegrass; 0.11 lb ai/ A for soybean; 0.037 lb ai/ A for lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, and onion; 0.012 lb ai/ A for radish and corn. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to test material based on plant height no-effect concentration levels (lb ai/ A) are:
Oat (1.0) < ryegrass (0.33) < soybean (0.11) < lettuce = tomato = cucumber = cabbage = onion (0.037) < radish = corn (0.012)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, com and onion, but not on oat and ryegrass due to the lack of significant treatment effects or detrimental effect levels being below 25 %. The EC25 value (lb ai/ A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is:
Oat = ryegrass (> 1.0) < soybean (0.30) < cabbage = onion (0.080) < tomato (0.061) < lettuce (0.049) < corn = cucumber (0.037) < radish (0.016)
PLANT DRY WEIGHT
The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.33 lb ai/ A for oat; 0.11 lb ai/ A for ryegrass; 0.037 lb ai/ A for soybean; 0.012 lb ai/ A for radish and onion; and 0.0014 lb ai/ A for cabbage. Due to an unbalanced design resulting from plant deaths, lettuce, tomato and cucumber dry weight data were submitted to SAS General Linear Models Procedure. The data of soybean dry weight were also submitted to SAS, GLM Procedures due to a statistical outlier, replicate 2, treatment 0.0014 lb ai/ A. The no effect concentration level for lettuce and tomato was 0.012 lb ai/ A. Cucumber showed no significance at 0.037 lb ai/ A, but since the detrimental effect (32 %) was greater than 20 %, the no effect concentration level was determined to be 0.012 lb ai/ A. Corn showed no significance at 0.0041, 0.012, and 0.037 lb ai/ A where detrimental effects were 26, 31, and 41, respectively, due to variability within treatment replicates. The no-effect concentration level for corn was determined to be 0.0014 lb ai/ A. Although the NOEC was determined by the highest dose where a less than or equal to 20 % detrimental effect was recorded, the NOEC for soybean had a 17 % detrimental effect. However, since the EPA considers a detrimental effect ≥ 25 percent significant, the NOEC presented for soybean is conservative. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on plant dry weight no-effect concentration (lb ai/ A) are:
Oat (0.33) < ryegrass (0.11) < soybean (0.037) < lettuce = radish = tomato = cucumber = onion (0.012) < cabbage = corn (0.0014)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The EC25 value (lb ai/ A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is:
Oat (0.52) < ryegrass (0.30) < soybean (0.077) < lettuce (0.025) < cucumber (0.022) < radish = onion (0.020) < tomato (0.015) < cabbage (0.011) < corn (0.0062)
CONCLUSION
A no-observable effect concentration (NOEC) was determined for each parameter measured for all crops tested. Regression analysis was conducted on data that exhibited a definite dose response and EC25 and EC50 values were calculated.
Of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive to the test material; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height, radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive. - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
A randomised complete block analysis of variance was performed on treatment level x replicate means. Analysis of variance determines if between sample variability was significantly large relative to within sample variability. Prior to statistical analysis, replicate mean values of phytotoxicity data were expressed as proportions of the maximum rating (5). Treatment level means were submitted to a one-tailed Dunnett's multiple comparison test to determine which treatment concentrations differed from control levels. No-observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined as the highest treatment level not statistically different from controls or the highest treatment concentration exhibiting a detrimental effect less than 20 %.
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Regression analysis on percent effect data was conducted to predict test material concentrations expected to result in 25 and 50 % detrimental effect levels using TableCurve™ Curve Fitting Software. Treatment percent effect levels instead of replicate percent effect levels were used to select a mathematical equation which adequately described the treatment dose response. Percent effect data were regressed against concentration and were not transformed prior to analysis. Where EC25 and EC50 values could not be determined, interpolated EC values were substituted. If there was no significant dose response, regression analysis was not conducted. Dose response curves selected by TableCurve were ranked in order of increasing least squares error of fit (root MSE) as a tool in selecting an appropriate equation. The F-statistic was also used as a criterion to measure the extent the equation represented the data set. The judgement of the participating scientist was the determining factor used to select the test compound dose response equation.
Regression analysis was conducted on data that exhibited a definite dose response. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive.
Phytotoxicity: Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings 21 days after treatment in all crops except oat and ryegrass. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean and onion 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce and corn 0.037 lb ai/A, radish and cucumber 0.012 lb ai/A and tomato and cabbage 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Percent Survival: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat and ryegrass showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean, corn and onion 0.33 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato and cabbage 0.11 lb ai/A, cucumber 0.037 lb ai/A and radish 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn and onion but not on the remaining six crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 1.0 lb ai/A for oat, ryegrass, soybean and onion. For corn the EC50 was 0.91 lb ai/A. For cucumber and radish the EC50 values were 0.092 and 0.039 lb ai/A respectively. For the remaining three crops the EC50 value was 0.11 – 0.33 lb ai/A.
Plant Height: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat showed a significant difference in plant height between the control and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.037 lb ai/A, and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except oat and ryegrass. The 21-day EC50 values for oat and ryegrass were > 1.0 lb ai/A. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.034 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.83 lb ai/A (soybean).
Plant Dry Weight: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops showed a significant reduction in plant dry weight between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.0.37 lb ai/A and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 0.1 lb ai/A for oat and > 0.037 lb ai/A for radish. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.033 (cabbage) to 0.90 lb ai/A (ryegrass). - Executive summary:
A tier 2 vegetative vigour non-target phytotoxicity study using the test material was conducted on soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion in accordance with the standardised guideline EPA OPP 123-1 under GLP conditions.
Prior to treatment, seedlings were grown to the 1 - 3 true leaf stage, then thinned to five plants of uniform height per pot. A single treatment of test material was applied with an overhead flat fan nozzle (TeeJet 8001-E) in 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of acetonitrile. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of five plants each. The maximum label rate was 1.0 pound active ingredient per acre (ai/A). the test material was applied at equivalent rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33, and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37, and 1.1 kilogram active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800, and 2 400 ppm ai.
Plants were observed for 21 days following treatment. Phytotoxicity observations were recorded on days 7, 14, and 21. Dry weight and plant height effects were determined on day 21.
Verification of vegetative vigour treatment solution concentrations was performed by the testing facility using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultra-violet (UV) detector. Dose verification resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 54.2 to 115 % of target concentrations. Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm were prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples. At the time of analysis, these fortifications yielded recoveries of 48.0 and 74.8 %, respectively. Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm, prepared at the time of analysis of the study samples, yielded recoveries of 88.3 and 93.2 %, respectively. Percent recovery from some samples were low due to stability that was affected during storage.
- Phytotoxicity: Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings 21 days after treatment in all crops except oat and ryegrass. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean and onion 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce and corn 0.037 lb ai/A, radish and cucumber 0.012 lb ai/A and tomato and cabbage 0.0041 lb ai/A.
- Percent Survival: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat and ryegrass showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean, corn and onion 0.33 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato and cabbage 0.11 lb ai/A, cucumber 0.037 lb ai/A and radish 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn and onion but not on the remaining six crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 1.0 lb ai/A for oat, ryegrass, soybean and onion. For corn the EC50 was 0.91 lb ai/A. For cucumber and radish the EC50 values were 0.092 and 0.039 lb ai/A respectively. For the remaining three crops the EC50 value was 0.11 – 0.33 lb ai/A.
- Plant Height: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat showed a significant difference in plant height between the control and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.037 lb ai/A, and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except oat and ryegrass. The 21-day EC50 values for oat and ryegrass were > 1.0 lb ai/A. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.034 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.83 lb ai/A (soybean).
- Plant Dry Weight: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops showed a significant reduction in plant dry weight between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.0.37 lb ai/A and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 0.1 lb ai/A for oat and > 0.037 lb ai/A for radish. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.033 (cabbage) to 0.90 lb ai/A (ryegrass).
Under the conditions of this study, of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: long-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 28 January 1993 to 03 June 1993
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- other: read-across target
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 123-1 (Seedling Emergence Tier II)
- Version / remarks:
- Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision J, Guideline 123-1 (a)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: Storage temperatures ranged from 13.3 to 32.2 °C. The stock solution was refrigerated between 3 and 9 °C. On two occasions temperatures were 10 and 15 °C. - Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Acetonitrile
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of application to filter paper: Two circles of blue blotter (87.5 mm, Hoffman Manufacturing Company) were placed in the bottom of each glass petri plate (American Scientific 100 x 15 mm). Twelve mL of the test solution were pipetted into petri plates for soybean, cucumber, oat, and corn. Ten mL were pipetted into petri plates for lettuce, radish, tomato, cabbage, ryegrass, and onion. These volumes were determined by previous testing to be sufficient for germination of the seeds indicated. An Oxford Macro-Set Pipetter was used for distributing the test solution in each petri plate. Application commenced thirty minutes after test solution preparation.
- Controls: A solvent and a water control were used.
- Chemical name of vehicle: The test material was not miscible in water; therefore, acetonitrile was used as vehicle.
- Concentration of vehicle in test medium: For preparation of treatment (the seedling emergence) solutions, the test material was dissolved in 100 % acetonitrile. A 0.5 % acetonitrile solution was used for the seed germination treatment solution.
- Controls: The in-life seed germination portion was started but was discarded due to low dose solution recoveries of the maximum concentration. All crops were retested. This test was also discarded due to suppression of germination caused by 5 % acetonitrile. The seed germination study was restarted using 0.5 % acetonitrile solution as a positive control and deionised water as a negative control.
- Test material concentrations and formulations:
Seed Germination:
Calculation of treatment application rate for the ten crops was based on the weight of the technical material adjusted for percent purity. One pound ai/ A was the maximum label rate. According to the guidance, a seed treatment solution concentration of 3.0 ppm is equivalent to a 1.0 lb ai/ A application rate to a 3.0 inch soil depth. Therefore, a 3.0 ppm (3.0 mg ai) treatment solution is equivalent to the maximum application rate of 1.0 lb ai/ A.
Calculations for the test solution are as follows: (3.0 mg ai / 0.922 ai) x (1.0 L / 1 000 mL) = 3.25 mg / 1 000 mL
The amount of the test material weighed was 0.0034 gram and this was dissolved in 5 mL of acetonitrile and brought up to a 1 000 mL volume with deionised water. A magnetic bar was placed in the solution which was stirred on a stir plate for approximately 10 minutes. Five hundred millilitres were removed for the maximum concentration. Serial dilutions of 500 mL of the maximum concentration were made to achieve the lower treatment rates. A negative control (deionised water) and a positive control (0.5 % acetonitrile) were formulated.
Seeds of all ten crops were treated with the test material applied at equivalent rates of 0.0, 0.031, 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 lb ai/ A (0.0, 0.094, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm).
Seedling Emergence:
The test material was applied to all ten crops at rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33, and 1.0 lb ai/ A (0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm ai) in the equivalence of 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of solvent. The maximum label rate was 1.0 lb ai/ A. Treatment application rates were calculated from the percent active ingredient of the technical product. Calculations for spray solutions of the maximum application concentration of the test material are as follows:
(1.0 lb ai / 50 gal) x (453.592 g / lb) x (gal / 3.785 L) = 2.397 g ai/L (2 397 mg ai/L)
(2397 mg ai/ L) x (1.0 mg tech / 0.922 mg ai) x 0.5 L = 1 300 mg/ 500 mL
The maximum application concentration was prepared by dissolving 1.3002 g (amount weighed) of the test material in 500 mL of 100 % acetonitrile. Serial dilutions of the maximum application concentration using 100 % acetonitrile were made to achieve the lower application rates. The control was 100 % acetonitrile, which showed no adverse effects in emergence or on emerging seedlings. - Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Soybean
- Plant family: Leguminosae
- Variety: Forrest
- Source of seed: Azlin See Services - Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Lettuce
- Plant family: Compositae
- Variety: Prize Head M1
- Source of seed: Champion Seed Co. - Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Radish
- Plant family: Cruciferae
- Variety: Cherry bomb
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Tomato
- Plant family: Solanaceae
- Variety: Burpee's VF Hybrid
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cucumber
- Plant family: Cucurbitaceae
- Variety: Bush Champion and Bush Pickle. Bush Pickle was used in the seed germination test.
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Company - Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cabbage
- Plant family: Cruciferae
- Variety: Early Jersey Wakefield
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Plant family: Graminae
- Variety: Swan
- Source of seed: Northrup King - Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Ryegrass
- Plant family: Gramineae
- Variety: Competitor
- Source of seed: Omni Seed Co.
: - Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Corn
- Plant family: Gramineae
- Variety: Golden Cross Bantam
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Onion
- Plant family: Amaryllidaceae
- Variety: Norstar and Sweet Sandwich. Sweet Sandwich was used in the seed germination test.
- Source of seed: Burpee Seed Co. - Test type:
- seedling emergence and seedling growth test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- natural soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Test temperature:
- - Seed germination: 21 to 26 °C for all crops except lettuce which was incubated at 17 to 23 °C.
- Seedling emergence: 11 - 30 °C. - pH:
- 7.36
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Testing facility: Greenhouse (48 x 28 ft) positioned east-to-west
- Test container: 7.5 x 7.5 x 6.0 cm plastic pots filled with soil.
- Method of seeding: Ten seeds per pot were planted. Seeds selected for each crop were approximately of uniform size and were assigned impartially to test and control groups. A plexiglass template was used to create planting holes in the soil, thus allowing uniform planting depth and distribution of seeds. Soybean, cucumber, oat, and corn were planted at a 2.5 cm depth, while the remaining six crops were planted at a 1.3 cm depth. Soybean oat, tomato, and ryegrass were planted the day before application, while the remaining crops were planted on the day of application.
- No. of seeds per container: Ten
- No. of replicates per treatment group: Each treatment/crop combination was replicated four times.
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE
- % sand: 57.3
- % silt: 36.0
- % clay: 6.7
- Soil taxonomic classification: Sandy loam
- Soil classification system: USDA
- CEC (meq/100 g): 9.6
- Pre-treatment of soil: Pasteurised for approximately 48 h in a Pro-Grow Soil Steriliser. Perlite was added to the pasteurised soil to facilitate drainage. Osmocote® fertiliser (17:9:13) was added to soil at 90.7 g per 1.6 cubic feet.
- Bulk density (disturbed) gm/cc: 1.15
- % moisture at 1/3 bar: 16.9
- % moisture at 15 bar: 4.9
- Percent organic matter: 1.1
- pH: 7.9
GROWTH CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: Seedling emergence: Sunrise to sunset data were obtained from the Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory. Sunrise and sunset times, along with photoperiod are presented for the day of in-life study initiation and the last day plants were in the greenhouse:
29 January 1993, sunrise 7:03 a.m., sunset 5:21 p.m. = photoperiod of 10 h 18 min.
19 February 1993, sunrise 6:43 a.m., sunset 5.43 p.m. = photoperiod of 11 h 00 min.
Trays containing study pots were rotated approximately 180° twice weekly to reduce phototropism. Periods of artificial light from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. were recorded.
- Light source: Seedling emergence: Spero Lighting 1 000 W using General Electric R1000 Multi-Vapor Lamps to supplement light during periods of low sunlight intensity.
- Light intensity and quality: Seedling emergence: Light quantity, determined in footcandles using a Quantum Instruments PhotoMeter 1, was measured at canopy height at approximately 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. on weekdays. Mean light intensities at 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. were as follows:
10:00 a.m. footcandles (includes artificial light) = 1 720; Lux* = 18 576
2:00 p.m. footcandles (includes artificial light) = 1 500; Lux* = 16 200.
*lux = footcandles measured x (10.8 lux / 1 footcandle)
- Day/night temperatures and humidity: Seedling emergence: A Weathertronics hygrothermograph system was used to collect greenhouse temperatures and relative humidity ranges, which are listed as follows:
Temperature: 11 – 30 °C.
The mean and standard deviation of daily low and high temperatures and the overall mean are:
Min. temperature: 18 ± 1.7 °C; Max. temperature: 27 ± 2.1 °C; Mean temperature: 23 ± 1.1 °C
Relative humidity: 33 – 80 %.
The weekly relative humidity means are:
Min. relative humidity: 46 ± 8.5; Max. relative humidity: 71 ± 6.3; Mean relative humidity: 58 ± 6.4
- Watering regime and schedules: Seedling emergence: Water (pH 7.36) used for irrigation was from the testing facility’s irrigation well. Throughout the study, pots were watered using HydroRain® controlled irrigation system with watering nozzles spaced 50 inches apart. Pots were irrigated for two or three minutes at 8:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., and 5:00 p.m., daily. Approximately 14.1 mL were delivered per pot per day. Irrigation volumes were determined by measuring output on a single day.
- Method of application: Seedling emergence: Each treatment replicate (one pot of each crop) was placed on a 6.25 x 31.25 inch aluminium tray. The spray plot measured 45.5 x 155 inches (4.90 ft^2). The spray volume required to spray a 4.90 ft^2 plot at the equivalence of 50 gpa of solvent was 21.3 mL as determined by the following equation:
(4.90 ft^2 / plot) x (A / 43 560 ft^2) x (50 gal/A) (3785 mL / gal) = 21.3 mL / plot
All applications of the test material were performed indoors with a spray booth equipped with a single TeeJet 8001-E nozzle and a compressed air cylinder. A nozzle height of 10.5 inches was used to achieve a 15.5 inch spray swath. Spray pressure was adjusted to 35 psi and a graduated cylinder was used to collect the nozzle output for various times. Spray volume was collected six times and an average of 5.6 ± 0.14 mL/second. The time required to spray 21.3 mL per plot at a nozzle output of 5.6 mL/second was calculated.
(21.3 mL / plot) x (seconds / 5.6 mL) = 3.80 seconds / plot
An electronic stopwatch was used to monitor the speed of the nozzle. Pass timings were replicated six times for an average pass time of 3.81 ± 0.02 seconds. Spraying with the test material was completed within 50 minutes of completion of solution preparation.
After treatment, pots were placed in Greenhouse #1, kept in treatment trays, and hand watered with an average of 7.1 mL per pot to allow movement of the test material into the seed zone. After approximately 48 hours, all pots were randomised within crops to minimise potential environmental variation in the greenhouse.
Seed germination: Plates containing seeds treated with the same concentration were impartially placed in 31 x 23 x 10 cm plastic boxes on raised wire mesh. Water was added to the bottom of each box to maintain high relative humidity. Plastic boxes were sealed with tightly fitted lids to inhibit moisture loss. All crops except lettuce were allowed to germinate in darkness in a Low Temperature Incubator (815 Unit) at a temperature range from 21 to 26 °C for six days. Lettuce was incubated in darkness in a Precision Low Temperature Incubator at 17 to 23 °C. This study portion (seed germination) was completed six days after treatment.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: The seedling emergence study portions were completed 21 days after treatment. Data were collected. Seedling emergence was recorded 7 and 14 days after treatment. Seedling survival and height were recorded 21 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity ratings were recorded 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Twenty-one days after treatment, plants within treatment replicates were cut at soil level and dried at approximately 100 °C for a minimum of 48 hours in pre-weighed aluminium foil sheets. The combined weight of the foil sheet and dried plant material was recorded.
- Germination Percentage: Seed germination percentages were determined by counting the number of seeds with radicle lengths of 5 mm or greater after incubation and dividing number germinated by total seeds per dish, and then multiplying by 100.
- Percent Seedling Emergence and Percent Survival: For each treatment, the percent emergence at 7 and 14 days, and percent seedling survival at 21 days were calculated. Fourteen-day data were used to evaluate effects on emergence.
- Phytotoxicity rating system: Plants were evaluated for signs of phytotoxicity resulting from treatment. Phytotoxicity was evaluated on days 7, 14, and 21. Twenty one-day data were used to evaluate effects and to determine no-effect concentration levels. The phytotoxicity rating system used to evaluate treatment effects is as follows:
0 - Indicates no injury/effect.
1 - Indicates slight plant effect or restricted to one area of the plant (e.g. a leaf).
2 - Indicates a moderate effect (engrossing the whole plant - mild stunting, chlorosis).
3 - Indicates a severe effect with recovery possible (severe leaf desiccation).
4 - Indicates a total plant effect (very poor vigor).
5 - Moribund or plant death.
Individual replicate mean phytotoxicity rating are converted to a proportion of the maximum value of 5: 0 = 0, 1 = 0.2, 2 = 0.4, 3 = 0.6, 4 = 0.8, and 5 = 1.
- Plant Height Measurements: Plant height was measured by extending each seedling to its maximum height and recording height to the nearest millimetre. Mean plant height was calculated for each treatment. Replicate means were used for statistical analysis.
- Dry Weight Evaluation: Plants within treatment replicates were cut at soil level and dried in pre-weighed aluminium foil sheets. Replicate means were used for statistical analysis.
- Mean and Percent Effect Calculation: All data were entered into Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets, which calculated replicate means, treatment means, standard deviations, percent effect, and analysis of variance tables. Treatment means were used to calculate the treatment percent effect using the following equation:
% effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: Yes - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Seed germination nominal concentration: The test material was applied at equivalent rates of 0.0, 0.031, 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 lb ai/ A (0.0, 0.094, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm).
Seedling emergence nominal concentration: The test material was applied at rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33, and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm). - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.5 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 6 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.5 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- germination
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.11 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 14 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- seedling emergence
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.33 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Seedling survival
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 1 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- phytotoxicity
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.037 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.012 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.004 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Key result
- Species:
- Raphanus sativus
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Key result
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Key result
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.001 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Plant dry weight
- Details on results:
- Seed Germination: There was no significant difference between the solvent control (0.5 % acetonitrile) and negative control (deionised water).
SEED GERMINATION
Lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, and corn showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates, resulting in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.50 lb ai/A for soybean and onion. There was no significant difference between the solvent control (0.5 % acetonitrile) and negative control (deionised water). At 0.063 lb ai/A, radicle lengths of lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, and corn appeared to be shorter than the control, and produced more root hairs. As the treatment rates increased, radicle lengths became progressively shorter. Radicle elongation of soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber and cabbage was severely restricted at 1.0 lb ai/A.
Regression analysis was not conducted on the percent effect data for any of the ten crops due to lack of treatment effects over 25 %. Interpolated EC25 value for each was > 1.0 lb ai/A.
SEEDLING EMERGENCE
- Percent seedling emergence: At 14 days after treatment, oat and ryegrass showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.33 lb ai/A for lettuce; 0.11 lb ai/A for soybean and corn; and 0.037 lb ai/A for radish, cabbage and onion. The no-effect concentration level for tomato and cucumber was determined to be 0.037 lb ai/A. For corn statistical significance was observed at 1.0 and 0.33 lb ai/A, however the percent effect at those levels was -12 and -17 %, respectively. The NOEC for corn was determined to be 1.0 lb ai/A. The NOEC for tomato, cucumber and com were determined by the highest dose where a less than or equal to 20 % detrimental effect was recorded. Since EPA considers detrimental effects ≥ 25 % significant, the NOECs presented here are conservative. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on percent emergence no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are:
Oat = ryegrass = corn (1.0) < lettuce (0.33) < soybean (0.11) < radish = tomato = cucumber = cabbage = onion (0.037)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, and onion, but not on the remaining three crops due to percent detrimental effect level being below 25 %.
The EC25 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is:
Lettuce (0.63) < soybean (0.23) < tomato (0.19) < cucumber (0.13) < cabbage (0.12) < onion (0.072) < radish (0.037 - 0.11)
Interpolated EC25 values for the following crops are: Oat = rye grass = corn (> 1.0)
- Percent survival: Percent survival is defined as the percent of emerged seedlings surviving at 21 days after treatment. At 21 days after treatment, soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat, and ryegrass showed no significant difference from controls and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/A. Onion showed a significant difference between the control and 0.11 lb ai/A (-24 %), but no significant difference at the two highest rates (0.33 and 1.0 lb ai/A). Therefore, the no-effect concentration of onion was determined to be 0.037 lb ai/A. Although onion plants survived at 0.33 and 1.0 lb ai/A, phytotoxicity ratings were very high. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.33 lb ai/A for cabbage and corn and 0.012 lb ai/A for radish. At 1.0 lb ai/ A there was no emergence and therefore no survival data for cabbage. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on percent survival no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are:
Soybean = lettuce = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass (1.0) < cabbage = corn (0.33) < onion (0.037) < radish (0.012)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish and corn, but not on the remaining eight crops due to lack of significant treatment effects or lack of a true dose response relationship. The EC25 value for corn is 0.75 lb ai/A and EC50 was 0.058 lb ai/A for radish.
Interpolated EC25 values (lb ai/A) for the following crops are:
Soybean = lettuce = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = onion (> 1.0) < cabbage (> 0.33) < radish (0.012 - 0.037)
The interpolated EC25 and EC50 values for cabbage was > 0.33 lb ai/A because the 1.0 lb ai/A concentration completely suppressed emergence.
- Plant height: The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce and corn; 0.0041 lb ai/A for radish, cucumber, cabbage, onion and soybean. The no-effect concentration level for tomato and oat was determined to be 0.012 lb ai/A. The NOEC for these two crops was determined by the highest dose where a less than or equal to 20 % detrimental effect was recorded. Since EPA considers detrimental effects ≥ 25 % significant, the NOECs presented here are conservative. Ryegrass was significantly different from the control at 1.0 lb ai/A, not significant at 0.33 lb ai/A, but significant at 0.11 lb ai/A. Using a conservative approach, the no-effect concentration for ryegrass was determined to be 0.037 lb ai/A. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on plant height no effect concentration (lb ai/A) are:
Ryegrass (0.037) < lettuce = tomato = oat = corn (0.012) < radish = cucumber = cabbage = onion = soybean (0.0041)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except ryegrass due to percent detrimental effect levels being below 25 %. The EC25 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is:
Oat (0.044) < corn (0.028) < lettuce (0.018) < soybean (0.017) < tomato (0.015) < onion (0.013) < cucumber (0.012) < radish (0.0073) < cabbage (0.0058)
Interpolated EC25 value for ryegrass is > 1.0 lb ai/A.
- Dry weight: Foil tare weight for lettuce replicate 3 of 0.037 lb ai/A was inaccurately weighed. Tomato control replicates 2 and 3 of 0.0041 lb ai/A were considered to be outliers. Therefore, the data for these two crops were submitted to SAS General Linear Models Procedure. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass; 0.012 lb ai/A for oat; 0.0041 lb ai/A for soybean, tomato, cucumber and corn; and 0.014 lb ai/A for radish and onion. At 0.012 lb ai/A, lettuce was not significantly different from the control, but since the detrimental effect was 29 %, the no-effect concentration level was determined to be 0.0041 lb ai/A. Treatment of cabbage with 0.0014 lb ai/A resulted in a statistically significant 17 % detrimental effect on plant dry weight. The NOEC for cabbage was determined by the highest dose where a less than or equal to 20 % detrimental effect was recorded. Since EPA considers detrimental effect ≥ 25 % significant, the NOEC presented for cabbage is conservative. The no-effect concentration level for cabbage was designated to be 0.0014 lb ai/A.
Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on plant dry weight no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are:
Ryegrass (0.037) < oat (0.012) < soybean = lettuce = tomato = cucumber = corn (0.0041) < radish = cabbage = onion (0.0014)
Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The EC25 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is:
Ryegrass (0.067) < oat (0.20) < soybean (0.010) < corn (0.0098) < lettuce (0.0084) < tomato (0.0076) < onion (0.0051) < cucumber (0.0044) < cabbage (0.0034) < radish (0.0023)
- Abnormal seed development or appearance (phytotoxicity): At the lower treatment rates, mild to moderate stunting occurred on radish, cucumber and corn. At the higher treatment rates, emergence of soybean, radish and cabbage was greatly depressed. Onion exhibited poor vigour at the higher rates. At 21 days after treatment, the highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 1.0 lb ai/ A for ryegrass; 0.012 lb ai/ A for lettuce, tomato, corn and onion; and 0.0041 lb ai/A for soybean, cucumber, cabbage, oat and radish. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test material based on phytotoxicity rating no effect concentration (lb ai/A) are:
Ryegrass (1.0) < lettuce = tomato = corn = onion (0.012) < soybean = cucumber = cabbage = oat = radish (0.0041) - Reported statistics and error estimates:
- ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
A randomised complete block analysis of variance was performed on the treatment level x replicate means. Prior to statistical analysis, replicate mean values of phytotoxicity data were expressed as proportions of the maximum rating (5). Treatment level means were subjected to a one-tailed Dunnett’s multiple comparison test to determine which treatment concentrations differed from control levels. A no-observed effect concentration (NOEC) was determined by the highest dose where a less than or equal to 20 % detrimental effect was recorded.
LINEAR REGRESSION
Regression analysis on percent effect data was conducted using TableCurve™ Curve Fitting Software to predict test material concentrations expected to result in 25 and 50 % detrimental effect levels.
This program is designed to do linear and nonlinear regressions (exponential logarithmic and quadratic equations). It fits the data to many curve functions selected by the user. Treatment percent effect levels instead of replicate percent effect levels were used to select a mathematical equation which adequately described the treatment dose response. Dose response curves selected by TableCurve were ranked in order of increasing least squares error of fit (root MSE) as a tool in selecting an appropriate equation. The F-statistic was also used as a criterion to measure the extent the equation represented the data set. The judgement of the participating scientist was the determining factor used to select the test material dose response equation. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study the results showed that of the four monocot species (oat, ryegrass, corn and onion), onion appeared to be the most sensitive and ryegrass the least sensitive when treated with the test material. Of the six dicot species, sensitivity to the test material varies within crops in each parameter. Of all the parameters tested plant dry weight appeared to be the most sensitive.
For the seed germination test the EC50 was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all 10 crops. The % germination NOEC was 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except soybean and onion for which the % germination NOEC was 0.50 lb ai/A for both crops.
For the seedling emergence test the EC50 for oat, ryegrass, corn and lettuce was > 1.0 lb ai/A. For the other crops the EC50 ranged from 0.071 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.56 lb ai/A (tomato). The seedling emergence NOEC for oat, ryegrass and corn was 1.0 lb ai/A; for lettuce and soybean it was 0.33 and 0.11 lb ai/A respectively. The remaining five crops had a seedling emergence NOEC of 0.037 lb ai/A.
For the percent survival test the EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except cabbage and radish which had an EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days of > 0.33 and 0.058 lb ai/A, respectively. The NOEC for seedling survival was 1.0 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat and ryegrass. Cabbage and corn had a NOEC of 0.33 lb ai/A. Onion and radish had a NOEC of 0.037 and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively.
In the phytotoxicity test ryegrass had a NOEC for phototoxicity of 1.0 lb ai/A. Lettuce, tomato, corn and onion had a NOEC of 0.012 lb ai/A. The remaining five crops had a NOEC of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
The EC50 for plant height was > 1.0 lb ai/A for ryegrass. The EC50 for the other crops ranged from 0.015 (radish) to 0.19 lb ai/A (oat). The NOECs for plant height were 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass and 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce, oat, tomato and corn. The remaining five crops had a NOEC for plant height of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
The EC50 for plant dry weight ranged from 0.0054 lb ai/A (cabbage) to 0.20 lb ai/A (ryegrass). The NOEC for plant dry weight for ryegrass and oat was 0.037 lb ai/A and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively. For radish, cabbage and onion the NOEC was 0.0014 lb ai/A. For the remaining five crops the NOEC for plant dry weight was 0.0041 lb ai/A. - Executive summary:
The phytotoxicity of the test material was assessed according to Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision J, Guideline 123-1 (a) and in compliance with GLP.
A tier 2 nontarget phytotoxicity study was conducted to determine the effects of the test material on seed germination, seedling emergence, and early growth of soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion.
The test material was applied at the following equivalent rates:
- Seed Germination: 0.0, 0.031, 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.035, 0.071, 0.15, 0.28, 0.56 and 1.1 kg active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these dosing solutions were 0.0, 0.094, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm. Serial dilutions were made using a two-fold geometric progression. The maximum label rate was 1.0 lb ai/A (1.1 kg ai/ha).
- Seedling Emergence: 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37, and 1.1 kg ai/ha). The ppm ranges of these dosing solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm ai. Serial dilutions were made using a three-fold geometric progression. The maximum label rate was 1.0 ai/A (1.1 kg ai/ha).
Verification of treatment solution concentrations was performed by the Analytical Services Group of the testing facility using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultra-violet (UV) detector.
Dose verification data are based on nominal concentrations. Dose verification for the seed germination study resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 105 to 107 % of target concentrations. Fortification samples at 0.0900 (in duplicate) and 3.00 ppm were prepared at the time of analysis and yielded recoveries of 95.8 and 102 %, respectively.
Dose verification for the seedling emergence study resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 84.8 to 100 % of target concentrations. A low fortification sample at 3.00 ppm and high fortification at 2 500 ppm were prepared at the time of sample analysis. The fortification samples yielded recoveries of 84.7 and 122 %, respectively.
Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm were also prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples. At the time of analysis, these fortifications yielded recoveries of 83.0 and 75.2 % respectively.
Seed Germination: The test material solution was applied to blotters contained in petri plates. Each treatment consisted of four replicates. Ten seeds of each crop were placed in individual petri plates. At 6 days after treatment, all crops except soybean and onion showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.50 lb ai/A for soybean and onion. Regression analysis was not conducted on the percent effect data for any crop due to lack of significant treatment effects or detrimental effect levels being below 25 %. The EC50 was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all 10 crops. The % germination NOEC was 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except soybean and onion for which the % germination NOEC was 0.50 lb ai/A for both crops.
Percent Emergence: In the seedling emergence section, four parameters (percent emergence, percent survival, plant height, and plant dry weight) were evaluated. Ten seeds of each crop were planted in pots containing pasteurised soil. Each treatment consisted of four replicates. A single treatment of the test material was applied with an overhead flat-fan nozzle (TeeJet 8001-E) in 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of 100 % acetonitrile. At 14 days after treatment, oat and ryegrass showed no significant difference in percent emergence between controls and any of the treatment rates tested. Soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, corn and onion showed a significant difference between controls and one or more of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion, but not on the remaining three crops. The EC50 for oat, ryegrass, corn and lettuce was > 1.0 lb ai/A. For the other crops the EC50 ranged from 0.071 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.56 lb ai/A (tomato). The seedling emergence NOEC for oat, ryegrass and corn was 1.0 lb ai/A; for lettuce and soybean it was 0.33 and 0.11 lb ai/A respectively. The remaining five crops had a seedling emergence NOEC of 0.037 lb ai/A.
Percent Survival: At 21 days after treatment, soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat, onion and ryegrass showed no significant difference from controls. Radish, cabbage and corn showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and one or more of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish and corn, but not on the remaining eight crops. The EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except cabbage and radish which had an EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days of > 0.33 and 0.058 lb ai/A, respectively. The NOEC for seedling survival was 1.0 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat and ryegrass. Cabbage and corn had a NOEC of 0.33 lb ai/A. Onion and radish had a NOEC of 0.037 and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively.
Phytotoxicity: Phytotoxicity was evaluated 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The results reported were based on 21-day evaluation. Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings in all crops except ryegrass at 21 days after treatment. At the lowest treatment rates, mild to moderate stunting occurred on radish, cucumber and corn. At the higher treatment rates, emergence of soybean, radish and cabbage was greatly depressed. Ryegrass had a NOEC for phototoxicity of 1.0 lb ai/A. Lettuce, tomato, corn and onion had a NOEC of 0.012 lb ai/A. The remaining five crops had a NOEC of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Plant Height: At 21 days after treatment, all crops showed significant reduction in plant height from controls in all of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except ryegrass. The EC50 for plant height was > 1.0 lb ai/A for ryegrass. The EC50 for the other crops ranged from 0.015 (radish) to 0.19 lb ai/A (oat). The NOECs for plant height were 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass and 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce, oat, tomato and corn. The remaining five crops had a NOEC for plant height of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Plant Dry Weight: At 21 days after treatment, all crops showed significant reduction in plant dry weight from controls in all of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The EC50 for plant dry weight ranged from 0.0054 lb ai/A (cabbage) to 0.20 lb ai/A (ryegrass). The NOEC for plant dry weight for ryegrass and oat was 0.037 lb ai/A and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively. For radish, cabbage and onion the NOEC was 0.0014 lb ai/A. For the remaining five crops the NOEC for plant dry weight was 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Under the conditions of the study the results showed that of the four monocot species (oat, ryegrass, corn and onion), onion appeared to be the most sensitive and ryegrass the least sensitive when treated with the test material. Of the six dicot species, sensitivity to the test material varies within crops in each parameter. Of all the parameters tested plant dry weight appeared to be the most sensitive.
Referenceopen allclose all
NOEC (lb ai/A), EC25 (lb ai/A) and EC50 (lb ai/A) Values 21 Days After Treatment
Crop |
Phytotoxicity |
Percent Survival |
Plant Height (mm) |
Dry Weight (mg) |
||||||
NOEC |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
|
Soybean |
0.11 |
0.33 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.11 |
0.30 |
0.83 |
0.037 |
0.077 |
0.24 |
Lettuce |
0.037 |
0.11 |
>0.11 |
>0.11 |
0.037 |
0.049 |
0.13 |
0.012 |
0.025 |
0.075 |
Radish |
0.012 |
0.012 |
0.035 |
0.060 |
0.012 |
0.016 |
0.034 |
0.012 |
0.020 |
>0.037 |
Tomato |
0.0041 |
0.11 |
>0.11 |
>0.11 |
0.037 |
0.061 |
0.15 |
0.012 |
0.015 |
0.058 |
Cucumber |
0.012 |
0.037 |
0.040 |
0.092 |
0.037 |
0.037 |
0.083 |
0.012 |
0.022 |
0.067 |
Cabbage |
0.0041 |
0.11 |
>0.11 |
>0.11 |
0.037 |
0.080 |
0.21 |
0.0014 |
0.011 |
0.033 |
Oat |
1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.33 |
0.52 |
>1.0 |
Ryegrass |
1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.33 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.11 |
0.30 |
0.90 |
Corn |
0.037 |
0.33 |
0.61 |
0.91 |
0.012 |
0.037 |
0.29 |
0.0014 |
0.0062 |
0.048 |
Onion |
0.11 |
0.33 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.080 |
0.53 |
0.012 |
0.020 |
0.072 |
NOEC was the highest treatment concentration which was not statistically different (p < 0.05) from the control or the lowest treatment concentration exhibiting a significant detrimental effect but less than 25 %.
Percent Survival and Percent Effect on Soybean, lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Plants 21 Days After Treatment with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment Rate (lb ai/A) |
Percent Survival† |
Percent Effect†† |
Soybean |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
80* |
-20 |
|
Lettuce |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
20* |
-80 |
|
1.0 |
0* |
-100 |
|
Radish |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
90* |
-10 |
|
0.11 |
0* |
-100 |
|
0.33 |
0* |
-100 |
|
1.0 |
0* |
-100 |
|
Tomato |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
20* |
-80 |
|
1.0 |
0* |
-100 |
|
Cucumber |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
95 |
-5 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
40* |
-60 |
|
0.33 |
0* |
-100 |
|
1.0 |
0* |
-100 |
† The number of observations and the standard deviation of each treatment can be found in the calculation sheets.
†† Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant difference from control at p < 0.05.
Percent Survival and Percent Effect on Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Plants 21 Days After Treatment with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment Rate (lb ai/A) |
Percent Survival† |
Percent Effect†† |
Cabbage |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
40* |
-60 |
|
1.0 |
15* |
-85 |
|
Oat |
0 |
100** |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Ryegrass |
0 |
100** |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Corn |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
85 |
-15 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
95 |
-5 |
|
0.33 |
90 |
-10 |
|
1.0 |
40* |
-60 |
|
Onion |
0 |
100 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
75* |
-25 |
† The number of observations and the standard deviation of each treatment can be found in the calculation sheets.
†† Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant difference from control at p < 0.05.
** Column values do not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance.
Mean Plant Height and Percent Effect on Soybean, Lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Plants 0 and 21 Days After Treatment with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment Rate (lb ai/A) |
0 Days After Treatment |
21 Days After Treatment |
||
Plant Height† (mm) |
Pre-Treatment†† Difference |
Plant Height (mm) |
Percent Effect†† |
||
Soybean |
0 |
121** |
|
275 |
|
0.0014 |
122 |
1 |
253 |
-8 |
|
0.0041 |
121 |
0 |
265 |
-4 |
|
0.012 |
121 |
0 |
260 |
-5 |
|
0.037 |
124 |
2 |
255 |
-7 |
|
0.11 |
122 |
1 |
254 |
-8 |
|
0.33 |
122 |
1 |
199* |
-28 |
|
1.0 |
121 |
0 |
121* |
-56 |
|
Lettuce |
0 |
46** |
|
130 |
|
0.0014 |
47 |
2 |
121 |
-7 |
|
0.0041 |
47 |
2 |
121 |
-7 |
|
0.012 |
47 |
2 |
130 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
47 |
2 |
119 |
-8 |
|
0.11 |
47 |
2 |
79* |
-39 |
|
0.33 |
47 |
2 |
9* |
-93 |
|
1.0 |
47 |
2 |
2* |
-100 |
|
Radish |
0 |
72** |
|
95 |
|
0.0014 |
71 |
-1 |
99 |
4 |
|
0.0041 |
71 |
-1 |
91 |
-4 |
|
0.012 |
72 |
0 |
86 |
-9 |
|
0.037 |
71 |
-1 |
59* |
-41 |
|
0.11 |
72 |
0 |
0* |
-100 |
|
0.33 |
72 |
0 |
0* |
-100 |
|
1.0 |
71 |
-1 |
0* |
-100 |
|
Tomato |
0 |
62** |
|
199 |
|
0.0014 |
62 |
0 |
207 |
4 |
|
0.0041 |
62 |
0 |
183 |
-8 |
|
0.012 |
63 |
0 |
187 |
-6 |
|
0.037 |
63 |
2 |
181 |
-9 |
|
0.11 |
62 |
2 |
146* |
-27 |
|
0.33 |
62 |
0 |
20* |
-90 |
|
1.0 |
63 |
2 |
0* |
-100 |
|
Cucumber |
0 |
112** |
|
219 |
|
0.0014 |
109 |
-3 |
219 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
111 |
-1 |
215 |
-2 |
|
0.012 |
110 |
-2 |
219 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
110 |
-2 |
199 |
-9 |
|
0.11 |
112 |
0 |
67* |
-69 |
|
0.33 |
111 |
-1 |
0* |
-100 |
|
1.0 |
110 |
-2 |
0* |
-100 |
|
† The number of observations and the standard deviation of each treatment can be found in the calculation sheets.
†† Percent difference and percent effect on plant growth = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant difference from control at p < 0.05.
** Column values do not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance.
Mean Plant Height and Percent Effect on Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Plants 0 and 21 Days After Treatment with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment Rate (lb ai/A) |
0 Days After Treatment |
21 Days After Treatment |
||
Plant Height† (mm) |
Pre-Treatment Difference †† |
Plant Height (mm) |
Percent Effect†† |
||
Cabbage |
0 |
63** |
|
115 |
|
0.0014 |
64 |
2 |
112 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
63 |
0 |
114 |
-1 |
|
0.012 |
63 |
2 |
110 |
-4 |
|
0.037 |
63 |
0 |
101 |
-12 |
|
0.11 |
63 |
0 |
92* |
-20 |
|
0.33 |
63 |
0 |
31* |
-73 |
|
1.0 |
64 |
2 |
10* |
-91 |
|
Oat |
0 |
136** |
|
489** |
|
0.0014 |
140 |
3 |
485 |
-1 |
|
0.0041 |
140 |
3 |
484 |
-1 |
|
0.012 |
140 |
3 |
520 |
6 |
|
0.037 |
140 |
3 |
512 |
5 |
|
0.11 |
140 |
3 |
508 |
4 |
|
0.33 |
135 |
-1 |
497 |
2 |
|
1.0 |
140 |
3 |
440 |
-10 |
|
Ryegrass |
0 |
62** |
|
198 |
|
0.0014 |
62 |
0 |
198 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
62 |
0 |
195 |
-2 |
|
0.012 |
62 |
0 |
191 |
-4 |
|
0.037 |
63 |
2 |
193 |
-3 |
|
0.11 |
62 |
0 |
191 |
-4 |
|
0.33 |
62 |
0 |
174 |
-12 |
|
1.0 |
60 |
-3 |
159* |
-20 |
|
Corn |
0 |
106** |
|
419 |
|
0.0014 |
105 |
-1 |
400 |
-5 |
|
0.0041 |
106 |
0 |
339 |
-19 |
|
0.012 |
106 |
0 |
361 |
-14 |
|
0.037 |
110 |
4 |
606 |
-28 |
|
0.11 |
106 |
0 |
262* |
-37 |
|
0.33 |
106 |
0 |
219* |
-47 |
|
1.0 |
106 |
0 |
94* |
-78 |
|
Onion |
0 |
164** |
|
271 |
|
0.0014 |
164 |
0 |
263 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
465 |
1 |
258 |
-5 |
|
0.012 |
467 |
2 |
242 |
-11 |
|
0.037 |
167 |
2 |
233 |
-14 |
|
0.11 |
163 |
-1 |
178* |
-34 |
|
0.33 |
163 |
-1 |
163* |
-40 |
|
1.0 |
167 |
2 |
102* |
-62 |
|
† The number of observations and the standard deviation of each treatment can be round in the calculation sheets.
†† Pre-treatment difference and percent effect on plant growth = ((treatment mean - control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant difference from control at p < 0.05.
** Column values do not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance.
Mean Plant Dry Weight of Soybean Lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Plants 21 Days after Treatment with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment Rate (lb ai/A) |
Dry Weight † # (g/rep) |
Percent Effect †† |
Soybean |
0 |
20.63 |
|
0.0014 |
2.011 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
2.285 |
11 |
|
0.012 |
2.103 |
2 |
|
0.037 |
1.722 |
-17 |
|
0.11 |
1.629 |
-21 |
|
0.33 |
0.777* |
-62 |
|
1.0 |
0.328* |
-84 |
|
Lettuce |
0 |
1.552 |
|
0.0014 |
1.235 |
-20 |
|
0.0041 |
1.396 |
-10 |
|
0.012 |
1.565 |
1 |
|
0.037 |
1.058* |
-32 |
|
0.11 |
0.618* |
-60 |
|
0.33 |
0.402* |
-74 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Radish |
0 |
1.068 |
|
0.0014 |
1.106 |
4 |
|
0.0041 |
0.998 |
-7 |
|
0.012 |
0.914 |
-14 |
|
0.037 |
0.650* |
-39 |
|
0.11 |
‡ |
|
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Tomato |
0 |
2.729 |
|
0.0014 |
3.217 |
18 |
|
0.0041 |
2.251 |
-18 |
|
0.012 |
2.206 |
-19 |
|
0.037 |
1.618* |
-41 |
|
0.11 |
1.131* |
-59 |
|
0.33 |
0.185* |
-93 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Cucumber |
0 |
2.981 |
|
0.0014 |
3.074 |
3 |
|
0.0041 |
2.544 |
-15 |
|
0.012 |
2.439 |
-18 |
|
0.037 |
2.024 |
-32 |
|
0.11 |
0.496* |
-83 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
† Plants were cut at the soil level, placed in pre-weighed aluminum sheets, and dried at 100 °C for a minimum of 48 hours.
# The number of observations and the standard deviation of each treatment mean can be found in the calculation sheets.
†† Percent effect = (treatment mean - control mean / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant reduction from control at p < 0.05.
‡ No mean dry weight recorded due to plant death.
Mean Plant Dry Weight of Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Plants 21 Days After treatment with the Test Material
Crop |
Treatment Rate (lb ai/A) |
Dry Weight†# (g/rep) |
Percent Effect†† |
Cabbage |
0 |
2.250 |
|
0.0014 |
2.469 |
10 |
|
0.0041 |
1.858* |
-17 |
|
0.012 |
1.621* |
-28 |
|
0.037 |
0.931* |
-59 |
|
0.11 |
0.565* |
-75 |
|
0.33 |
0.078* |
-97 |
|
1.0 |
0.027* |
-99 |
|
Oat |
0 |
1.427 |
|
0.0014 |
1.389 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
1.324 |
-7 |
|
0.012 |
1.533 |
7 |
|
0.037 |
1.497 |
5 |
|
0.11 |
1.362 |
-5 |
|
0.33 |
1.166 |
-18 |
|
1.0 |
0.860* |
-40 |
|
Ryegrass |
0 |
0.483 |
|
0.0014 |
0.505 |
5 |
|
0.0041 |
0.514 |
6 |
|
0.012 |
0.520 |
8 |
|
0.037 |
0.486 |
1 |
|
0.11 |
0.439 |
-9 |
|
0.33 |
0.357* |
-26 |
|
1.0 |
0.231* |
-52 |
|
Corn |
0 |
1.986 |
|
0.0014 |
1.893 |
-5 |
|
0.0041 |
1.470 |
-26 |
|
0.012 |
1.368 |
-31 |
|
0.037 |
1.168 |
-41 |
|
0.11 |
0.751* |
-62 |
|
0.33 |
0.505* |
-75 |
|
1.0 |
0.229* |
-88 |
|
Onion |
0 |
0.654 |
|
0.0014 |
0.608 |
-7 |
|
0.0041 |
0.621 |
-5 |
|
0.012 |
0.534 |
-18 |
|
0.037 |
0.421* |
-36 |
|
0.11 |
0.271* |
-59 |
|
0.33 |
0.163* |
-75 |
|
1.0 |
0.064* |
-90 |
† Plants were cut at the soil level, placed in pre-weighed aluminum sheets, and dried at 100 °C for a minimum of 48 hours.
# The number of observations and the standard deviation of each treatment mean can be found in the calculation sheets.
†† Percent effect = (treatment mean - control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant reduction from control at p <0.05.
Dose Verification Recovery Values for the test Material Vegetative Vigor Study.
Sample |
Test Level (lb ai/A) |
Expected Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Control |
0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
NA |
Level 1 |
0.0014 |
3.3 |
2.1 |
63.6 |
Level 2 |
0.0041 |
9.9 |
10 |
101 |
Level 3 |
0.012 |
30 |
27 |
90.0 |
Level 4 |
0.037 |
89 |
87 |
97.8 |
Level 5 |
0.11 |
270 |
310 |
115 |
Level 6 |
0.33 |
800 |
480 |
60.0 |
Level 7 |
1.0 |
2400 |
1300 |
54.2 |
Mean |
83.1 |
|||
Standard deviation |
23.6 |
|||
Recovery Values for Fortification Samples.
Sample |
Fortification Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Low spike 1 |
3.00 |
1.44 |
48.0 |
Low spike A2 |
3.00 |
2.65 |
88.3 |
High spike 1 |
2500 |
1870 |
74.8 |
High spike A2 |
2500 |
2330 |
93.2 |
1: Fortifications prepared at time of sampling and stored with samples.
2: Fortifications prepared at time of analysis.
Dose Verification Recovery Values for the Test Material Seedling Emergence Study.
Sample |
Test Level (lb ai/A) |
Expected Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Control |
0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
NA |
Level 1 |
0.0014 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
84.8 |
Level 2 |
0.0041 |
9.9 |
9.9 |
100 |
Level 3 |
0.012 |
30 |
28 |
93.3 |
Level 4 |
0.037 |
89 |
83 |
93.3 |
Level 5 |
0.11 |
270 |
260 |
96.3 |
Level 6 |
0.33 |
800 |
770 |
96.3 |
Level 7 |
1.0 |
2400 |
2200 |
91.7 |
Mean |
93.7 |
|||
Standard deviation |
4.8 |
|||
Recovery Values for Fortification Samples.
Sample |
Fortification Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Low spike 1 |
3.00 |
2.49 |
83.0 |
Low spike A2 |
3.00 |
2.54 |
84.7 |
High spike 1 |
2500 |
1880 |
75.2 |
High spike A2 |
2500 |
3040 |
122 |
1: Fortifications prepared at time of sampling and stored with samples.
2: Fortifications prepared at time of analysis.
Analytical Dose Verification
In the validation study, with acetonitrile, fortification concentrations ranged from 0.180 μg/mL (ppm) to 2 500 μg/mL (ppm) and yielded an average recovery of 95.3 ± 3.8 %. In the validation study, with deionised water, fortification concentrations ranged from 0.180 to 3.00 μg/mL (ppm) and yielded an average recovery of 101 ± 3.7 %.
The nominal concentrations for the seedling emergence study solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm ai. These dosing solution samples were refrigerated for 48 days before samples were analysed. Recoveries of the test material in the samples ranged from 84.8 to 100 %.
Fortification samples at 3.00 and 2 500 ppm, which were prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples, yielded recoveries of 83.0 and 75.2 %, respectively. Fortification samples at 3.00 and 2 500 ppm, prepared at the time of analysis of dose verification samples, yielded recovery values of 84.7 and 122 %, respectively.
The nominal concentrations for the seed germination study solutions were 0.0 (Water Control), 0.0, 0.094, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm, representing rates of 0.0, 0.031, 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A, respectively. Recovery values from the dose verification analysis ranged from 105 to 107 %.
Fortification samples were prepared in duplicate at 0.0900 ppm to extend the validated range, and at 3.0 ppm at the time of sampling. Analysis of these fortifications yielded recovery values of 95.8, 95.8 and 102 %, respectively.
Dose Verification Recovery Values for the Test Material Seedling Emergence Study
Sample ID# |
Test Level (lb a.i/A) |
Expected Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Control |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
NA |
Level 1 |
0.0014 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
84.8 |
Level 2 |
0.0041 |
9.9 |
9.9 |
100 |
Level 3 |
0.012 |
30 |
28 |
93.3 |
Level 4 |
0.037 |
89 |
83 |
93.3 |
Level 5 |
0.11 |
270 |
260 |
96.3 |
Level 6 |
0.33 |
800 |
770 |
96.3 |
Level 7 |
1.0 |
2400 |
2 200 |
91.7 |
Mean Standard Deviation |
93.7 4.8 |
|||
Recovery Values for Fortification Samples
Sample ID# |
Fortification Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Low spike* |
3.00 |
2.49 |
83.0 |
Low spike A** |
3.00 |
2.54 |
84.7 |
High spike* |
2 500 |
1 880 |
75.2 |
High spike A** |
2 500 |
3 040 |
122 |
* Fortifications prepared at time of sampling and stored with samples.
** Fortifications prepared at time of analysis.
Dose Verification Recovery Values for the Test Material Seed Germination Study
Sample ID # |
Test Level (lb a.i./A) |
Expected Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Water control |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
NA |
Control |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
NA |
Level 1 |
0.031 |
0.094 |
0.099 |
105 |
Level 2 |
0.063 |
0.19 |
0.20 |
105 |
Level 3 |
0.13 |
0.38 |
0.40 |
105 |
Level 4 |
0.25 |
0.75 |
0.80 |
107 |
Level 5 |
0.50 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
107 |
Level 6 |
1.0 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
107 |
Mean Standard deviation |
106 1.1 |
|||
Recovery Values for Fortification Samples
Sample ID# |
Fortification Concentration (ppm) |
Recovered Concentration (ppm) |
Percent Recovery |
Low spike A* |
0.0900 |
0.0862 |
95.8 |
Low spike B* |
0.0900 |
0.0862 |
95.8 |
High spike |
3.00 |
3.06 |
102 |
* Fortifications prepared in duplicate to extend the validation range.
Germination Percentage of Soybean, Lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Six Days After Treatment with the Test Material
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
Percent Germination† |
Percent Effect†† |
Soybean |
+0.0 |
100 |
|
-0.0 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.031 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.063 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.13 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.25 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.50 |
98 |
-5 |
|
1.0 |
80* |
-20 |
|
Lettuce |
+0.0 |
100** |
|
-0.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.063 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.13 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.25 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.50 |
95 |
-5 |
|
1.0 |
98 |
-2 |
|
Radish |
+0.0 |
98** |
|
-0.0 |
98 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.063 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.13 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.25 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.50 |
95 |
-3 |
|
1.0 |
100 |
2 |
|
Tomato |
+0.0 |
98** |
|
-0.0 |
98 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.063 |
93 |
-5 |
|
0.13 |
95 |
-3 |
|
0.25 |
93 |
-5 |
|
0.50 |
90 |
-8 |
|
1.0 |
93 |
-5 |
|
Cucumber |
+0.0 |
100** |
|
-0.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.063 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.13 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.25 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.50 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
98 |
-2 |
† A seed was considered germinated in the radicle was 5 mm in length or greater.
†† Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance, and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
*Indicated significant difference from control at p < 0.05.
** Column values do not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance or Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.
+0.0 Solvent control.
-0.0 Water control.
Germination Percentage of Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Six Days After Treatment with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
Percent Germination† |
Percent Effect†† |
Cabbage |
+0.0 |
100** |
|
-0.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.063 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.13 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.25 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.50 |
95 |
-5 |
|
1.0 |
98 |
-2 |
|
Oat |
+0.0 |
100** |
|
-0.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.063 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.13 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.25 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.50 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
98 |
-2 |
|
Ryegrass |
+0.0 |
93** |
|
-0.0 |
93 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
95 |
2 |
|
0.063 |
90 |
-3 |
|
0.13 |
98 |
5 |
|
0.25 |
93 |
0 |
|
0.50 |
93 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
93 |
0 |
|
Corn |
+0.0 |
100** |
|
-0.0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.031 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.063 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.13 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.25 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.50 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
98 |
-2 |
|
Onion |
+0.0 |
98 |
|
-0.0 |
95 |
-3 |
|
0.031 |
90 |
-8 |
|
0.063 |
88 |
-10 |
|
0.13 |
90 |
-8 |
|
0.25 |
90 |
-8 |
|
0.50 |
93 |
-5 |
|
1.0 |
78* |
-20 |
† A seed was considered germinated in the radicle was 5 mm in length or greater.
†† Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance, and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
*Indicated significant difference from control at p < 0.05.
** Column values do not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance or Dunnett’s multiple comparison test.
+0.0 Solvent control.
-0.0 Water control.
Percentage of Soybean, Lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Seedling Emergence at 7 and 14 Days and Percent Survival at 21 Days After Treatment of the Soil surface with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
7 DAT |
14 DAT |
21 DAT |
|||
Percent Emergence† |
Percent Effect†† |
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
||
Soybean |
0.0 |
95 |
|
95 |
|
100 |
|
0.0014 |
88 |
-7 |
90 |
-5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
78 |
-18 |
98 |
3 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
47* |
-51 |
88 |
-7 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.037 |
10* |
-89 |
88 |
-7 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.11 |
‡ |
|
85 |
-11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
60* |
-37 |
89 |
-11 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
3* |
-97 |
83 |
-17 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
95 |
|
95 |
|
100** |
|
0.0014 |
98 |
3 |
100 |
5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
5 |
100 |
5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
98 |
3 |
98 |
3 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
5 |
100 |
5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
80* |
-16 |
100 |
5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
23* |
-76 |
88 |
-7 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
48* |
-49 |
100 |
0 |
|
Radish |
0.0 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
100 |
|
0.0014 |
95 |
-5 |
98 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
98 |
-2 |
98 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
95 |
-5 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
10* |
-90 |
95 |
-5 |
53* |
-47 |
|
0.11 |
‡ |
|
28* |
-72 |
42* |
-58 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
3* |
-97 |
50* |
-50 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
‡ |
|
‡ |
|
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
98 |
|
100 |
|
100** |
0 |
0.0014 |
98 |
0 |
98 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
90 |
-8 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
93 |
-5 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
40* |
-59 |
98 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
5* |
-95 |
78 |
-22 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
5* |
-95 |
65* |
-35 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
30* |
-70 |
100 |
0 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
40 |
|
100 |
|
100** |
|
0.0014 |
50 |
25 |
95 |
-5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
10* |
-75 |
98 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
15* |
-63 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
20* |
-50 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
‡ |
|
78 |
-22 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
45* |
-55 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
15* |
-85 |
100 |
0 |
|
† Ten seeds were planted in each pot prior to treatment.
†† Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant reduction from control at p < 0.05 according to Dunnett’s multiple comparison test and/or analysis of variance.
** Column variance does not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance.
‡ Insufficient data for analysis.
Percent Survival of Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Seedling Emergence at 7 and 14 Days, and Percent Survival at 21 Days after Treatment of the Soil Surface with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
7 DAT |
14 DAT |
21 DAT |
|||
Percent Emergence† |
Percent Effect†† |
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
||
Cabbage |
0.0 |
98 |
|
98 |
|
100 |
|
0.0014 |
93 |
-5 |
95 |
-3 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
95 |
-3 |
98 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
85 |
-13 |
98 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
5* |
-95 |
93 |
-5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
‡ |
|
75* |
-23 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
28* |
-71 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
‡ |
|
0* |
-100 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
98 |
|
98** |
|
100** |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
98 |
0 |
100 |
2 |
98 |
-2 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
98 |
0 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
88* |
-10 |
98 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
88** |
|
88** |
|
100** |
|
0.0014 |
93 |
6 |
95 |
8 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
98 |
11 |
98 |
11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
93 |
6 |
95 |
8 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
95 |
8 |
98 |
11 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
78 |
-11 |
85 |
-3 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
85 |
-3 |
93 |
6 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
88 |
0 |
93 |
6 |
100 |
0 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
98 |
|
0.0014 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.0041 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.012 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
98 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
100 |
0 |
95 |
-5 |
100 |
2 |
|
0.11 |
98 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
98 |
0 |
|
0.33 |
78* |
-22 |
83* |
-17 |
94 |
-4 |
|
1.0 |
60* |
-40 |
88* |
-12 |
54* |
-45 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
83 |
|
95 |
|
100 |
|
0.0014 |
73 |
-12 |
95 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.0041 |
60 |
-28 |
95 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
43* |
-48 |
90 |
-5 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.037 |
40 |
-52 |
93 |
-2 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.11 |
‡ |
|
55* |
-42 |
76* |
-24 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
45* |
-53 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
38* |
-60 |
100 |
0 |
|
† Ten seeds were planted in each pot prior to treatment.
†† Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant reduction from control at p < 0.05 according to Dunnett’s multiple comparison test and/or analysis of variance.
** Column variance does not differ at p < 0.05 according to analysis of variance.
‡ Insufficient data for analysis.
Mean Plant Height of Soybean, Lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Seedlings Emerging at 21 Days After Treatment of the Soil Surface with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
Plant Height (mm)† |
Percent Effect†† |
Soybean |
0.0 |
219 |
|
0.0014 |
213 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
196 |
-11 |
|
0.012 |
173* |
-21 |
|
0.037 |
146* |
-33 |
|
0.11 |
102* |
-53 |
|
0.33 |
79* |
-64 |
|
1.0 |
23* |
-89 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
89 |
|
0.0014 |
90 |
1 |
|
0.0041 |
87 |
-2 |
|
0.012 |
75 |
-16 |
|
0.037 |
49* |
-45 |
|
0.11 |
37* |
-58 |
|
0.33 |
24* |
-73 |
|
1.0 |
12* |
-87 |
|
Radish |
0.0 |
105 |
|
0.0014 |
98 |
-7 |
|
0.0041 |
98 |
-7 |
|
0.012 |
64* |
-39 |
|
0.037 |
27* |
-74 |
|
0.11 |
9* |
-91 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
128 |
|
0.0014 |
131 |
2 |
|
0.0041 |
125 |
-2 |
|
0.012 |
111* |
-13 |
|
0.037 |
63* |
-51 |
|
0.11 |
51* |
-60 |
|
0.33 |
35* |
-73 |
|
1.0 |
21* |
-84 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
123 |
|
0.0014 |
119 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
113 |
-8 |
|
0.012 |
86* |
-30 |
|
0.037 |
74* |
-40 |
|
0.11 |
54* |
-56 |
|
0.33 |
36* |
-71 |
|
1.0 |
25* |
-80 |
† Plans were extended to their maximum height and measured to the nearest millimetre.
†† Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant difference from control at p < 0.05 according to Dunnett’s multiple comparison test or analysis of variance.
‡ No data for analysis
Mean Plant Height of Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Seedlings Emerging at 21 Days After Treatment of the Soil Surface with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
Plant Height (mm)† |
Percent Effect†† |
Cabbage |
0.0 |
90 |
|
0.0014 |
91 |
1 |
|
0.0041 |
85 |
-6 |
|
0.012 |
39* |
-57 |
|
0.037 |
20* |
-78 |
|
0.11 |
11* |
-88 |
|
0.33 |
8* |
-91 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Oat |
0.0 |
314 |
|
0.0014 |
351 |
12 |
|
0.0041 |
322 |
3 |
|
0.012 |
295 |
-6 |
|
0.037 |
251 |
-20 |
|
0.11 |
183 * |
-42 |
|
0.33 |
136* |
-57 |
|
1.0 |
93* |
-70 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
134 |
|
0.0014 |
139 |
4 |
|
0.0041 |
134 |
0 |
|
0.012 |
130 |
-3 |
|
0.037 |
132 |
-1 |
|
0.11 |
107* |
-20 |
|
0.33 |
114 |
-15 |
|
1.0 |
102* |
-24 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
272 |
|
0.0014 |
278 |
2 |
|
0.0041 |
263 |
-3 |
|
0.012 |
242 |
-11 |
|
0.037 |
184* |
-32 |
|
0.11 |
143* |
-47 |
|
0.33 |
95* |
-65 |
|
1.0 |
60* |
-78 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
148 |
|
0.0014 |
141 |
-5 |
|
0.0041 |
131 |
-11 |
|
0.012 |
111* |
-25 |
|
0.037 |
90* |
-39 |
|
0.11 |
55* |
-63 |
|
0.33 |
34* |
-77 |
|
1.0 |
28* |
-81 |
† Plans were extended to their maximum height and measured to the nearest millimeter.
†† Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant difference from control at p < 0.05 according to Dunnett’s multiple comparison test or analysis of variance.
‡ No data for analysis
Mean Plant Dry Weight of Soybean, Lettuce, Radish, Tomato and Cucumber Plants at 21 Days After Treatment of Soil Surface with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
Dry Weight (g)† |
Percent Effect †† |
Soybean |
0.0 |
1.523 |
|
0.0014 |
1.483 |
-3 |
|
0.0041 |
1.320 |
-13 |
|
0.012 |
1.079* |
-29 |
|
0.037 |
0.919* |
-40 |
|
0.11 |
0.625* |
-59 |
|
0.33 |
0.404* |
-73 |
|
1.0 |
0.152* |
-90 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
0.535 |
|
0.0014 |
0.473 |
-12 |
|
0.0041 |
0.457 |
-15 |
|
0.012 |
0.381 |
-29 |
|
0.037 |
0.218* |
-59 |
|
0.11 |
0.096* |
-82 |
|
0.33 |
0.040* |
-93 |
|
1.0 |
0.010* |
-98 |
|
Radish |
0.0 |
0.830 |
|
0.0014 |
0.701 |
-16 |
|
0.0041 |
0.542* |
-35 |
|
0.012 |
0.265* |
-68 |
|
0.037 |
0.059* |
-93 |
|
0.11 |
0.043* |
-95 |
|
0.33 |
‡ |
|
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
0.667 |
|
0.0014 |
0.688 |
3 |
|
0.0041 |
0.559 |
-16 |
|
0.012 |
0.491* |
-26 |
|
0.037 |
0.205* |
-69 |
|
0.11 |
0.150* |
-78 |
|
0.33 |
0.057* |
-91 |
|
1.0 |
0.009* |
-99 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
1.352 |
|
0.0014 |
1.218 |
-10 |
|
0.0041 |
1.091 |
-19 |
|
0.012 |
0.743* |
-45 |
|
0.037 |
0.590* |
-56 |
|
0.11 |
0.442* |
-67 |
|
0.33 |
0.167* |
-88 |
|
1.0 |
0.143* |
-89 |
† Plants were cut at the soil level, placed in pre-weighed aluminium foil sheets and dried at approximately 100 °C for a minimum of 48 h.
††Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant reduction from control at p < 0.05 according to Dunnett’s multiple comparison test or analysis of variance.
‡ No data for analysis
Mean Plant Dry Weight of Cabbage, Oat, Ryegrass, Corn and Onion Plants at 21 Days After Treatment of Soil Surface with the Test Material.
Crop |
Treatment (lb a.i/A) |
Dry Weight (g)† |
Percent Effect †† |
Cabbage |
0.0 |
0.758 |
|
0.0014 |
0.632* |
-17 |
|
0.0041 |
0.495* |
-35 |
|
0.012 |
0.154* |
-80 |
|
0.037 |
0.056* |
-93 |
|
0.11 |
0.021* |
-97 |
|
0.33 |
0.001* |
-100 |
|
1.0 |
‡ |
|
|
Oat |
0.0 |
0.893 |
|
0.0014 |
1.140 |
28 |
|
0.0041 |
0.871 |
-2 |
|
0.012 |
0.804 |
-10 |
|
0.037 |
0.557* |
-38 |
|
0.11 |
0.310* |
-65 |
|
0.33 |
0155* |
-83 |
|
1.0 |
0.100* |
-89 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
0.147 |
|
0.0014 |
0.144 |
-2 |
|
0.0041 |
0.140 |
-5 |
|
0.012 |
0.132 |
-10 |
|
0.037 |
0.130 |
-12 |
|
0.11 |
0.082* |
-44 |
|
0.33 |
0.066* |
-55 |
|
1.0 |
0.049* |
-67 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
0.964 |
|
0.0014 |
0.973 |
1 |
|
0.0041 |
0.861 |
-11 |
|
0.012 |
0.713* |
-26 |
|
0.037 |
0.421* |
-56 |
|
0.11 |
0.324* |
-66 |
|
0.33 |
0.132* |
-86 |
|
1.0 |
0.065* |
-93 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
0.112 |
|
0.0014 |
0.108 |
-4 |
|
0.0041 |
0.084* |
-25 |
|
0.012 |
0.066* |
-41 |
|
0.037 |
0.045* |
-60 |
|
0.11 |
0.012* |
-89 |
|
0.33 |
0.006* |
-95 |
|
1.0 |
0.002* |
-98 |
† Plants were cut at the soil level, placed in pre-weighed aluminium foil sheets and dried at approximately 100 °C for a minimum of 48 h.
††Percent effect was calculated from the raw data which was compiled using Lotus 1-2-3 software. Percent effect, variance and standard deviation of each treatment was calculated.
Percent effect = ((treatment mean – control mean) / control mean) x 100
* Indicates significant reduction from control at p < 0.05 according to Dunnett’s multiple comparison test or analysis of variance.
‡ No data for analysis
No Effect Concentration (NOEC)† (lb ai/A), EC25 and EC50 Values (lb ai/A) for Parameters Measured During a Non-Target Plant Study with the Test Material.
Crop |
Seed Germination* |
Seedling Emergence* |
Seedling Survival* |
||||||
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
|
Soybean |
0.5 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.11 |
0.23 |
0.50 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Lettuce |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.33 |
0.63 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Radish |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.037 – 0.11 |
0.071 |
0.012 |
0.012 – 0.037 |
0.058 |
Tomato |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.19 |
0.56 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Cucumber |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.13 |
0.30 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Cabbage |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.12 |
0.23 |
0.33 |
>0.33 |
>0.33 |
Oat |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Ryegrass |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Corn |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
1.0 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.33 |
0.75 |
>1.0 |
Onion |
0.5 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.072 |
0.24 |
0.037 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
Crop |
Phytotoxicity** |
Plant Height |
Plant Dry Weight* |
||||
|
NOEC |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
Soybean |
0.0041 |
0.0041 |
0.017 |
0.11 |
0.0041 |
0.0010 |
0.065 |
Lettuce |
0.012 |
0.012 |
0.018 |
0.067 |
0.0041 |
0.0084 |
0.024 |
Radish |
0.0041 |
0.0041 |
0.0073 |
0.015 |
0.0014 |
0.0023 |
0.0066 |
Tomato |
0.012 |
0.012 |
0.015 |
0.049 |
0.0041 |
0.0076 |
0.024 |
Cucumber |
0.0041 |
0.0041 |
0.012 |
0.067 |
0.0041 |
0.0044 |
0.025 |
Cabbage |
0.0041 |
0.0041 |
0.0058 |
0.010 |
0.0014 |
0.0034 |
0.0054 |
Oat |
0.0041 |
0.012 |
0.044 |
0.19 |
0.012 |
0.020 |
0.067 |
Ryegrass |
1.0 |
0.037 |
>1.0 |
>1.0 |
0.037 |
0.067 |
0.20 |
Corn |
0.012 |
0.012 |
0.028 |
0.12 |
0.0041 |
0.0098 |
0.038 |
Onion |
0.012 |
0.0041 |
0.013 |
0.056 |
0.0014 |
0.0051 |
0.018 |
* Seed germination based on six-day readings; seedling emergence based on 14-day readings; seedling survival, phytotoxicity ratings, plant weight and plant dry weight based on 21-day readings.
† Highest treatment concentration which was not statistically different from the control (p < 0.05) or the highest concentration exhibiting less than a 25 % detrimental effect.
** EC25 and EC50 values are not normally determined for mean phytotoxicity rating.
Description of key information
Key study: Long-Term Toxicity to Plants: Chetram (1993a) - Read across (MCPP-P)
Under the conditions of the study the results showed that of the four monocot species (oat, ryegrass, corn and onion), onion appeared to be the most sensitive and ryegrass the least sensitive when treated with the test material. Of the six dicot species, sensitivity to the test material varies within crops in each parameter. Of all the parameters tested plant dry weight appeared to be the most sensitive.
For the seed germination test the EC50 was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all 10 crops. The % germination NOEC was 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except soybean and onion for which the % germination NOEC was 0.50 lb ai/A for both crops.
For the seedling emergence test the EC50 for oat, ryegrass, corn and lettuce was > 1.0 lb ai/A. For the other crops the EC50 ranged from 0.071 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.56 lb ai/A (tomato). The seedling emergence NOEC for oat, ryegrass and corn was 1.0 lb ai/A; for lettuce and soybean it was 0.33 and 0.11 lb ai/A respectively. The remaining five crops had a seedling emergence NOEC of 0.037 lb ai/A.
For the percent survival test the EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except cabbage and radish which had an EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days of > 0.33 and 0.058 lb ai/A, respectively. The NOEC for seedling survival was 1.0 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat and ryegrass. Cabbage and corn had a NOEC of 0.33 lb ai/A. Onion and radish had a NOEC of 0.037 and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively.
In the phytotoxicity test ryegrass had a NOEC for phototoxicity of 1.0 lb ai/A. Lettuce, tomato, corn and onion had a NOEC of 0.012 lb ai/A. The remaining five crops had a NOEC of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
The EC50 for plant height was > 1.0 lb ai/A for ryegrass. The EC50 for the other crops ranged from 0.015 (radish) to 0.19 lb ai/A (oat). The NOECs for plant height were 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass and 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce, oat, tomato and corn. The remaining five crops had a NOEC for plant height of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
The EC50 for plant dry weight ranged from 0.0054 lb ai/A (cabbage) to 0.20 lb ai/A (ryegrass). The NOEC for plant dry weight for ryegrass and oat was 0.037 lb ai/A and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively. For radish, cabbage and onion the NOEC was 0.0014 lb ai/A. For the remaining five crops the NOEC for plant dry weight was 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Key study: Long-Term Toxicity to Plants: Chetram (1993b) - Read across (MCPP-P)
Under the conditions of this study, of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive.
Phytotoxicity: Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings 21 days after treatment in all crops except oat and ryegrass. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean and onion 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce and corn 0.037 lb ai/A, radish and cucumber 0.012 lb ai/A and tomato and cabbage 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Percent Survival: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat and ryegrass showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean, corn and onion 0.33 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato and cabbage 0.11 lb ai/A, cucumber 0.037 lb ai/A and radish 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn and onion but not on the remaining six crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 1.0 lb ai/A for oat, ryegrass, soybean and onion. For corn the EC50 was 0.91 lb ai/A. For cucumber and radish the EC50 values were 0.092 and 0.039 lb ai/A respectively. For the remaining three crops the EC50 value was 0.11 – 0.33 lb ai/A.
Plant Height: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat showed a significant difference in plant height between the control and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.037 lb ai/A, and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except oat and ryegrass. The 21-day EC50 values for oat and ryegrass were > 1.0 lb ai/A. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.034 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.83 lb ai/A (soybean).
Plant Dry Weight: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops showed a significant reduction in plant dry weight between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.0.37 lb ai/A and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 0.1 lb ai/A for oat and > 0.037 lb ai/A for radish. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.033 (cabbage) to 0.90 lb ai/A (ryegrass).
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Key study: Long-Term Toxicity to Plants: Chetram (1993a) - Read across (MCPP-P)
The phytotoxicity of the test material was assessed according to Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision J, Guideline 123-1 (a) and in compliance with GLP. The study was awarded a reliability score of 1 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).
A tier 2 nontarget phytotoxicity study was conducted to determine the effects of the test material on seed germination, seedling emergence, and early growth of soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion.
The test material was applied at the following equivalent rates:
- Seed Germination: 0.0, 0.031, 0.063, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.035, 0.071, 0.15, 0.28, 0.56 and 1.1 kg active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these dosing solutions were 0.0, 0.094, 0.19, 0.38, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm. Serial dilutions were made using a two-fold geometric progression. The maximum label rate was 1.0 lb ai/A (1.1 kg ai/ha).
- Seedling Emergence: 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33 and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37, and 1.1 kg ai/ha). The ppm ranges of these dosing solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800 and 2 400 ppm ai. Serial dilutions were made using a three-fold geometric progression. The maximum label rate was 1.0 ai/A (1.1 kg ai/ha).
Verification of treatment solution concentrations was performed by the Analytical Services Group of the testing facility using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultra-violet (UV) detector.
Dose verification data are based on nominal concentrations. Dose verification for the seed germination study resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 105 to 107 % of target concentrations. Fortification samples at 0.0900 (in duplicate) and 3.00 ppm were prepared at the time of analysis and yielded recoveries of 95.8 and 102 %, respectively.
Dose verification for the seedling emergence study resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 84.8 to 100 % of target concentrations. A low fortification sample at 3.00 ppm and high fortification at 2 500 ppm were prepared at the time of sample analysis. The fortification samples yielded recoveries of 84.7 and 122 %, respectively.
Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm were also prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples. At the time of analysis, these fortifications yielded recoveries of 83.0 and 75.2 % respectively.
Seed Germination: The test material solution was applied to blotters contained in petri plates. Each treatment consisted of four replicates. Ten seeds of each crop were placed in individual petri plates. At 6 days after treatment, all crops except soybean and onion showed no significant difference between controls and any of the treatment rates and resulted in a no-effect concentration level of 1.0 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from controls was 0.50 lb ai/A for soybean and onion. Regression analysis was not conducted on the percent effect data for any crop due to lack of significant treatment effects or detrimental effect levels being below 25 %. The EC50 was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all 10 crops. The % germination NOEC was 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except soybean and onion for which the % germination NOEC was 0.50 lb ai/A for both crops.
Percent Emergence: In the seedling emergence section, four parameters (percent emergence, percent survival, plant height, and plant dry weight) were evaluated. Ten seeds of each crop were planted in pots containing pasteurised soil. Each treatment consisted of four replicates. A single treatment of the test material was applied with an overhead flat-fan nozzle (TeeJet 8001-E) in 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of 100 % acetonitrile. At 14 days after treatment, oat and ryegrass showed no significant difference in percent emergence between controls and any of the treatment rates tested. Soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, corn and onion showed a significant difference between controls and one or more of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion, but not on the remaining three crops. The EC50 for oat, ryegrass, corn and lettuce was > 1.0 lb ai/A. For the other crops the EC50 ranged from 0.071 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.56 lb ai/A (tomato). The seedling emergence NOEC for oat, ryegrass and corn was 1.0 lb ai/A; for lettuce and soybean it was 0.33 and 0.11 lb ai/A respectively. The remaining five crops had a seedling emergence NOEC of 0.037 lb ai/A.
Percent Survival: At 21 days after treatment, soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat, onion and ryegrass showed no significant difference from controls. Radish, cabbage and corn showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and one or more of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish and corn, but not on the remaining eight crops. The EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days was > 1.0 lb ai/A for all crops except cabbage and radish which had an EC50 for seedling survival at 21 days of > 0.33 and 0.058 lb ai/A, respectively. The NOEC for seedling survival was 1.0 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, oat and ryegrass. Cabbage and corn had a NOEC of 0.33 lb ai/A. Onion and radish had a NOEC of 0.037 and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively.
Phytotoxicity: Phytotoxicity was evaluated 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The results reported were based on 21-day evaluation. Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings in all crops except ryegrass at 21 days after treatment. At the lowest treatment rates, mild to moderate stunting occurred on radish, cucumber and corn. At the higher treatment rates, emergence of soybean, radish and cabbage was greatly depressed. Ryegrass had a NOEC for phototoxicity of 1.0 lb ai/A. Lettuce, tomato, corn and onion had a NOEC of 0.012 lb ai/A. The remaining five crops had a NOEC of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Plant Height: At 21 days after treatment, all crops showed significant reduction in plant height from controls in all of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except ryegrass. The EC50 for plant height was > 1.0 lb ai/A for ryegrass. The EC50 for the other crops ranged from 0.015 (radish) to 0.19 lb ai/A (oat). The NOECs for plant height were 0.037 lb ai/A for ryegrass and 0.012 lb ai/A for lettuce, oat, tomato and corn. The remaining five crops had a NOEC for plant height of 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Plant Dry Weight: At 21 days after treatment, all crops showed significant reduction in plant dry weight from controls in all of the treatment rates tested. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The EC50 for plant dry weight ranged from 0.0054 lb ai/A (cabbage) to 0.20 lb ai/A (ryegrass). The NOEC for plant dry weight for ryegrass and oat was 0.037 lb ai/A and 0.012 lb ai/A, respectively. For radish, cabbage and onion the NOEC was 0.0014 lb ai/A. For the remaining five crops the NOEC for plant dry weight was 0.0041 lb ai/A.
Under the conditions of the study the results showed that of the four monocot species (oat, ryegrass, corn and onion), onion appeared to be the most sensitive and ryegrass the least sensitive when treated with the test material. Of the six dicot species, sensitivity to the test material varies within crops in each parameter. Of all the parameters tested plant dry weight appeared to be the most sensitive.
Considering the very close structural similarity between the source and target substances (as justified in the read-across report that is attached to section 13 of the dossier), results from the study performed with mecoprop-p can be extrapolated to mecoprop.
Key study: Long-Term Toxicity to Plants Chetram (1993b) - Read across (MCPP-P)
A tier 2 vegetative vigour nontarget phytotoxicity study using the test material was conducted on soybean, lettuce, radish, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion in accordance with the standardised guideline EPA OPP 123-1 under GLP conditions. The study was awarded a reliability score of 1 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).
Prior to treatment, seedlings were grown to the 1 - 3 true leaf stage, then thinned to five plants of uniform height per pot. A single treatment of test material was applied with an overhead flat fan nozzle (TeeJet 8001-E) in 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of acetonitrile. Each treatment consisted of four replicates of five plants each. The maximum label rate was 1.0 pound active ingredient per acre (ai/A). the test material was applied at equivalent rates of 0.0, 0.0014, 0.0041, 0.012, 0.037, 0.11, 0.33, and 1.0 lb ai/A (0.0, 0.0016, 0.0046, 0.013, 0.041, 0.12, 0.37, and 1.1 kilogram active ingredient per hectare (kg ai/ha)). The ppm ranges of these solutions were 0.0, 3.3, 9.9, 30, 89, 270, 800, and 2 400 ppm ai.
Plants were observed for 21 days following treatment. Phytotoxicity observations were recorded on days 7, 14, and 21. Dry weight and plant height effects were determined on day 21.
Verification of vegetative vigour treatment solution concentrations was performed by the testing facility using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an ultra-violet (UV) detector. Dose verification resulted in treatment solution concentrations which ranged from 54.2 to 115 % of target concentrations. Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm were prepared at the time of sampling and stored with the samples. At the time of analysis, these fortifications yielded recoveries of 48.0 and 74.8 %, respectively. Fortification samples of 3.00 and 2 500 ppm, prepared at the time of analysis of the study samples, yielded recoveries of 88.3 and 93.2 %, respectively. Percent recovery from some samples were low due to stability that was affected during storage.
- Phytotoxicity: Treatment with the test material resulted in significant (p < 0.05) phytotoxic ratings 21 days after treatment in all crops except oat and ryegrass. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean and onion 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce and corn 0.037 lb ai/A, radish and cucumber 0.012 lb ai/A and tomato and cabbage 0.0041 lb ai/A.
- Percent Survival: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat and ryegrass showed a significant difference in percent survival between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat and ryegrass 1.0 lb ai/A, soybean, corn and onion 0.33 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato and cabbage 0.11 lb ai/A, cucumber 0.037 lb ai/A and radish 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for radish, cucumber, corn and onion but not on the remaining six crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 1.0 lb ai/A for oat, ryegrass, soybean and onion. For corn the EC50 was 0.91 lb ai/A. For cucumber and radish the EC50 values were 0.092 and 0.039 lb ai/A respectively. For the remaining three crops the EC50 value was 0.11 – 0.33 lb ai/A.
- Plant Height: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops except oat showed a significant difference in plant height between the control and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.037 lb ai/A, and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all crops except oat and ryegrass. The 21-day EC50 values for oat and ryegrass were > 1.0 lb ai/A. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.034 lb ai/A (radish) to 0.83 lb ai/A (soybean).
- Plant Dry Weight: Twenty-one days after treatment, all crops showed a significant reduction in plant dry weight between controls and at least one of the treatment rates tested. The no-effect concentration level for each crop is as follows: Oat 1.0 lb ai/A, ryegrass 0.33 lb ai/A, soybean 0.11 lb ai/A, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, cabbage and onion 0.0.37 lb ai/A and radish and corn 0.012 lb ai/A. Regression analysis was conducted on the percent effect data for all ten crops. The 21-day EC50 values were > 0.1 lb ai/A for oat and > 0.037 lb ai/A for radish. The EC50 values for the remaining crops ranged from 0.033 (cabbage) to 0.90 lb ai/A (ryegrass).
Under the conditions of this study, of the four monocot species, oat was the least sensitive, while corn was the most sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. Of the six dicot species, soybean was the least sensitive to the test material for each parameter tested. For phytotoxicity rating parameter, tomato and cabbage were the most sensitive; for survival, radish was the most sensitive; for plant height radish and corn were most sensitive; for plant dry weight, cabbage and corn were the most sensitive.
Considering the very close structural similarity between the source and target substances (as justified in the read-across report that is attached to section 13 of the dossier), results from the study performed with mecoprop-p can be extrapolated to mecoprop.
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