Aluminium tri-sec-butanolate

Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Endpoint:

long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

Not reported

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Meets generally accepted scientific standards, well documented and acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Chronic exposures were conducted with ten replicates for each Al concentration and control. Single C. dubia neonates less than 16 hours old were added to a beaker via a fire-polished, wide-mouth pipette and observed for 7 days. Organisms were fed a mix fermented trout chow, green algae, and yeast daily during the exposures. Test waters were renewed every other day, and checked for deaths or reproduction.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Aluminium chloride was tested at the pH range from 7.2 - 7.9.

Analytical monitoring:

yes

Details on sampling:

- Concentrations: all concentrations
- Sampling method: samples were collected at the initiation, prior to and after solution renewal, and at the termination of the tests
- Sample storage conditions before analysis: samples were immediately acidified with HNO3 to 0.1% (v/v, pH range 1.5 to 2.0), mixed, and allowed to stand (>1 hr) before aliquots were withdrawn and composited.

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on test solutions:

PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF TEST SOLUTION
- Method: aliquots of 5000 mg/L Al stock was added to filtered raw Lake Superior or dechlorinated tap water.
- All other template details: Not reported

Test organisms (species):

Ceriodaphnia dubia

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: cladoceran
- Source: initially from USEPA Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN stock culture - then cultured at the University of Wisconsin-Superior culture facility for several generations before use in these tests
- Age at study initiation: less than 16 hours old
- Method of breeding: adult cladocerans were cultured individually in 30 mL containers and were transferred to new water every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. They were fed a 1:1:1 ratio of fermented trout chow solution, yeast solution, and green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum) one daily.
- Feeding during test
- Food type: 1:1:1 ratio of fermented trout chow solution, yeast solution, and green algae (Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Amount: 100 µL
- Frequency: daily
- All other template details: Not reported

ACCLIMATION: none

QUARANTINE: Not applicable

Test type:

semi-static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

7 d

Post exposure observation period:

Not reported

Hardness:

50-50.5 mg CaCO3/L

Test temperature:

25 ± 2 degrees C

pH:

Nominal: 7.2-7.4, 7.6-7.9
Measured: 7.15 ± 0.05, 7.61 ± 0.11

Dissolved oxygen:

Measured DO (mg/L): 7.1 ± 0.1, 7.3 ± 0.1

Salinity:

Not applicable

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Measured in pH 7.15 test (mg/L): control, 1.4, 2.6, 5.0, 10.0, 17.2
Measured in pH 7.86 test (mg/L): control, 1.1, 2.4, 5.7, 10.1, 17.8

Details on test conditions:

TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: 30 mL beakers
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: 30 mL containers with 16 mL of test solution
- Aeration: test solutions were aerated for at least 24 hours before test initiation, none during testing
- Renewal rate of test solution: every other day
- No. of organisms per vessel: 1
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): 10
- No. of vessels per control (replicates): 10
- All other template details: Not reported

TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: dilution water was either raw Lake Superior water for pH 7.15 and UW-Superior Laboratory water for pH 7.61
- Total solids (mg/L at 105 degrees C): 80, 70
- Particulate matter (suspended solids, mg/L): 2, <1
- Chloride (mg Cl/L): 2.8, 3.8
- Alkalinity (mg CaCO3/L): 46.0, 39.6
- All other measured characteristics presented in Table 1
- All other template details: Not reported

OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: addition of reagent grade HCl or NaOH prior to test initiation
- Photoperiod: not reported
- Light intensity: not reported

EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: mortality and reproduction (number of young produced per adult surviving 7 days) checked every other day

TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: 2x
- All other template details: Not reported

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Duration:

7 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

1.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.15

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: pH 7.15

Duration:

7 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

2.6 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.15

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: pH 7.15

Duration:

7 d

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Effect conc.:

1.1 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.61

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: pH 7.61

Duration:

7 d

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

2.4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

meas. (not specified)

Conc. based on:

other: acid exchangeable; pH 7.61

Basis for effect:

reproduction

Remarks on result:

other: pH 7.61

Details on results:

- Mortality of parent animals: see Table 2
- No. of offspring produced per day per female in the control exposures: 2.5 for pH 7.15 and 6.3 for pH 7.61
- There was a test performed at pH 8.1, but 100% of organisms died in the control and all exposure concentrations.
- All other template details: Not reported

Results with reference substance (positive control):

Not applicable

Reported statistics and error estimates:

Chronic exposure effects were determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests at p ≤ 0.05 significance. Specific concentrations causing significant (p ≤ 0.05) reductions in reproduction were identified using the Dunnett's one-tailed procedure (Steele and Torrie 1980).

Table 2. Percent survival of Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to a range of aluminium in water with 2 different pH levels for 7 days.

	Aluminium Exposure (mg/L)
pH level	Control	1.4	2.6	5.0	10.0	17.2
7.15	90	80	60	20	40	80
	Control	1.1	2.4	5.7	10.1	17.8
7.61	80	60	70	60	0	0

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The NOEC for the mean cumulative number of young per starting adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water at mean pH 7.15 for 7 days was 1.4 mg Al/L and at mean pH 7.61 1.1 mg Al/L, respectively.

Executive summary:

The NOEC and LOEC for the mean cumulative number of young per starting adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water at mean pH 7.15 for 7 days was 1.4 and 2.6 mg Al/L, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC for the mean cumulative number of young per starting adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water at mean pH 7.61 for 7 days was 1.1 and 2.4 mg Al/L, respectively.

Description of key information

Aluminium tri-sec-butanolate dissociates instantaneously when exposed to water forming butan-2-ol and aluminium(III) species. Therefore the effects of both hydrolysis products are considered most relevant to assess the toxicity of aluminium tri-sec-butanolate.

The mean cumulative number of young per adult Ceriodaphnia dubia in raw Lake Superior water when exposed to aluminium chloride was assessed at mean pH values 7.15 and 7.61 during 7 days. NOEC and LOEC were was 1.4 and 2.6 mg Al/L at pH 7.15 and 1.1 and 2.4 mg Al/L a pH 7.61. The 168h- NOEC in the marine Cancer anthonyi (Crustacean) is 1000 ug/L (as Al)

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Fresh water invertebrates

Fresh water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

1.1 mg/L

Marine water invertebrates

Marine water invertebrates

Effect concentration:

1 000 µg/L

Additional information

No valid long-term studies on butan-2-ol are available. Based on the very low toxicity of butan-2-ol and the much higher toxicity of aluminium species, the absence of these data will not affect the risk assessment, which will be based on aluminium toxicity.