Yttrium trinitrate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Skin sensitisation

In the key skin sensitisation study (Salvador, 2015b; Klimisch 1) performed according to OECD guideline 406 (guinea pig maximisation test), yttrium trinitrate induced a slight skin sensitisation response, since a slight positive reaction was observed in 20% of the test animals. However, since the incidence of the animals showing a positive reation was lower than 30%, classification is not required.

Respiratory sensitisation

No study available.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Skin sensitisation

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

skin sensitisation: in vitro

Data waiving:

study scientifically not necessary / other information available

Justification for data waiving:

other:

Reference 2

Endpoint:

skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-LLNA)

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

From 2015-03-26 to 2015-10-09

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 406 (Skin Sensitisation)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.6 (Skin Sensitisation)

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of study:

guinea pig maximisation test

Justification for non-LLNA method:

It is known from previous experience with several water soluble rare earth compounds that their irritating potential may confound the results of LLNA tests. Therefore, the skin sensitisation potential test method according to OECD guideline 406 was preferred above the LLNA test method according to OECD guideline 429.

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Concentrations were calculated and expressed in terms of test item corrected for water content (28.7%).

Species:

guinea pig

Strain:

Dunkin-Hartley

Sex:

female

Details on test animals and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: female (nulliparous and non-pregnant) guinea pigs, Dunkin Hartley strain, supplied by Charles River Italia S.p.A., Calco (Lecco), Italy (breeder: Charles River France Laboratories, Domaine des Oncins B.P. 0109, F 69592 L’ARBRESLE CEDEX, France)
- Age at order: 4 - 5 weeks
- Weight at arrival: 258 - 269 grams
- Housing: up to 5 animals per cage, noryl cages measuring 74.3x54.3x25 cm, daily inspected and changed as necessary (at least 3 times/week)
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum, 8GP17 (Mucedola S.r.l., Via G. Galilei, 4, 20019, Settimo Milanese (MI) Italy))
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum, via a water bottle
- Acclimation period: at least 5 days, veterinary health check during acclimatisation period
- Components present in the drinking water or diet were not at a level likely to interfere with the purpose or conduct of the study.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 22°C +/- 2°C
- Humidity (%): 55% +/- 15%
- Air changes (per hr): 15 - 25
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12, artificial fluorescent lighting

Route:

intradermal

Vehicle:

corn oil

Concentration / amount:

concentration: 0.5% (w/v)
volume: 0.1 mL per injection

Day(s)/duration:

day 1 of treatment

Adequacy of induction:

highest technically applicable concentration used

Route:

epicutaneous, occlusive

Vehicle:

corn oil

Concentration / amount:

concentration: 20% (w/v)
volume: 0.4 mL

Day(s)/duration:

day 8 of treatment; 48 hours of exposure

Adequacy of induction:

other: highest concentration tested in the pre-test, non-irritant

No.:

#1

Route:

epicutaneous, occlusive

Vehicle:

corn oil

Concentration / amount:

concentration: 20% (w/v)
volume: 0.2 mL

Day(s)/duration:

day 22 of treatment; 24 hours of exposure

Adequacy of challenge:

other: highest non-irritant concentration in the pre-test, appeared to be slightly irritating in the challenge phase of the main test, therefore a rechallenge was performed at lower concentration

No.:

#2

Route:

epicutaneous, occlusive

Vehicle:

corn oil

Concentration / amount:

concentration: 5% (w/v)
volume: 0.2 mL

Day(s)/duration:

day 29 of treatment; 24 h of exposure

Adequacy of challenge:

other: lower concentration tested since the 20% (w/v) concentration used for the first challenge appeared to be slightly irritating

No. of animals per dose:

Range finding tests:
- intradermal injection tolerance test: 1 group of 2 animals
- topical application tolerance test: 1 group of 5 animals

Main study:
- test group: 20 animals
- control group 10 animals

Details on study design:

RANGE FINDING TESTS:
A. INTRADERMAL INJECTION TOLERANCE TEST
- 1 group of 2 animals was allocated to the intradermal injection tolerance test.
- No. of exposures: a single intradermal injection of 0.1 mL
- Site: The hair over the scapulae was removed in the allocated animals using an electric clipper with suitable blade. Six sites were selected on each animal over the shaved scapulae. Each site was injected with a single concentration of the test item.
- Concentrations: 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 and 0.25% w/v in corn oil; concentration of 20% w/v was found not administrable due to the viscosity of the test item formulation and concentration of 10% was administered with difficulty.
- Readings: approximately 24 hours after dosing and on day 6
- Evaluation: according to the Draize scoring scale

B. TOPICAL APPLICATION TOLERANCE TEST
- 1 group of 5 animals was allocated to the topical application tolerance test. The hair over the scapulae was removed using an electric clipper with suitable blade. Each animal was then injected intradermally at the prepared site with two injections, each of 0.1 mL, of emulsified Freund’s complete adjuvant.
- No. of exposures: 1 percutaneous exposure seven days after preparation of the test site
- Site: flank, clipped free of hair
- Concentrations: 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.5 and 0.25% w/v in corn oil
- Each animal was dosed with 2 concentrations of the test item, 1 on each flank such that a total of 5 concentrations of the test item were each dosed in duplicate. A gauze patch measuring at least 20x20 mm was soaked with 0.2 mL of the test item and placed onto the selected treatment site. When both sites of the animal had been treated, they were covered with a strip of synthetic film and the trunk wrapped with an elastic adhesive bandage to maintain the test item in contact with the skin (occlusive barrier).
- Exposure period: 24 hours, after removing of the adhesive dressings and gauze patches, the treated sites were gently cleaned by washing with lukewarm water.
- Readings: approximately 24 hours and 48 hours after removal of the dressings
- Evaluation: scoring scale was according to the following: no visible change = 0; discrete or patchy erythema = 1; moderate and confluent erythema = 2; intense erythema and swelling = 3

MAIN STUDY
A. 1) INDUCTION EXPOSURE (intradermal injection)
- No. of exposures: three pairs of intradermal injections (day 1)
- Site: The hair over the scapulae was removed over an area of approximately 20x40 mm using an electric clipper with a suitable blade.
- All injections were made at the edge of the prepared site and the anterior and median injections were positioned close together and distant from the posterior injections. A volume of 0.1 mL was injected at each site.
- Test groups: anterior: emusified Freund's complete adjuvant; median: 0.5% w/v test item in the vehicle (corn oil); posterior: 0.5% w/v test item in emulsified Freund's complete adjuvant
- Control group: anterior: emulsified Freund's complete adjuvant; median: vehicle (corn oil); posterior: vehicle mixed with emulsified Freund's complete adjuvant
- Frequency of applications: single intradermal injection (day 1) with a graduated syringe
- Readings: approximately 24 hours after injection
- Evaluation: according to the Draize scoring scale

A. 2) INDUCTION EXPOSURE (topical application)
- No. of exposures: one topical application six days after injection (day 7)
- Exposure period: 48 hours
- Site: the hair was removed on the area surrounding the injection sites by means of an electric clipper
- A gauze patch measuring 20x40 mm was soaked with 0.4 mL of the test item at a concentration of 20% w/v in corn oil or vehicle (corn oil) according to the group and then placed over the injection sites. The treatment site was covered with a strip of synthetic film and the trunk wrapped with an elastic adhesive bandage to maintain the test item in contact with the skin (occlusive barrier).
- After removal of the dressings, the treated sites were gently cleaned by washing with lukewarm water.
- Readings: approximately 24 hours after removal of the dressings
- Evaluation: according to the Draize scoring scale

B. CHALLENGE EXPOSURE
- No. of exposures: single percutaneous exposure
- Day(s) of challenge: 21 days after the first induction phase
- Exposure period: 24 hours
- Site: flanks, clipped free of hair to expose areas of approximately 50 mm x 50 mm on each flank
- A gauze patch measuring 20x20 mm was soaked with 0.2 mL of the test item at a concentration of 20% w/v in corn oil (or vehicle, corn oil) and then placed over the centre of the right (or left) flank. When both sites of the animal had been treated, they were covered with a strip of synthetic film and the trunk wrapped with an elastic adhesive bandage to maintain the test item and vehicle in contact with the skin (occlusive barrier).
- After removal of the dressings and patches, the treated sites were washed with lukewarm water. The treated sites were closely clipped to remove any hair that may have grown approximately 21 hours after the removal of the dressings.
- Evaluation (hr after challenge): approximately 24 hours and 48 hours after removal of the dressings
- Evaluation: scoring scale was according to the following: no visible change = 0; discrete or patchy erythema = 1; moderate and confluent erythema = 2; intense erythema and swelling = 3

C. RECHALLENGE
- No. of exposures: single percutaneous exposure
- Day(s) of challenge: 28 days after the first induction phase
- Exposure period: 24 hours
- Site: flanks, clipped free of hair to expose areas of approximately 50 mm x 50 mm on each flank
- A gauze patch measuring 20x20 mm was soaked with 0.2 mL of the test item at a concentration of 5% w/v (or vehicle, corn oil) and then placed over the centre of the right (or left) flank. When both sites of the animal had been treated, they were covered with a strip of synthetic film and the trunk wrapped with an elastic adhesive bandage to maintain the test item and vehicle in contact with the skin (occlusive barrier).
- After removal of the dressings and patches, the treated sites were washed with lukewarm water. The treated sites were closely clipped to remove any hair that may have grown approximately 21 hours after the removal of the dressings.
- Evaluation (hr after challenge): approximately 24 hours and 48 hours after removal of the dressings
- Evaluation: scoring scale was according to the following: no visible change = 0; discrete or patchy erythema = 1; moderate and confluent erythema = 2; intense erythema and swelling = 3

Challenge controls:

Yes, treatment with test item replaced by vehicle during induction phase.

Positive control substance(s):

yes

Remarks:

alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde

Positive control results:

Sensitisation reactions were observed in 60% of the animals. These results are considered to be acceptable for a weak sensitiser such as alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde.

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

24

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

5% (w/v) in corn oil (rechallenge)

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

none

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Key result

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

5% (w/v) in corn oil (rechallenge)

No. with + reactions:

0

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

none

Remarks on result:

no indication of skin sensitisation

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

24

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

20% (w/v) in corn oil (challenge)

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

discete or patchy erythema (score 1)

Remarks on result:

other: test concentration used was slightly irritating, rechallenge at lower concentration needed

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

negative control

Dose level:

20% (w/v) in corn oil (challenge)

No. with + reactions:

2

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

discrete or patchy erythema (score 1)

Remarks on result:

other: test concentration used was slightly irritating, rechallenge at lower concentration needed

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

24

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

5% (w/v) in corn oil (rechallenge)

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

20

Clinical observations:

discrete or patchy erythema (score 1)

Remarks on result:

other: slight sensitisation observed but no classification required under the CLP Regulation

Key result

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

5% (w/v) in corn oil (rechallenge)

No. with + reactions:

4

Total no. in group:

20

Clinical observations:

discrete or patchy erythema (score 1)

Remarks on result:

other: slight sensitisation observed but no classification required under the CLP Regulation

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

24

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

20% (w/v) in corn oil (challenge)

No. with + reactions:

15

Total no. in group:

20

Clinical observations:

discrete or patchy erythema to moderate and confluent erythema (score 1 and 2)

Remarks on result:

other: test concentration used was slightly irritating, rechallenge at lower concentration needed

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

test chemical

Dose level:

20% (w/v) in corn oil (challenge)

No. with + reactions:

7

Total no. in group:

20

Clinical observations:

discrete or patchy erythema to moderate and confluent erythema (score 1 and 2)

Remarks on result:

other: test concentration used was slightly irritating, rechallenge at lower concentration needed

Key result

Reading:

1st reading

Hours after challenge:

24

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

10% hexylcinnamaldehyde in acetone

No. with + reactions:

6

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

not specified in report of test item

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Key result

Reading:

2nd reading

Hours after challenge:

48

Group:

positive control

Dose level:

10% hexylcinnamaldehyde in acetone

No. with + reactions:

6

Total no. in group:

10

Clinical observations:

not specified in report of test item

Remarks on result:

positive indication of skin sensitisation

Preliminary tolerance test

The preliminary tolerance test to establish a suitable concentration for injection in the main sensitisation test indicated that the test item at a concentration of 0.5% w/v in corn oil was reasonably tolerated. No reaction was observed in the animals of the preliminary phase dosed topically at concentrations of 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% w/v of the test item in corn oil. Therefore, the concentration of 20% w/v was judged to be non-irritant and was selected for use at topical induction of the main phase.

Induction

Well defined to moderate/severe erythema (scores of 2 and 3) was apparent at the intradermal injection sites following administration of Freund’s complete adjuvant (test and control group, anterior sites) and at sites treated with the Freund’s complete adjuvant mixed with the test item at concentration of 0.5% w/v in corn oil or vehicle alone (test and control group, posterior sites). Well defined to moderate/severe erythema (scores of 2 and 3) was also observed at sites treated with the test item at a concentration of 0.5% w/v in corn oil (test group, median sites). Very slight erythema (score of 1) was noted at median sites treated with the vehicle alone (control group). No erythema (score of 0) was observed following 48 hours of topical exposure with the test item at concentration of 20% w/v (test group) or the vehicle alone, corn oil (control group). Based on the above results and those seen in the preliminary phase, the test item at concentration of 20% w/v was selected to be used in the challenge phase.

Challenge

Discrete or patchy erythema to moderate and confluent erythema (scores of 1 and 2) was observed in 15 out of 20 animals of the test group at 24 hours following 24 hour topical exposure period to the test item at 20% w/v concentration in corn oil. At the observation performed 48 hours after the 24 hour topical exposure period, discrete or patchy erythema to moderate and confluent erythema (scores of 1 and 2) was still apparent in 7 out of 20 animals of the test group. Discrete or patchy erythema (score of 1) was observed in 4 out of 10 animals of the control group at 24 hours following 24 hour topical exposure period to the test item at 20% w/v concentration in corn oil. Reaction of the same entity was still noted in 2 out of 10 control animals at the observation performed at 48 hours after the 24 hour topical exposure period. No reaction to the vehicle alone was observed.

On the basis of these results, the test item at the concentration of 20% w/v appeared to be slightly irritant. Due to the incidence of control animals with an irritant reaction at the 24 hour observation, and since animals did not completely recover at the observation performed 48 hours after the 24 hour topical exposure, the concentration of 5% w/v of the test item in corn oil was selected to be used in the re-challenge phase.

Re-challenge

Discrete or patchy erythema (score of 1) was observed in 4 out of 20 animals of the test group at 24 and 48 hours following 24 hour topical exposure period to the test item at 5% w/v concentration in corn oil. No reaction was noted in animals of the control group, 24 and 48 hours following the 24 hour topical exposure period. No reaction to the vehicle alone was observed.

Body weight

Body weight changes were not observed.

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

The potential of the test item, yttrium trinitrate, to induce and elicit delayed dermal sensitisation was assessed in the guinea pig using the maximisation test of Magnusson and Kligman. At challenge with the test item at a 20% w/v concentration in corn oil, reaction was observed in 75% of the animals of the test group and in 40% of control animals, indicating that irritation has occurred following dosing. Therefore, a re-challenge was performed one week later in the same animals with the test item at a concentration of 5% w/v in corn oil. Reaction was still observed in 20% of the animals of the test group, while no response was observed in animals of the control group.
These results indicate that the test item, yttrium trinitrate, induced a slight skin sensitisation response in the guinea pig, since a slight positive reaction was observed in 20% of the test animals. However, since the incidence of the animals showing a positive reaction was lower than 30%, classification is not required under the CLP Regulation.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed (not sensitising)

Additional information:

Skin sensitisation

Salvador (2015b) studied the skin sensitisation potential of yttrium trinitrate in female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs according to the guinea pig maximisation test (OECD guideline 406). In this study, discrete or patchy erythema to moderate and confluent erythema (score 1 and 2) were observed in 15/20 and 7/20 animals 24 h and 48 h after patch removal, respectively, upon challenge using a concentration of 20% w/v test item in corn oil. In the negative control, discrete or patchy erythema (score 1) were observed in 4/10 and 2/10 animals 24 h and 48 h after patch removal, respectively. These results indicated that the 20% w/v concentration of test item in corn oil was slightly irritating (which was not the case during the pre-test or during the induction phase). Therefore, a rechallenge was performed with the same animals one week later using a concentration of 5% w/v test item in corn oil. In the negative control group, no response was observed 24 and 48 h after patch removal. In the test group, discrete or patchy erythema (score 1) were observed in 4/20 animals 24 and 48 h after patch removal.

These results indicate that the test item induced a slight skin sensitisation response in the guinea pig, since a slight positive reaction was observed in 20% of the test animals. However, since the incidence of the animals showing a positive reaction was lower than 30%, classification is not required.

Respiratory sensitisation

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no study available

Justification for classification or non-classification

The test item, yttrium trinitrate, induced a slight skin sensitisation response in the guinea pig, since a slight positive reaction was observed in 20% of the test animals. However, since the incidence of the animals showing a positive reaction was lower than 30%, classification is not required under the CLP Regulation.