Amantadine

Biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests

Administrative data

Endpoint:

biodegradation in water and sediment: simulation tests

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

other information

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: Acceptable, well-documented publication, which meets scientific principles

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

publication

Title:

Occurrence and fate of oseltamivir carboxylate (Tamiflu) and amantadine in sewage treatment plants

Author:

Ghosh et al.

Year:

2010

Bibliographic source:

Chemosphere Vol. 81, pp. 13-17

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Concentrations of amantadine were determined after the different wastewater treatment steps in three sewage treatment plants.

GLP compliance:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Amantadine

EC Number:

212-201-2

EC Name:

Amantadine

Cas Number:

768-94-5

Molecular formula:

C10H17N

IUPAC Name:

adamantan-1-amine

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): amantadine (AMT)
- Analytical purity: not reported
- Storage condition of test material: standard stock solution stored at -20 °C

Radiolabelling:

no

Study design

Oxygen conditions:

aerobic/anaerobic

Inoculum or test system:

other: aerobic and anaerobic STP microorganisms

Initial test substance concentration

Initial conc.:

> 184 - < 538 other: ng/L

Based on:

test mat.

Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:

test mat. analysis

Details on study design:

TEST SYSTEM
Samples were collected from three STPs located in Kyoto (STP-1 and STP-2) and Shiga (STP-3) prefectures, Japan. The STPs were selected for their differences in secondary and tertiary treatment technologies (Table 2). Primary treatment at all STPs consists of a mechanical screen, a grit removal tank, and a primary clarifier. STP-1 has two secondary treatment units in parallel; both units perform anoxic–oxic–anoxic–oxic (AOAO)-based biological nutrient removal. The main difference between them is the source of oxygen in the aeration tank: ambient air in unit I and pure oxygen in unit II. Units I and II are followed by ozonation as a tertiary treatment. STP-2 uses an extended-aeration-based CAS system for secondary treatment. STP-3 uses three parallel-operated secondary treatment processes, comprising CAS, AOAO, and anaerobic–anoxic–oxic (A2O) processes, but for this study we selected only A2O process.

SAMPLING
Time proportional composite samples were collected from all STPs on February 4, 2009 and November 18, 2009, the latter after the announcement of a pandemic swine flu outbreak. We collected 24-h composite samples (1 L) from primary influent, primary effluent,secondary effluent, and tertiary effluent. Ascorbic acid (1 g/L) was added to acidify the samples, and quenching chlorine and/or ozone. All samples were filtered (GF/B) as soon as possible and the filtrates were subjected to solid-phase extraction immediately or were kept at -20 °C in half-filled amber glass bottles in the horizontal position until extraction within 3 d. After filtration, sodium chloride (1 g/L) was added and the sample pH was adjusted to 4 with sulfuric acid as needed.

Results and discussion

% Degradation

% Degradation 1

% Degr.:

> 11 - < 13

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 1, Primary treatment

% Degradation 2

% Degr.:

> 30 - < 40

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 1, Secondary treatment (AOAO)

% Degradation 3

% Degr.:

93

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 1, Tertiary treatment (ozonation)

% Degradation 4

% Degr.:

7

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 2, Primary treatment

% Degradation 5

% Degr.:

20

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 2, Secondary treatment (CAS)

% Degradation 6

% Degr.:

< 10

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 3, Primary treatment

% Degradation 7

% Degr.:

39

Parameter:

test mat. analysis

Remarks on result:

other: STP 3, Secondary treatment (A2O)