1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene

Explosiveness

Administrative data

Endpoint:

explosive properties of explosives

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from 11 Feb 2019 to 04 Mar 2019

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

Not GLP compliant, but ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation

Cross-reference

Cross-reference 1

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Reference

Thermal stability:

DSC and ARC experiments: Several DSC and ARC analyses on 2-fluoronitrobenzene demonstrated that the onset of exothermic decomposition is below 500°C with an exothermic decomposition energy higher than 500 J/g; implying that the explosive properties of this substance should be investigated further.

SADT determination: Several methods were used to determine SADT (ARC method, simulation with kinetic models) and all the obtained values were clearly higher than 75 °C; implying that 2-fluoronitrobenzene is not subjected to the classification procedure as a self-reactive substance.

Thermal stability:

DSC and ARC experiments:

Several DSC and ARC experiments were performed on 2-fluoronitrobenzene (2-FNB) over time:

- The risk of 2-fluoronitrobenzene thermal explosion was already studied in 1991 in Avonmouth (summarized here from the report of S. Egan, n°352/91/1574/SE/PM). DSC and autoclave experiments were carried out on 2-FNB. DSC experiment demonstrated that 2-FNB started decomposing from 380°C at a heating rate of 5°C/min, with a high released exothermic energy of 1246 J/g. The exotherm was not finished at 450°C. Therefore, the decomposition energy was underestimated. In the autoclave experiment, a violent exotherm was observed with gas generation from 345°C up to 500°C (5°C/min). The pressure increased from 10 barA to more than 200 barA.

- In 2015, Defitraces performed a DSC experiment on 2-FNB as well. One exothermic peak was observed at about 420°C (heating rate: 5 °C/min) and the decomposition energy was 441.8 J/g. Therefore, the onset of exothermic decomposition was below 500 °C and the exothermic decomposition energy was less than 500 J/g. Based on these conclusions and according to Section 2.1.4.3. of Annex I of CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008, the substance should not be classified as explosive and the test on explosive properties could be waived. However, the discrepancies between these results and the previous ones (especially regarding the exothermic decomposition energy) encouraged to produce another experiment before concluding on the need to go ahead or not.

- This additional DSC experiment was performed by the Research & Innovation Center of Lyon (RICL) in 2016. During the main heating procedure of this study, with a heating mode of 2 °C/min, a highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 2906 J/g was observed between 350 and 425 °C (onset: 383 °C, peak: 400 °C), with a relatively fast kinetics. Additional DSC investigations confirmed the high exothermic decomposition energy. An ARC experiment was also carried out to determine more precisely the onset temperature of 2-FNB sample decomposition which was determined at 310.9 °C with moderate temperature rise rates and pressure rise rates. There was formation of incondensable gases. A similarly high exothermic decomposition energy was determined.

- Based on these observations, a new DSC assay was performed at Defitraces in 2018 which was in line with the result of the RICL, i.e. an exothermic peak was observed at about 420 °C with an exothermic reaction energy of more than 500 J/g (2668 J/g). Consequently the test report of Defitraces was amended with this new result and this amended report was included into the IUCLID endpoint study record. The origin of the very low value of exothermic decomposition energy found in the same laboratory in 2015 is still not understood.

- The DSC and ARC analyses performed at Avonmouth in 1991, at RICL in 2016 and at Defitraces in 2018 all confirmed that the onset of exothermic decomposition was below 500 °C and that the exothermic decomposition energy was above 500 J/g. This implied that the explosive properties of 2-fluoronitrobenzene had to be investigated further and it was decided to run UN Test Series 1 at Tüv-Süd Process Safety to decide on provisional acceptance or not of the substance into the class of explosives (see IUCLID Section 4.14).

- As a preamble to the performance of the UN Test Series 1, an additional DSC experiment was carried out at Tüv-Süd Process Safety in 2019. The obtained results confirmed the already available data (i.e. onset of exothermic decomposition < 500 °C and exothermic decomposition energy > 500 J/g). Indeed, an exothermic event was recorded from 329 to 436 °C with a peak at 411 °C (heating rate: 4 °C/min) and the exothermic reaction energy was 2751 J/g.

SADT determination:

During the study performed in 2016 at RICL, the Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) in a specific packaging (180 L stainless steel barrel) was also determined using the ARC method and by simulation with the isoconversional and formal kinetic models using the TSS Thermokinetic Software. Among the SADT values obtained by these different ways, the lowest obtained value was 258 °C. Therefore, SADT was well higher than 75 °C and the sample was concluded as being not subjected to the classification procedure as a self-reactive substance.

Thermal stability (DSC and ARC experiments) and explosive properties: The DSC and ARC analyses performed on 2-fluoronitrobenzene confirmed that the onset of exothermic decomposition was below 500 °C and that the exothermic decomposition energy was above 500 J/g. This implied that the explosive properties had to be investigated further and it was decided to run UN Test Series 1 at Tüv-Süd Process Safety to decide on provisional acceptance or not of the substance into the class of explosives (see IUCLID Section 4.14).

Thermal stability (SADT determination) and self-reactive properties: Several methods were used to determine SADT (ARC method, simulation with kinetic models) and all the obtained values were clearly higher than 75 °C; implying that 2-fluoronitrobenzene is not subjected to the classification procedure as a self-reactive substance.

Cross-reference 2

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Reference

Endpoint:

thermal stability

Remarks:

DSC and ARC experiments and SADT determination

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

This safety study evaluated the thermal stability of 2-fluoronitrobenzene using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) experiments. In addition, the Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) in a specific packaging was determined using the ARC method and by simulation with the TSS Thermokinetic Software.

GLP compliance:

no

Test substance thermally stable:

no

Remarks:

See "Any other information on results incl. tables"

1) Thermal stability using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

 

Main heating procedure:

In the attached background material, see the thermogram in Appendix 2. In a heating mode of 2 °C/min, a highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 2906 J/g was observed between 350 and 425 °C (onset: 383 °C, peak: 400 °C), with a relatively fast kinetics.

 

Additional investigations:

- Other DSC experiments performed at heating rates of 0.5, 1 and 3 °C/min (in the attached background material, see the thermograms in Appendices 3 to 5): The order of magnitude of the decomposition energy was the same:

* Heating rate of 0.5 °C/min: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 3117 J/g was observed between ca. 330 and ca. 390 °C (onset: 362 °C, peak: 371 °C).

* Heating rate of 1 °C/min: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 3082 J/g was observed between ca. 345 and ca. 405 °C (onset: 371 °C, peak: 386 °C).

* Heating rate of 3 °C/min: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 3016 J/g was observed between ca. 350 and ca. 445 °C (onset: 392 °C, peak: 409 °C).

 

- Other DSC experiment conducted in an affiliated laboratory at heating rates of 1, 2 and 4° C/min (in the attached background document, see the thermogram in Appendix 6): The results are very close to the ones already obtained:

* Heating rate of 1 °C/min: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 3125 J/g was observed (onset: 315 °C, peak: 376 °C).

* Heating rate of 2 °C/min: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 3178 J/g was observed (onset: 313 °C, peak: 392 °C).

* Heating rate of 4 °C/min: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 2946 J/g was observed (onset: 333 °C, peak: 405 °C).

- Isothermal exposures at 330 and 350 °C for 24h (in the attached background document, see the thermograms in Appendices 7 and 8, respectively):

* Isothermal exposure at 330 °C: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 3046 J/g was observed.

* Isothermal exposure at 350 °C: A highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 2887 J/g was observed.

The heat flow is increasing at constant temperature. The decomposition kinetics is autocatalytic.

Conclusions from DSC experiments:

The decomposition onset temperature of 2-FNB is high but below 500°C and the decomposition energy is very high as well, higher than 500 J/g. Moreover, there is a NO2 group in the molecule which is associated with explosive properties and the oxygen balance for the molecule is -130 which is higher than the threshold of -200 defined in Section 2.1.4.3. of Annex I of CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. As a consequence, the explosive properties had to be investigated further and UN Test Series 1 is needed to decide on provisional acceptance or not of the substance into the class of explosives

2) Thermal stability using Acceleration Rate Calorimetry (ARC)

 

The exotherm detection temperature was 310.9°C. The ARC calorimeter switched to an adiabatic mode, with a temperature rise rate around 0.022°C/min and a pressure rise rate around 0.02 bar/min. The runaway reaction continued with a maximum temperature rise rate of 15.0°C/min reached at 376.1°C and a maximum pressure rise rate of 3.2 bar/min. The experiment stopped because the temperature exceeded the limit of the equipment (500°C). The final temperature was 499.5°C and the final pressure was 35.3 barA. After cooling at room temperature, the residual pressure was 13.7 barA. Therefore, there was formation of incondensable gases.

 

The ARC experiment thermal inertia or phi-factor was:

Φ= 1 + (m_cellx c_p.cell) / (m_samplex c_p.sample); where m = mass (kg) and c_p= specific heat capacity (J/kg/K)

Φ= 1 + (17.843 x 0.502) / (0.892 x 2.17) = 5.6.

The experimental temperature rise was: ΔT_exp> 499.5 – 310.9 = 188.6 °C.

The adiabatic temperature rise was: ΔT_ad>Φx ΔT_exp= 5.6 x 188.6 = 1061 °C.

The heat of decomposition was: ΔH_r> C_px ΔT_ad= 2.17 * 1061 = 2303 J/g.

This last value is lower than the value determined by DSC because the ARC experiment was interrupted by the control system during the exotherm.

 

3) SADT determination

 

SADT determination using the ARC method

 

SADT was determined to be equal to 280 °C using the Wilberforce derivation described in the field “Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables”. To apply this equation and the other ones described in the same field, the following parameters were used:

 

Parameter	Source (if relevant)	Value
SADT	Obtained from the Wilberforce derivation: SADT = TNR– (R x TNR^2) / EA)	551.8 K = 280 °C
R	Universal gas constant	8.314 J.mol^-1.K^-1
TNR	Determined from a curve representing the TMR on x-axis against the temperature on y-axis	559.2 K = 286 °C
TMR	TMR = τ = (m x Cp) / (U x A)	38820 s = 649.9 min
m	Measured	200.7 kg
Cp	Measured	2170 J.kg^-1.K^-1
U	It was assumed that 150 L of 2-FNB will be transported in a 180-L stainless steel barrel: U and A were taken from the ONU book for 200 L of 1H1 package	5.50 W.m^-2.K^-1
A		2.04 m^2
EA	Determined from the self-heat rate curve representing the decomposition kinetics between 311 °C (exotherm detection temperature during the ARC experiment) and 390 °C using zero-order kinetics	352.4 kJ/mol

SADT determination using simulation by TSS Software:

SADT values of 259 °C and 258 °C were obtained by simulation with the isoconversional and formal kinetic models, respectively, in a 180-liter stainless steel barrel.

Conclusions from SADT determinations:

As a conclusion, SADT is very high. The lowest value of 258 °C is obtained with the formal kinetic model (in a 180-liter stainless steel barrel). Therefore, SADT is higher than 75°C and the sample is not subjected to the classification procedure as a self-reactive substance.

Conclusions:

DSC experiments: During the main heating procedure with a heating mode of 2 °C/min, a highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 2906 J/g was observed between 350 and 425 °C (onset: 383 °C, peak: 400 °C), with a relatively fast kinetics. Additional DSC investigations confirmed the high exothermic decomposition energy.
ARC experiment: The onset temperature was determined at 310.9 °C with moderate temperature rise rates and pressure rise rates. There was formation of incondensable gases. A similarly high exothermic decomposition energy was determined.
SADT determination: Among the SADT values determined using the ARC method or by simulation with kinetic models in a 180-liter stainless steel barrel, the lowest obtained value was 258 °C.

Executive summary:

This safety study evaluated the thermal stability of 2-fluoronitrobenzene (2-FNB) using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Accelerating Rate Calorimetry (ARC) experiments. In addition, the Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature (SADT) in a specific packaging was determined using the ARC method and by simulation with the TSS Thermokinetic Software.

 

The main heating procedure conducted during the DSC experiments revealed that, in a heating mode of 2 °C/min, a highly energetic decomposition exotherm of 2906 J/g was observed between 350 and 425 °C (onset: 383 °C, peak: 400 °C), with a relatively fast kinetics. Additional DSC investigations performed at different heating rates, conducted in an affiliated laboratory or under isothermal exposures confirmed the high exothermic decomposition energy.

 

During the ARC experiment carried out to determine more precisely the onset temperature of 2-FNB sample decomposition, exotherm was detected at 310.9 °C with moderate temperature rise rates and pressure rise rates. There was formation of incondensable gases. A similarly high exothermic decomposition energy was determined.

 

The decomposition onset temperature of 2-FNB is thus high but below 500°C and the decomposition energy is very high as well, higher than 500 J/g. Moreover, there is a NO₂ group in the molecule which is associated with explosive properties and the oxygen balance for the molecule is -130 which is higher than the threshold of -200 defined in Section 2.1.4.3. of Annex I of CLP Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008. As a consequence, the explosive properties had to be investigated further and UN Test Series 1 is needed to decide on provisional acceptance or not of the substance into the class of explosives

 

Among the SADT values determined using the ARC method or by simulation with the isoconversional and formal kinetic models in a 180-liter stainless steel barrel, the lowest obtained value was 258 °C. Therefore, SADT is higher than 75°C and the sample is not subjected to the classification procedure as a self-reactive substance.

Cross-reference 3

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Reference

Endpoint:

thermal stability

Remarks:

DSC analysis

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from 08 Jun 2015 to 22 Jan 2018

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Remarks:

A Klimisch score of 2 was assigned in spite of GLP compliance because several investigations had to be done before being able to finalise the report (for further details, see in the Endpoint Summary on thermal stability the description of the different experiments performed at Défitraces).

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The objective of the test is to determine the behaviour of the test item during a heating procedure under nitrogen and at the atmospheric pressure using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) method. This thermodynamic information allows determining if the test item gives exothermic reactions upon heating and if a more complete test on explosive properties is relevant.

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Remarks:

Certificate from 2017-03-23

Test substance thermally stable:

no

Remarks:

See "Any other information on results incl. tables"

Key result

Operating temp.:

>= 25 - <= 600 °C

Remarks on result:

other: One exothermic peak was observed at about 420 °C. The enthalpy difference was 2668 J/g; corresponding to the exothermic decomposition energy.

Four assays were made: Three assays were not taken into account due to a wrong position of the crucible (assay No. 1), due to a too high weighing of the test item (assay No. 2) and due to the fact that the results were not reliable (assay No. 4). Results of assay No. 3 were reliable and were used to conclude the following:

One exothermic peak was observed at about 420 °C. The enthalpy difference was 2668 J/g, corresponding to the exothermic decomposition energy.

 

The onset of exothermic decomposition is thus below 500 °C and the exothermic reaction energy is thus more than 500 J/g; so the explosive properties of the test item should be investigated further.

Conclusions:

One exothermic peak was observed at about 420 °C. The enthalpy difference was 2668 J/g; corresponding to the exothermic decomposition energy.

Executive summary:

A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis was run to determine the behaviour of 2-fluoronitrobenzene during a heating procedure under nitrogen and at the atmospheric pressure. One exothermic peak was observed at about 420 °C. The enthalpy difference was 2668 J/g; corresponding to the exothermic decomposition energy. The onset decomposition temperature was thus below 500 °C and the exothermic decomposition energy was thus above 500 J/g; implying that the explosive properties of 2-fluoronitrobenzene should be investigated further.

Cross-reference 4

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Reference

Endpoint:

thermal stability

Remarks:

DSC analysis

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

from 11 Feb 2019 to 04 Mar 2019

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail

Remarks:

Not GLP compliant, but ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: ASTM E537-02 & DIN 51005

Principles of method if other than guideline:

The objective of the test was to determine the behaviour of the test item during a heating procedure in a closed atmosphere under air using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) method. This thermodynamic information allows determining if the test item gives exothermic reactions upon heating and if a more complete test on explosive properties is relevant.

GLP compliance:

no

Other quality assurance:

ISO/IEC 17025 (General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories)

Remarks:

Accreditation from 2016-07-26

Test substance thermally stable:

no

Remarks:

See "Any other information on results incl. tables"

Key result

Operating temp.:

ca. 25 - ca. 450 °C

Remarks on result:

other: An exothermic event was recorded from 329 to 436 °C with a peak at 411 °C. The exothermic reaction energy was 2751 J/g.

An exothermic event was recorded from 329 to 436 °C with a peak at 411 °C. The exothermic reaction energy was 2751 J/g.

The onset decomposition temperature was thus below 500 °C and the decomposition energy was thus above 500 J/g; implying that the explosive properties of the test item should be investigated further.

Conclusions:

An exothermic event was recorded from 329 to 436 °C with a peak at 411 °C. The exothermic reaction energy was 2751 J/g.

Executive summary:

A Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis was run to determine the behaviour of 2-fluoronitrobenzene during a heating procedure in a closed atmosphere under air. An exothermic event was recorded from 329 to 436 °C with a peak at 411 °C. The exothermic reaction energy was 2751 J/g. The onset decomposition temperature was thus below 500 °C and the exothermic decomposition energy was thus above 500 J/g; implying that the explosive properties of 2-fluoronitrobenzene should be investigated further.

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2019

Report date:

2019

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Part I: Classification procedures, test methods and criteria relating to explosives of Class 1

Version / remarks:

This guideline was followed to perform the shock test (UN 1a = UN gap test) and the test of ignition under confinement (UN 1ci = Time/pressure test)

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method A.14 (Explosive properties)

Version / remarks:

This guideline was followed to perform the test of heating under confinement

GLP compliance:

no

Other quality assurance:

ISO/IEC 17025 (General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories)

Remarks:

Accreditation from 2016-07-26

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene

EC Number:

216-088-0

EC Name:

1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene

Cas Number:

1493-27-2

Molecular formula:

C6H4FNO2

IUPAC Name:

1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene

Test material form:

liquid

Details on test material:

Identifity: 2-FLUORONITROBENZENE
CAS number: 1493-27-2

Results and discussion

Results of test series for explosives

Results of test series for explosives 1

Key result

Test series:

UN Test series 1

Method:

UN Test 1 (a): UN gap test

Parameter:

fragmented length (cm)

Result:

result is considered "-" (negative)

Remarks:

The substance is not sensitive to detonative shock under confinement and is not able to propagate a detonation.

Remarks on result:

other: In addition to the fact that the tube is not fragmented, no hole is punched through the witness plate.

Results of test series for explosives 2

Key result

Test series:

UN Test series 1

Method:

UN Test 1 (c) (i): Time/pressure test

Parameter:

other: Final pressure (kPa)

Result:

result is considered "-" (negative)

Remarks:

The substance does not show deflagration with explosive violence with pressure build-up upon local iginition inside a closed container.

Remarks on result:

p < 2070 kPa

Remarks:

Final pressure is INFERIOR to 2070 kPa.

Results of test series for explosives 3

Key result

Test series:

other: See the method hereafter

Method:

other: EU A.14

Parameter:

limiting diameter (mm)

Result:

result is considered "-" (negative)

Remarks:

The substance is thermally not sensitive under confinement.

Remarks on result:

other: Limiting diameter is INFERIOR to 2 mm.

Any other information on results incl. tables

The acceptance procedure designed to determine whether or not a substance is a candidate for the class of explosives is described in Figure 2.1.2 from ECHA Guidance on the Application of the CLP Criteria (version 5.0, July 2017). UN test series 1 and 2 are both parts of this acceptance procedure. Test series 1 allows concluding whether a substance is explosive or not. If not, testing is finished and no classification is required. If yes, test series 2 has to be run to determine whether the substance is accepted into the class of explosives and thus needs classification, or whether it is too insensitive to be accepted into this class and thus does not need classification.

 

So if the scheme of Figure 2.1.2 (attached in the field below named "Attached background material") is applied to 2-fluoronitrobenzene, this gives:

 

→ Is the substance manufactured with a view to producing a practical explosive or pyrotechnic effect?

NO.

 

→ Is the substance a candidate for ammonium nitrate emulsion suspension or gel, intermediate for blasting explosive ANE?

NO.

 

→ According to Test Series 1, is it an explosive substance?

> NO according to UN tests 1(a) (= shock test) and 1(c) (= test of ignition under confinement) which gave negative results.

> The test of heating under confinement was performed according to method A.14 and does not allow concluding according to criteria of UN test 1(b). Indeed, these criteria stipulate that the test is considered negative if the limiting diameter is less than 1 mm (section 11.5.1.4 from the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, 6th rev. ed., 2015), but this diameter was not tested in the present study (smallest diameter tested was 2 mm). However, the present test allows concluding according to criteria of UN test 2(b) which stipulate that the test is considered negative if the limiting diameter is less than 2 mm (section 12.5.1.4 from the UN Manual of Tests and Criteria, 6th rev. ed., 2015).

 

→ According to Test Series 2, is the substance too insensitive for acceptance into the class of explosives?

> No need to consider again shock test and test of ignition under confinement which already gave negative results according to Test Series 1 which uses more stringent criteria than Test Series 2.

> YES according to the test of heating under confinement performed in the present study which demonstrated that the limiting diameter was less than 2 mm; allowing to conclude that the test was negative according to criteria of UN test 2(b).

 

→ Conclusion: 2-Fluoronitrobenzene is too insensitive to be accepted into the class of explosives and no classification is needed.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

Negative results were obtained according to UN Test Series 1 (shock test and test of ignition under confinement) and EU Method A.14 (test of heating under confinement). Therefore, 2-fluoronitrobenzene is rejected from the hazard class and it is not an explosive.

Executive summary:

Based on the thermal stability assays described in IUCLID section 4.19, the onset decomposition temperature was demonstrated to be below 500 °C and the decomposition energy to be above 500 J/g; implying that the explosive properties of 2-fluoronitrobenzene should be investigated further. It was thus decided to run UN Test Series 1 to conclude on provisional acceptance or not of this substance into the class of explosives. The following two tests of this series were run:

- UN Test Series 1a – Gap test

- UN Test Series 1c(i) – Time pressure test

While the laboratory indicated in its report that a third test was conducted according to UN Test Series 1b, it appeared this assay intended to determine the effect of heating under confinement was actually run according to EU Method A.14. The implications of this in terms of classification determination are discussed in the above field named "Any other information on results incl. tables".

Negative results were obtained with the three tests. Therefore, 2-fluoronitrobenzene is rejected from the hazard class and it is not an explosive.