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EC number: 271-591-2 | CAS number: 68585-82-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Repeated dose toxicity: other routes
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term repeated dose toxicity: other route
- Type of information:
- other: other substance
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Although the publication is elaborate on the methods applied, several parameters have not been investigated. In addition, the route of exposure is not/less relevant in the use of the substance as an industrial chemical.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- In vivo toxicity studies of europium hydroxide nanorods in mice
- Author:
- Patra, CR, et al.
- Year:
- 2 009
- Bibliographic source:
- Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 240 (1), 88-98
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Mice were exposed for seven days intraperitonially, and sacrificed on day 8 or 60. Mortality, body weight, clinical signs, hemaotlogy, biochemical parameters and histological examination were observed/performed.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Europium (III) hydroxide
- IUPAC Name:
- Europium (III) hydroxide
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Synthesis of Eu(OH)3 nanorods was carried out in a modified domestic microwave oven prepared using an interaction in an aqueous solution of Europium(III)nitrate and aq. NH4OH using microwave irradiation. The yield of the as-prepared products was more than 95%.
- Molecular formula: Eu(OH)3
- Physical state: solid, nano (200-300 nm)
- Analytical purity: 95%
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- C57BL
- Sex:
- male
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: National Cancer Institute, USA
- Diet: ad libitum autoclaved standard pellet food
- Water: ad libitum sterile water
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
No information
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- intraperitoneal
- Vehicle:
- other: TE (Tris-EDTA) buffer
- Details on exposure:
- A constant volume of 100 microliter was injected.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 8 or 60 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily for seven days
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 1.25, 12.5 and 125 mg/kg/day
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: based on pulbicly available data
- Rationale for selecting intraperitoneally exposure: predominantly used for its ease of administration, and a large volume can be administered
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: not known, but no clinical signs and no mortality was observed.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: not known, but no significant change in the average weight loss
FOOD CONSUMPTION: No
WATER CONSUMPTION: No
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: day 8 or day 60 from the date of injection
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes (ketamine-xylazine)
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals: 10
- Parameters examined: CBC, hematocrit, erythrocytes, MCV, RBC distribution width, leukocytes, platelet count.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- see also haematology
- Parameters examined: ALP, AST, ALT, phosphorus, calcium, albumin, creatinine, glucose, total protein, total bilirubin, BUN, etc (Hanfield et al, 2006)
URINALYSIS: No
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: No - Sacrifice and pathology:
- GROSS PATHOLOGY: No
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
Liver, kidney, spleen and lungs - Other examinations:
- XRD, TEM was perfomed on the substance itself. In addition, ICP-MS was performed on the vital organs to determine bio-distribution
- Statistics:
- P values were calculated using the Student'Newman-Keuls Multiple Comparisons Test (ANOVA) by comparing different groups (control group vs treatment groups).
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- no mortality, no clinical signs
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- no mortality, no clinical signs
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not examined
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: slight elevation of liver enzymes, especially AST, but only for the 8-day study, so the effect is reversible. In addition, no other effects were noted, e.g. bilirubin increase, therefore this effect is not considered to be adverse.
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Lungs: Mild thickening of the alveolar membrane and localize para bronchiolar lipophagocytic changes detected at 12.5 and 125 mg/kg/day.
Liver: Mild hepatocytes cloudy swelling was observed at 12.5 mg/kg/day, at 125 mg/kg/day sinusoidal congestion and mild lobular inflammation was observed.
Kidneys: Cloudy swelling in renal cortical tubular epithelium is seen at 12.5 mg/kg/day. At 125 mg/kg/day mild glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and arteriolar congestion are detected.
Spleen: Mild follicular hypoerplasia is seen at 125 mg/kg/day.
The hisotlogic specimens showed noral histology for these organs.
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- dose level:
- Effect level:
- 125 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: At this highest dose tested, mild histological changes indicate mild toxicity of nanorods after intraperitoneal injection.
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
The combined results of XRD, TEM, TGA and DSC indicate that as-synthesised product is crystalline Eu(OH)3 nanorods.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- After 7-days of intraperitoneally application of europium hydroxide nanorods, mice showed mild hisological changes at the highest dose tested, 125 mg/kg bw/d.
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