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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.

The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.

Diss Factsheets

Administrative data

Workers - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
9.9 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
25
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
246.8 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The calculation of the DNEL is based on an oral NOAEL observed in an oral subchronic repeated dose toxicity study (OECD TG 408; 2022).


To correct the interspecies difference between rat and human the no observed effect level has to be corrected as follows:


Corrected starting point for the inhalative route for workers:


= NOAEL(oral) * (1/0.38 m³/kg bw/day) * (ABSoral-rat/ABSinh-human) * 6.7 m³ (8h) /10 m³ (8h)* (7 days exposure rat/5 days exposure worker)


= 100 mg/kg bw/day * (1/0.38 m³/kg bw/day) * (1/1) * 0.67 m³ * 1.4 = 246.8 mg/m³


 


In contrast to the recommendations of the ECHA Guidance, a factor of 1 (equal absorption of 100% assumed for the oral and the inhalative route for animals and humans) was included for the extrapolation from oral to inhalation absorption, as there is no valid data suggesting that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion (recommendation of the VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Molecules with a molecular weight <500 and a log Kow between 0 and 4 can be assumed to be well absorbed equivalently by the oral and inhalation route. Oral absorption may be reduced for acids and bases depending on their pKa value and their electric charge in the GI tract. More lipophilic substances may be better absorbed in the GI tract due to solubilisation with bile acids, and thus oral absorption may be higher than inhalation absorption (VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Unless valid data suggest that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion, equal absorption will be assumed when extrapolating from oral to inhalation route.


(ABSoral-rat = oral absorption in rats, ABSinh-human = inhalation absorption rate in humans)


 


Thus, the corrected starting point for workers was 246.8 mg/m³ for inhalation.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
NOAEL available
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on 90-day study
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
AF not used for inhalation route
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
default
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
default
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
The DNEL is based on a high-quality study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Workers - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
1.4 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
100
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
140 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The calculation of the DNEL is based on an oral NOAEL observed in a subchronic repeated dose oral toxicity study (OECD TG 408; 2022).


Dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL*ABS(oral)/ABS(dermal) * (7 days exposure rat/5 days exposure worker) = 100 mg/kg bw/day *(1/1) * 1.4 = 140 mg/kg bw/day. It is assumed that oral and dermal absorption rates are equal.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
DNEL is based on a NOAEL
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL based on a 90-day study
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
default
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
default
AF for intraspecies differences:
5
Justification:
default
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
data is based on a high-quality study
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
no remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Workers - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - workers

General Population - Hazard via inhalation route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
1.74 mg/m³
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
50
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEC
Value:
87 mg/m³
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The calculation of the DNEL is based on an oral NOAEL observed from an oral subchronic repeated dose toxicity study (OECD TG 408, 2022) in rats.


To correct the interspecies difference between rat and human the no observed effect level has to be corrected as follows:


Corrected starting point for the inhalative route for general population:


= NOAELoral * (1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day (24h)) * (ABSoral-rat / ABSinh-human)


= 100 mg/kg bw/day * (1/1.15 m³/kg bw/day) * (1/1) = 87.0 mg/m³


 


In contrast to the recommendations of the ECHA Guidance, a factor of 1 (equal absorption of 100% assumed for the oral and the inhalative route for animals and humans) was included for the extrapolation from oral to inhalation absorption, as there is no valid data suggesting that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion (recommendation of the VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Molecules with a molecular weight <500 and a log Kow between 0 and 4 can be assumed to be well absorbed equivalently by the oral and inhalation route. Oral absorption may be reduced for acids and bases depending on their pKa value and their electric charge in the GI tract. More lipophilic substances may be better absorbed in the GI tract due to solubilisation with bile acids, and thus oral absorption may be higher than inhalation absorption (VCI Working group "Toxicology", 2008). Unless valid data suggest that inhalation leads to higher absorption than oral ingestion, equal absorption will be assumed when extrapolating from oral to inhalation route.


(ABSoral-rat = oral absorption in rats, ABSinh-human = inhalation absorption rate in humans)


Thus, the corrected starting point for general population was 87.0 mg/m³ for inhalation.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
NOAEL available
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL is based on 90-day study
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
1
Justification:
AF not used for inhalation route
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
default
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
default
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
DNEL is based on a high quality study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
hazard unknown but no further hazard information necessary as no exposure expected
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard via dermal route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.5 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
200
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Modified dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The calculation of the DNEL is based on an oral NOAEL observed in a subchronic repeated dose oral toxicity study (OECD TG 408; 2022).


Dermal NOAEL = oral NOAEL*ABS(oral)/ABS(dermal) * (7 days exposure rat/7 days exposure general population) = 100 mg/kg bw/day *(1/1) * 1 = 100 mg/kg bw/day. It is assumed that oral and dermal absorption rates are equal

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
NOAEL available
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL based on 90-day study
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
default
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
default
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
default
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
DNEL based on a high quality study.
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
No remaining uncertainties.
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

Local effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

General Population - Hazard via oral route

Systemic effects

Long term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
Value:
0.5 mg/kg bw/day
Most sensitive endpoint:
repeated dose toxicity
Route of original study:
Oral
DNEL related information
DNEL derivation method:
ECHA REACH Guidance
Overall assessment factor (AF):
200
Dose descriptor starting point:
NOAEL
Value:
100 mg/kg bw/day
Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:

The calculation of the DNEL is based on an oral NOAEL observed in a subchronic repeated dose oral toxicity study (OECD TG 408; 2022).


No route-to-route extrapolation is required.

AF for dose response relationship:
1
Justification:
NOAEL available
AF for differences in duration of exposure:
2
Justification:
DNEL based on 90-day study
AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
4
Justification:
default
AF for other interspecies differences:
2.5
Justification:
default
AF for intraspecies differences:
10
Justification:
default
AF for the quality of the whole database:
1
Justification:
based on a high quality study
AF for remaining uncertainties:
1
Justification:
no remaining uncertainties
Acute/short term exposure
Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified
DNEL related information

General Population - Hazard for the eyes

Local effects

Hazard assessment conclusion:
no hazard identified

Additional information - General Population