1-benzyl-3-carboxylatopyridinium sodium chloride

Repeated dose toxicity: oral

Administrative data

Endpoint:

short-term repeated dose toxicity: oral

Remarks:

combined repeated dose and reproduction / developmental screening

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

other: GLP Guideline Study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2013

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)

GLP compliance:

yes

Limit test:

no

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

1-benzyl-3-carboxylatopyridinium sodium chloride

EC Number:

268-692-9

EC Name:

1-benzyl-3-carboxylatopyridinium sodium chloride

Cas Number:

68133-60-8

Molecular formula:

C13H12NO2.Cl.Na

IUPAC Name:

1-benzyl-3-carboxylatopyridinium sodium chloride

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): LUGALVAN BPC dry
- Physical state: solid
- Analytical purity: 95.5 area-%
- Lot/batch No.: 467602
- Stability under test conditions: The stability under storage conditions over the study period was guaranteed by the sponsor, and the sponsor holds this responsibility.

Test animals

Species:

rat

Strain:

Wistar

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Deutschland
- Age at study initiation: Approximately 11 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: body weight of all animals within ± 20% of the sex mean.
- Housing:
Pre-mating:
Animals were housed in groups of 5 animals/sex/cage in Macrolon plastic cages (MIV type, height 18 cm).
Mating:
Females were caged together with males on a one-to-one-basis in Macrolon plastic cages (MIII type, height 18 cm).
Post-mating:
Males were housed in their home cage (Macrolon plastic cages, MIV type, height 18 cm) with a maximum of 5 animals/cage. Females were individually housed in Macrolon plastic cages (MIII type, height 18 cm).
Lactation:
Pups were kept with the dam until termination in Macrolon plastic cages (MIII type, height 18 cm). During locomotor activity monitoring of the dams the pups were kept warm in their home cage using bottles filled with warm water. In order to avoid hypothermia of pups, pups were not left without their dam or a bottle filled with warm water for longer than 30-40 minutes.
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: At least 5 days prior to start of treatment.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 18 to 24°C
- Humidity (%): 40 to 70%
- Air changes (per hr): 15 room air changes/hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12

Administration / exposure

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

water

Details on oral exposure:

PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS: Formulations (w/w) were prepared daily within 5 hours prior to dosing and were homogenized to a visually acceptable level. No adjustment was made for specific gravity/density of the test substance, vehicle, and/or formulation. No correction was made for the purity/composition of the test substance.

VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): the vehicle was chosen based on trial formulations performed at WIL Research Europe

Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

yes

Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:

Samples (0.5 mL) were taken using a pipette (a clean pipette tip was used for every group), and were weighed on an analytical balance at 4 decimals precision. During sampling, formulations were placed on a magnetic stirrer. Immediately after sampling (accuracy and homogeneity samples) or after 5
hours at room temperature under normal laboratory light conditions (stability samples), samples were stored on dry ice. Samples remained on dry ice until receipt at ABL, The Netherlands.
Samples of formulations were analyzed for homogeneity (highest and lowest concentration) and accuracy of preparation (all concentrations). Stability in vehicle over 5 hours at room temperature under normal laboratory light conditions was also determined (highest and lowest concentration).
The accuracy of preparation was considered acceptable if the mean measured concentrations were 90-110% of the target concentration. Homogeneity was demonstrated if the coefficient of variation was ≤ 10%. Formulations were considered stable if the relative difference before and after storage was maximally 10%.

Duration of treatment / exposure:

Males were exposed for 29 days, i.e. 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, and up to the day prior to scheduled necropsy. Females were exposed for 44-49 days, i.e. during 2 weeks prior to mating, during mating, during post-coitum, and during at least 4 days of lactation (up to the day prior to scheduled necropsy).

Frequency of treatment:

once daily

Doses / concentrations

Remarks:

Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 300, 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested

No. of animals per sex per dose:

10

Control animals:

yes, concurrent vehicle

Details on study design:

- Dose selection rationale: Based on the results of the 14-Day dose range finding study
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Prior to commencement of treatment, by computer-generated random algorithm according to body weight, with all animals within ± 20% of the sex mean.

Positive control:

N/A

Examinations

Observations and examinations performed and frequency:

CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS/DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
At least twice daily for mortality. Daily from treatment onwards up to the day prior to necropsy, detailed clinical observations were conducted for all animals, at least immediately after dosing (based on results of the dose range finding study, Project 501951; BASF Project 01R0642/12X355, where no clinical signs were observed). Once prior to start of treatment and at weekly intervals during the treatment period this was also performed outside the home cage in a standard arena.
The time of onset, grade and duration of any observed sign was recorded. Signs were graded for severity and the maximum grade was
predefined at 3 or 4. Grades were coded as slight (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), severe (grade 3) and very severe (grade 4). For certain signs,
only its presence (grade 1) or absence (grade 0) was scored.

BODY WEIGHT: Yes
Males and females were weighed on the first day of exposure and weekly thereafter. Mated females were weighed on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 post-coitum and during lactation on Days 1 and 4.

FOOD CONSUMPTION:
Weekly, except for males and females which were housed together for mating and for females without evidence of mating. Food consumption of mated females was measured on Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 17 and 20 post-coitum and on Days 1 and 4 of lactation.

WATER CONSUMPTION: Yes
Subjective appraisal was maintained during the study, but no quantitative investigation was introduced as no treatment related effect was suspected.

CLINICLA LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS:
Blood samples were collected from the selected 5 animals/sex/group (see Allocation) under anaesthesia using isoflurane (Abbott B.V., Hoofddorp, The Netherlands) between 7.00 and 10.30 a.m.

The animals were deprived of food overnight (with a maximum of 24 hours) before blood sampling, but water was available. Blood samples were drawn from the retro-orbital sinus and collected into tubes prepared with EDTA for haematological parameters (0.5 mL), with citrate for clotting tests (0.45 mL) and tubes treated with Li-heparin (0.5 mL) for clinical biochemistry parameters. An additional blood sample (0.25 mL) was collected into serum tubes for determination of bile acids (tubes: Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmünster, Austria).

Furthermore, an additional blood sample (0.5 mL) was collected from the 5 selected animals/sex/group (see Allocation) into serum tubes for possible future measurement of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). After clotting and centrifugation, serum samples were stored at ≤-75°C. Under these storage conditions, T3 and T4 were stable for 2 months. Any samples remaining at finalization of the study report were discarded. These measurements were not necessary since there were no compound-related effects indicating a possible effect on the thyroid.

HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
The following haematology parameters were determined in blood prepared with EDTA as an anti-coagulant, using the ADVIA® 120 Hematology System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics B.V., Breda, The Netherlands):
White blood cells (WBC)
Differential leucocyte count: Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils
Red blood cells, Reticulocytes, Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Platelets
The following clotting parameters were determined in plasma prepared with citrate as anti-coagulant, using the STA Compact® (Diagnostica Stago S.A.S., Asnières, France): Prothrombin Time (PT) and Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
The following clinical biochemistry parameters were determined using the AU400® Chemistry System (Beckman Coulter Nederland B.V., Woerden, The Netherlands). All parameters were determined in plasma, except for bile acids which were determined in serum:
Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), Aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Total protein, Albumin, Total Bilirubin, Bile acids, Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Cholesterol, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calciumand Inorganic Phosphate (Inorg. Phos)

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
Functional Observations
The following tests were performed on the selected 5 animals/sex/group (see Allocation):
hearing ability, pupillary reflex, static righting reflex, grip strength and locomotor activity (recording period: 1-hour under normal laboratory light conditions, using a computerized monitoring system, Kinder Scientific LLC, Poway, USA). Total movements and ambulations are reported. Total movements and ambulations were reported. Ambulations represent movements characterized by a relocation of the entire body position like walking, whereas total movements represent all movements made by the animals, including ambulations but also smaller or more fine movements like grooming, weaving or movements of the head.

During motor activity monitoring, all animals were caged individually (pups were housed in their home cages and kept warm using bottles filled with warm water).

The selected males were tested during Week 4 of treatment and the selected females were tested towards the end of the scheduled lactation period (all before blood sampling). These tests were performed after observation for clinical signs (incl. arena observation, if applicable) and before blood sampling.

Sacrifice and pathology:

GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
All males and the selected 5 females/group were deprived of food overnight, the evening before the scheduled necropsy (with a maximum of 24 hours), but water was provided. Non-selected females were not deprived of food.
All animals surviving to the end of the observation period were deeply anaesthetized using isoflurane (Abbott B.V., Hoofddorp, The Netherlands) and subsequently exsanguinated and subjected to a full post mortem examination, with special attention being paid to the reproductive organs. Descriptions of all macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.
Necropsy was conducted on the following days:
Females which delivered on Lactation Days 5-8.
Females which failed to deliver on Post-coitum Days 27 (females with evidence of mating) or approximately 21 days after the last day of the mating period (females without evidence of mating).
Males: Following completion of the mating period (a minimum of 28 days of dose administration).

All animals were subjected to macroscopic examination of the cranial, thoracic and abdominal tissues and organs, with special attention being paid to the reproductive organs. Descriptions of all macroscopic abnormalities were recorded.

The numbers of former implantation sites and corpora lutea were recorded for all paired females. These numbers were not reported for non-pregnant and non-mated females. In case no macroscopically visible implantation sites were present, nongravid uteri were stained using the Salewski technique in order to detect any former implantation sites (Salewski staining prepared at WIL Research Europe using Ammoniumsulfide-solution 20% (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and Milli-Ro water (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, USA)).

Samples of the following tissues and organs were collected from all animals and fixed in 10% buffered formalin (neutral phosphate buffered 4% formaldehyde solution, Klinipath, Duiven, The Netherlands).
Ovaries, Adrenal glands, (Pancreas), (Aorta), Peyer's patches [jejunum, ileum] if detectable, Brain - cerebellum, mid-brain, cortex, Pituitary gland, Caecum, Preputial gland, Cervix, Prostate gland, Clitoral gland, Rectum, Colon, (Salivary glands - mandibular, sublingual), Coagulation gland, Sciatic nerve Duodenum, Seminal vesicles, Epididymides[1], Skeletal muscle, Eyes (with optic nerve (if detectable) and Harderian gland)[1], (Skin), Spinal cord -cervical, midthoracic, lumbar, (Male and female mammary gland area), Spleen, Femur including joint, Sternum with bone marrow, Heart, Stomach (forestomach and glandular stomach), Ileum, Testes[1], Jejunumm, Thymus, Kidneys, Thyroid including parathyroid if detectable, (Lacrimal gland, exorbital), (Tongue), (Larynx), Trachea, Liver, Urinary bladder, Lung, infused with formalin, Uterus, Lymph nodes - mandibular, mesenteric, Vagina, (Nasopharynx), All gross lesions, (Esophagus)

[1]: Fixed in modified Davidson's solution (prepared at WIL Research Europe using Formaldehyde 37-40%, Ethanol, Acetic acid (glacial) (all Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and Milli-Ro water (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, USA)) and transferred to formalin after fixation for at least 24 hours.

Tissues/organs mentioned in parentheses were not examined by the pathologist, since no signs of toxicity were noted at macroscopic examination.

HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes
All organ and tissue samples, as defined under Histopathology (following section), were processed, embedded and cut at a thickness of 2-4 micrometers and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (Klinipath, Duiven, The Netherlands).

Of all animals of the control and high dose group and all males suspected to be infertile, additional slides of the testes were prepared to examine staging of spermatogenesis. The testes were processed, sectioned at 3-4 micrometers, and stained with PAS/haematoxylin (Klinipath, Duiven, The Netherlands).
A peer review on the histopathology data was performed by a second pathologist.

The following slides were examined by a pathologist:
- The preserved organs and tissues of the selected 5 animals/sex of Groups 1 and 4.
- The additional slides of the testes of the selected 5 males of Groups 1 and 4 and all males suspected to be infertile to examine staging of spermatogenesis.
- All gross lesions of all animals (all dose groups).
- The reproductive organs* of all group 1 and 4 animals and of all males that failed to sire and all females that failed to deliver healthy pups
[*] Reproductive organs includes the cervix, clitoral gland, coagulation gland, epididymides, ovaries, preputial gland, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, testes, uterus, and vagina.

Special emphasis was made on the stages of spermatogenesis and histopathology of interstitial cell structure.

Other examinations:

Organ Weights:
The following organ weights and terminal body weight were recorded from the following animals on the scheduled day of necropsy:
Selected 5 animals/sex/group (see Allocation):
Adrenal glands, Spleen, Brain, Testes, Epididymides, Thymus, Heart, Uterus (including cervix), Kidneys, Prostate[2], Liver, Seminal vesicles including coagulating glands[2], Ovaries, Thyroid including parathyroid[2],
[2] weighed when fixed for at least 24 hours.
All remaining males:
Epididymides and Testes

Statistics:

The following statistical methods were used to analyze the data:
- If the variables could be assumed to follow a normal distribution, the Dunnett-test (many-to-one t-test) based on a pooled variance estimate was applied for the comparison of the treated groups and the control groups for each sex.
- The Steel-test (many-to-one rank test) was applied if the data could not be assumed to follow a normal distribution.
- The Fisher Exact-test was applied to frequency data.

The following additional methods of statistical analysis were used: Motor activity data was subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA test to determine intergroup differences followed by the Wilcoxon test to compare the treated groups to the control group.

All tests were two-sided and in all cases p < 0.05 was accepted as the lowest level of significance.

Group means were calculated for continuous data and medians were calculated for discrete data (scores) in the summary tables. Test statistics were calculated on the basis of exact values for means and pooled variances. Individual values, means and standard deviations may have been rounded off before printing. Therefore, two groups may display the same printed means for a given parameter, yet display different test statistics values.

Results and discussion

Results of examinations

Details on results:

CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY
No mortality occurred during the study period.

No clinical signs of toxicity were noted during the observation period.

Salivation was noted for one male at 1000 mg/kg bw/day and alopecia was noted for two control females. These were incidental in nature and were not toxicologically relevant.

BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
No toxicologically relevant changes in body weights and body weight gain were noted.

Body weights were significantly higher for females at 300 mg/kg bw/day from lactation Days 1-4. The differences from controls was slight, occurred in the absence of a dose related trend, and was therefore considered to be a chance finding.

FOOD CONSUMPTION
Food consumption before or after allowance for body weight was similar between treated and control animals.

HAEMATOLOGY
No toxicologically relevant changes occurred in haematological parameters of treated rats up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day.

Females at 300 mg/kg bw/day had significantly higher reticulocytes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) than controls. These occurred in the absence of a dose related distribution

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
No toxicologically relevant changes occurred in clinical biochemistry parameters of treated rats.

At 1000 mg/kg bw/day males has significantly lower urea than controls. The difference from controls was only slight, occurred in the absence of any relevant effects on the kidneys and remained within the range of available historical control data (mean=7.4 ± 1.56, p5=5.10). Taken together, it was not considered to be toxicologically relevant.

NEUROBEHAVIOUR
Hearing ability, pupillary reflex, static righting reflex and grip strength were normal in all selected animals.

The variation in motor activity did not indicate a relation with treatment.
All groups showed a similar habituation profile with very high activity in the first interval that decreased over the duration of the test period.

ORGAN WEIGHTS
Absolute and relative liver weights were significantly higher for females at 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
In the absence of any toxicologically relevant effects on the liver noted at the microscopic examination, the higher liver weights were not considered to be toxicologically relevant. Terminal body weights were significantly higher for females at 300 mg/kg bw/day and relative adrenal
weights were significantly increased for males at this dose level as well. In the absence of dose-dependency, these differences were not considered
to be toxicologically relevant.

GROSS PATHOLOGY
Macroscopic observations at necropsy did not reveal any alterations that were considered to have arisen as a result of treatment.

Incidental findings noted for control and/or treated animals included thickened wall of the duodenum or jejunum, nodules, enlarged or reduced size of the epididymides, testes, lymph nodes, or liver, flaccid testes, pelvic dilation of the kidney, ectopic splenic tissue, discoloration of or focus/foci on the lymph nodes, stomach glandular mucosa, clitoral glands, lungs, thymus, or adrenal glands and alopecia.
These findings remained within the background range encountered for animals of this age and strain and were not considered to be toxicologically relevant.

HISTOPATHOLOGY:
There were no treatment-related microscopic findings.
The assessment of the integrity of the spermatogenetic cycle did not provide any evidence of test item related impaired spermatogenesis. No histopathological changes were noted in the reproductive organs of the animals that failed to conceive or deliver healthy offspring that could account for failing to deliver healthy offspring.
There was one 300 mg/kg bw/day (Group 3) treated animal (male 21) with bilateral complete seminiferous tubular atrophy in the testes. No recognizable stages were present in the testes of this male rat.
There were no morphological findings in the reproductive organs of either sex which could be attributed to the test item. All remaining microscopic findings recorded were considered to be within the normal range of background pathology encountered in Wistar-Han rats of this age and strain.

Effect levels

Dose descriptor:

NOAEL

Effect level:

1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)

Based on:

test mat.

Sex:

male/female

Target system / organ toxicity

Critical effects observed:

not specified

Any other information on results incl. tables

LUGALVAN BPC dry was administered by daily oral gavage to male and female Wistar Han rats at

dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg. Males were exposed for 2 weeks prior to mating, during

mating, and up to termination (for 29 days). The females were exposed for 2 weeks prior to mating,

during mating, during post-coitum, and at least 4 days of lactation (for 44-49 days).

Formulation analysis showed that the formulations were prepared accurately, were homogenous, and

were stable for at least 5 hours at room temperature.

Parental results:

No parental toxicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested (1000 mg/kg bw/day).

Reproductive results:

No reproductive toxicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested (1000 mg/kg bw/day).

Developmental results:

No developmental toxicity was observed up to the highest dose level tested (1000 mg/kg bw/day).

In conclusion, treatment with LUGALVAN BPC dry by oral gavage in male and female Wistar Han rats

at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg bw/day revealed no parental, reproductive or

developmental toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Based on these results, a parental, reproduction and

developmental No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of at least 1000 mg/kg bw/day was

derived.