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EC number: 206-992-3 | CAS number: 420-04-2
Toxicity to birds
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to birds: acute oral toxicity test
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1985
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 71-1 (Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Dose method:
- drinking water
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and analysis of diet:
- Stability and homogeneity of the test substance in avian food was demonstrated in a separate study
- Test organisms (species):
- Colinus virginianus
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Northern Bobwhite quail
- Limit test:
- no
- Remarks:
- A single oral dose was administered
- Post exposure observation period:
- 14 days after dosing
- No. of animals per sex per dose and/or stage:
- 5 animals per sex per dose
- Control animals:
- no
- Nominal and measured doses / concentrations:
- 62, 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg ai/kg bw at a dose volume of 4.08 ml/kg.
- Details on test conditions:
- A single oral dose was administered to fasted animals
- Details on examinations and observations:
- Birds were observed for clinical signs of toxicity, body weight effects and mortality for 14 days after dosing.
- Details on reproductive parameters:
- Not indicated
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 0 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LD50
- Effect level:
- 350 mg/kg bw
- Conc. / dose based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: The study is an acute toxicity study therefore the "duration" above is written as 0 h. The observation time after the single oral dose was 14 days.
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 0 h
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEL
- Effect level:
- 62 mg/kg bw
- Conc. / dose based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- behaviour
- Remarks on result:
- other: The study is an acute toxicity study therefore the "duration" above is written as 0 h. The observation time after the single oral dose was 14 days.
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 0 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- 125 mg/kg bw
- Conc. / dose based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- behaviour
- Remarks on result:
- other: The study is an acute toxicity study therefore the "duration" above is written as 0 h. The observation time after the single oral dose was 14 days.
- Repellency factors (if applicable):
- No repellenncy factors
- Mortality and sub-lethal effects:
- Treatment related mortalities were observed starting at doses of 250 mg ai/kg bw
- Effects on reproduction:
- Was not examined as it is an acute toxicity study
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No positive control
- Further details on results:
- Control birds and birds dosed with 62 mg ai/kg bw exhibited normal behaviour at all times. Clinical signs of toxicity most often observed in males and females included hypoactivity and prostration. Other clinical signs of toxicity observed in male and/or females included gasping. There were no test substance-related body weight or food intake effects noted at the end of the study. No test substance-related gross lesions were observed at necropsy.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Not indicated
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The acute oral LD50 value for northern Bobwhite quail exposed to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide by single oral dose was 350 mg ai/kg bw, with a confidence interval of 290 to 430 mg ai/kg bw, (α =0.05). The no mortality dosage was 125 mg ai/kg bw. The NOEL was 62 mg ai/kg bw based on hypoactivity at 125 mg ai/kg bw.
- Executive summary:
Aqueous hydrogen cyanamide (a 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) was administered in deionised water by single oral dose to fasted northern Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus). Five quails/sex/dose received doses of 62, 125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg ai/kg bw at a dose volume of 4.08 ml/kg. Birds were observed for clinical signs of toxicity, body weight effects and mortality for 14 days after dosing. The study was conducted acoording to the EPA Section 71-1 Guideline.
Treatment related mortalities were observed starting at doses of 250 mg ai/kg bw. Control birds and birds dosed with 62 mg ai/kg bw exhibited normal behaviour at all times. Clinical signs of toxicity most often observed in males and females included hypoactivity and prostration. Other clinical signs of toxicity observed in male and/or females included gasping. There were no test substance-related body weight or food intake effects noted at the end of the study. No test substance-related gross lesions were observed at necropsy.
The acute oral LD50 value for northern Bobwhite quail exposed to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide by single oral dose was 350 mg ai/kg bw, with a confidence interval of 290 to 430 mg ai/kg bw, ( α =0.05). The no mortality dosage was 125 mg ai/kg bw.
The NOEL was 62 mg ai/kg bw based on hypoactivity at 125 mg ai/kg bw.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to birds: dietary toxicity test
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1991
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 71-2 (Avian Dietary Toxicity Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Dose method:
- feed
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and analysis of diet:
- Not indicated
- Test organisms (species):
- Anas platyrhynchos
- Details on test organisms:
- Not indicated
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration (if not single dose):
- 5 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- 3 days (altogether eight days study). The birds were observed during the 5 days of the exposure period and for another three days (post exposure observation).
- No. of animals per sex per dose and/or stage:
- 10 birds per dose
- Control animals:
- yes
- Nominal and measured doses / concentrations:
- 0, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm
- Details on test conditions:
- Mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos; 10 birds/dose) received aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution (a 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) in the feed at concentrations of 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm for 5 days Birds were observed for a total of 8 days for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake.
- Details on examinations and observations:
- Birds were observed for a total of 8 days for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake.
- Details on reproductive parameters:
- Not examined
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- > 5 000 other: ppm
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEL
- Effect level:
- 312.5 other: ppm
- Basis for effect:
- other: Body weight and feed consumption
- Repellency factors (if applicable):
- No repellency factors
- Mortality and sub-lethal effects:
- Only a single mortality was observed at day 7
- Effects on reproduction:
- Not examined
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No poistive control
- Further details on results:
- Clinical signs of toxicity most often observed lethargy, reduced reaction to external stimuli (sound and movement) and ruffled appearance. Other clinical signs of toxicity observed included depression. All surviving birds appeared normal by day 7 and throughout the remainder of the study. When compared to the controls there was a dose responsive reduction in body weight gain during the exposure period (days 0-5) at all concentrations. A corresponding reduction in food consumption was noted at all concentrations for the same period.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Not indicated
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The short-term dietary LC50 for Mallard ducklings exposed to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide in the diet for 5 days was >5000 ppm. The no mortality dosage was 2500 ppm.
The short-term dietary NOEC was <312.5 ppm based on reduction in body weight gain in the 312.5 ppm group. - Executive summary:
Mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos; 10 birds/dose) received aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution (a 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) in the feed at concentrations of 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm for 5 days Birds were observed for a total of 8 days for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake. The correctness of the dietary concentrations was analytically confirmed.
Only a single mortality was observed at day 7. Clinical signs of toxicity most often observed lethargy, reduced reaction to external stimuli (sound and movement) and ruffled appearance. Other clinical signs of toxicity observed included depression. All surviving birds appeared normal by day 7 and throughout the remainder of the study. When compared to the controls there was a dose responsive reduction in body weight gain during the exposure period (days 0-5) at all concentrations. A corresponding reduction in food consumption was noted at all concentrations for the same period.
The short-term dietary LC50for Mallard ducklings exposed to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide in the diet for 5 days was >5000 ppm. The no mortality dosage was 2500 ppm. The short-term dietary NOEC was <312.5 ppm based on reduction in body weight gain in the 312.5 ppm group.
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to birds: dietary toxicity test
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1991
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 71-2 (Avian Dietary Toxicity Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Dose method:
- feed
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and analysis of diet:
- Not indicated
- Test organisms (species):
- Colinus virginianus
- Details on test organisms:
- Not indicated
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration (if not single dose):
- 5 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- 3 days (altogether eight days study). The birds were observed during the 5 days exposure period and for another three days (post exposure observation).
- No. of animals per sex per dose and/or stage:
- 10 birds per dose
- Control animals:
- yes
- Nominal and measured doses / concentrations:
- 0, 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm
- Details on test conditions:
- Northern bobwhite chicks (Colinus virginianus; 10 birds/dose) received aqueous hydrogen Cyanamide solution (49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) in the feed at concentrations of 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm for 5 days. Birds were observed for a total of 8 days for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake.
- Details on examinations and observations:
- Birds were observed for a total of 8 days for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake.
- Details on reproductive parameters:
- Was not examined
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 5 d
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- > 5 000 other: ppm
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Repellency factors (if applicable):
- No repellency factors
- Mortality and sub-lethal effects:
- No treatment-related mortalities were observed.
- Effects on reproduction:
- Not examined
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No positive control
- Further details on results:
- Clinical signs of toxicity most often observed included lethargy and ruffled appearance. Other clinical signs of toxicity observed included reduced reaction to external stimuli (sound and movement). There were no test substance-related body weight or food intake effects noted.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Not indicated
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The short-term dietary LC50 for northern bobwhite chicks exposed to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide in the diet for 5 days was >5000 ppm, the highest concentration tested. The no mortality dosage was 5000 ppm.
The short-term dietary NOEC was 625 ppm for signs of toxicity in the 1250 ppm group. - Executive summary:
Northern bobwhite chicks (Colinus virginianus; 10 birds/dose) received aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution (49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide) in the feed at concentrations of 312.5, 625, 1250, 2500, and 5000 ppm for 5 days. Birds were observed for a total of 8 days for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake. The correctness of the dietary concentrations was analytically confirmed.
No treatment-related mortalities were observed. Clinical signs of toxicity most often observed included lethargy and ruffled appearance. Other clinical signs of toxicity observed included reduced reaction to external stimuli (sound and movement). There were no test substance-related body weight or food intake effects noted.
The short-term dietary LC50 for northern bobwhite chicks exposed to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide in the diet for 5 days was >5000 ppm, the highest concentration tested. The no mortality dosage was 5000 ppm. The short-term dietary NOEC was 625 ppm on signs of toxicity in the 1250 ppm group.
- Endpoint:
- long-term toxicity to birds: reproduction test
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2001
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 71-4 (Avian Reproduction Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 206 (Avian Reproduction Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Dose method:
- feed
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on preparation and analysis of diet:
- The correctness of the dietary concentrations was investigated during week 1, 12 and 22 of the. The analytical results confirmed the correctness of the dietary concentrations at all dose levels. From these data it can be derived that the test substance was stable in the food over the entire study period.
- Test organisms (species):
- Colinus virginianus
- Details on test organisms:
- Not indicated
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration (if not single dose):
- 22 wk
- Post exposure observation period:
- No post exposure observation period
- No. of animals per sex per dose and/or stage:
- 20 pairs per dose
- Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Nominal and measured doses / concentrations:
- 0, 100, 300 and 1000 ppm (nominal)
- Details on test conditions:
- 20 pairs of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) received aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution in the feed at concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 ppm for 22 weeks. Reproductive parameters were measured beginning at the onset of egg laying. Adult birds were observed for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake.
- Details on examinations and observations:
- The following general observations were made: Mortality, clinical signs, behaviour, body weight, food consumption of adult birds, necropsy (gross lesions).
- Details on reproductive parameters:
- The following reproductive parameters were observed: Total eggs laid/group, eggs cracked, eggs set, viable embryos, live three-week embryos, hatching, 14-day old survivors, eggs laid/hen, chick body weight at 14 days, 14-days-old survivors/hen.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration (if not single dose):
- 22 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect level:
- 152 mg/kg bw
- Conc. / dose based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- other: Based on a reduction of chick 14-day bodyweights at 506 mg ai/kg diet (ppm) (paert of the reproductive parameters)
- Repellency factors (if applicable):
- No repellency factors
- Mortality and sub-lethal effects:
- No treatment-related effects on mortality, clinical signs, behaviour, body weight or food consumption of adult birds were observed. No test substance-related gross lesions were observed at necropsy.
- Effects on reproduction:
- There were no adverse test substance-related effects on reproductive parameters up to 300 ppm. At the 1000 ppm test concentration there was a slight reduction in the chick 14-day bodyweight”. No other test substance-related effects were observed on reproductive parameters.
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No positive control
- Further details on results:
- No treatment-related effects were observed in clinical signs, behaviour, body weight or food consumption of adult birds were observed. No test substance-related gross lesions were observed at necropsy.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- the test groups were significantly different from the control by (Dunnett’s test) criteria at p < (0.01)
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The NOEC for northern Bobwhite quail exposed to aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution in the diet for 22 weeks was 152 mg ai/kg diet, based on a reduction of chick 14-day bodyweights at 506 mg ai/kg diet
- Executive summary:
20 pairs of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) received aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution in the feed at concentrations of 0, 100, 300 and 1000 ppm for 22 weeks. Reproductive parameters were measured beginning at the onset of egg laying. Adult birds were observed for abnormal behaviour, mortality, signs of toxicity, and changes in body weight and food intake. The correctness of the dietary concentrations was investigated during week 1, 12 and 22 of the test. The analytical results confirmed the correctness of the dietary concentrations at all dose levels. From these data it can be derived that the test substance was stable in the food over the entire study period.
No treatment-related effects on mortality, clinical signs, behaviour, body weight or food consumption of adult birds were observed. No test substance-related gross lesions were observed at necropsy.
There were no adverse test substance-related effects on reproductive parameters up to 300 ppm. At the 1000 ppm test concentration there was a slight reduction in the chick 14-day bodyweight”. No other test substance-related effects were observed on reproductive parameters.
The NOEC for northern Bobwhite quail exposed to aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution in the diet for 22 weeks was 152 mg ai/kg diet (ppm), based on a reduction of chick 14-day bodyweights at 506 mg ai/kg diet (ppm) (LOEC).
Referenceopen allclose all
Summary of toxicological responses of northern Bobwhite quail following a single oral dose of 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide:
Dose (mg as/kg body wt.) |
Sex |
Toxicological resultsa |
Duration of clinical signs |
Time of death |
62 |
M |
0/0/5 |
- |
- |
62 |
F |
0/0/5 |
- |
- |
125 |
M |
0/1/5 |
1 d |
- |
125 |
F |
0/1/5 |
1 d |
- |
250 |
M |
1/0/5 |
- |
1 d |
250 |
F |
0/4/5 |
1-2 d |
- |
500 |
M |
5/5/5 |
1 d |
1-2 d |
500 |
F |
4/5/5 |
1-2 d |
1-14 d |
1000 |
M |
5/5/5 |
1 d |
1 d |
1000 |
F |
5/5/5 |
1 d |
1 d |
2000 |
M |
5/1/5 |
1 d |
1 d |
2000 |
F |
5/0/5 |
- |
1 d |
a number of animals which died/number of animals with clinical signs/number of animals used.
Acute oral toxicity to northern Bobwhite quail–Summary of endpoints:
Test substance |
49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide |
Test object |
Northern Bobwhite quail |
LD50 |
350 mg ai/kg bw |
Lowest observed effect level (LOEL) |
125 mg ai/kg bw |
No mortality dosage |
125 mg ai/kg bw |
Highest tested dose without toxic effect (NOEL) |
62 mg ai/kg bw |
Summary of toxicological response, body weight, and food intake of Mallard ducklings following 5 day dietary exposure to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide:
Treatment (ppm) |
Toxicological resultsa |
Time of death |
Mean body mass (g/bird) |
Mean intake (g/bird/day) |
|||
|
|
|
Day 0 |
Day 5 |
Day 8 |
Days 0-5 |
Days 6-8 |
0 |
0/10 |
- |
175 |
317 |
429 |
87 |
44 |
312.5 |
0/10 |
- |
159 |
263 |
353 |
58 |
23 |
625 |
0/10 |
- |
180 |
252 |
357 |
64 |
46 |
1250 |
0/10 |
- |
168 |
192 |
293 |
54 |
52 |
2500 |
0/10 |
- |
165 |
152 |
239 |
26 |
32 |
5000 |
1/10 |
7 d |
187 |
134 |
233 |
14 |
37 |
a number of animals which died/number of animals used
Short-term toxicity to mallards–Summary of endpoints:
Test substance |
49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide |
Test object |
Mallard ducklings |
LC50 |
>5000 mg ai/kg bw |
Lowest observed effect level (LOEL) |
312.5 mg ai/kg bw |
No mortality dosage |
5000 mg ai/kg feed |
Highest tested dose without toxic effect (NOEL) |
not determined |
Summary of toxicological response, body weight, and food intake of northern bobwhite chicks following 5 day dietary exposure to 49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide:
Treatment (ppm) |
Toxicological resultsa |
Time of death |
Mean body mass (g/bird) |
Mean intake (g/bird/day) |
|||
|
|
|
Day 0 |
Day 5 |
Day 8 |
Days 0-5 |
Days 6-8 |
0 |
0/10 |
- |
19 |
29 |
36 |
5.8 |
4 |
312.5 |
0/10 |
- |
19 |
27 |
35 |
5.0 |
4 |
625 |
0/10 |
- |
18 |
28 |
35 |
5.8 |
4 |
1250 |
0/10 |
- |
21 |
31 |
41 |
5.6 |
3 |
2500 |
0/10 |
- |
18 |
27 |
34 |
4.8 |
4 |
5000 |
0/10 |
- |
20 |
28 |
34 |
5.0 |
2 |
a number of animals which died/number of animals used
Short-term toxicity to northern Bobwhite quail–Summary of endpoints:
Test substance |
49 % (w/w) aqueous solution of cyanamide |
Test object |
Northern Bobwhite quail chicks |
LC50 |
>5000 mg ai/kg feed |
Lowest observed effect level (LOEL) |
1250 mg ai/kg feed |
No mortality dosage |
5000 mg ai/kg feed |
Highest tested dose without toxic effect (NOEL) |
625 mg ai/kg feed |
Summary of mean body weight (g) of northern Bobwhite quail exposed to aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution in the diet:
Dose Sex |
Week of the test |
Total weight change (g) |
|||||
|
0 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
8 |
Adult termination |
|
Control Males Females |
194.9 190.8 |
194.5 187.9 |
192.9 185.1 |
199.9 196.5 |
204.1 219.3 |
205.7 229.4 |
10.8 38.6 |
100 ppm Males Females |
192.6 185.5 |
192.4 183.8 |
189.8 183.8 |
199.0 189.9 |
203.6 212.1 |
208.2 228.2 |
15.6 42.7 |
300 ppm Males Females |
198.8 195.4 |
198.7 193.2 |
195.5 192.2 |
203.3 202.0 |
205.3 218.5 |
210.1 228.0 |
11.3 32.6 |
1000 ppm Males Females |
197.9 189.6 |
196.7 188.9 |
195.8 186.8 |
204.0 198.7 |
209.2 222.2 |
212.5 229.7 |
14.6 40.1 |
Summary of reproductive effects of aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solutionon northern Bobwhite quail:
Reproductive parameter |
Test group (dietary concentration in mg aqueous hydrogen Cyanamide solution/kg feed) |
|||
|
0 |
100 |
300 |
1000 |
Number of replicates |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
Total eggs laid/group |
1316 |
1200 |
1189 |
1364 |
Eggs cracked |
46 |
48 |
42 |
50 |
Eggs set |
1183 |
1079 |
1076 |
1234 |
Viable embryos |
1082 |
1055 |
936 |
1157 |
Live three-week embryos |
1030 |
1027 |
906 |
1116 |
Hatchlings |
866 |
934 |
820 |
959 |
14-Day-old survivors |
824 |
847 |
747 |
927 |
Eggs laid/hen |
65.8 |
65.8 |
59.5 |
68.2 |
Chick body weight at 14 days (g) |
7.0 |
7.0 |
7.0 |
6.8* |
14-Day-old survivors/hen |
41.2 |
46.6 |
37.4 |
46.4 |
* Significantly different from the control by (Dunnett’s test) criteria at p < (0.01)
Summary of reproductive effects, normalised as percentages, of aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution on northern Bobwhite quail:
Reproductive parameter |
Test group (dietary concentration in mg ai/kg feed) |
|||
|
0 |
100 |
300 |
1000 |
Number of replicatesa |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
Total eggs laida |
1316 |
1200 |
1189 |
1364 |
Eggs cracked/eggs laid |
3.5 |
4.0 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
Viable embryos/eggs set |
91 |
98 |
87 |
94 |
Live three-week embryos/viable embryos |
95 |
97 |
97 |
96 |
Hatchlings/live 3-week embryos |
84 |
91 |
91 |
86 |
14-Day-old survivors/hatchlings |
95 |
91 |
91 |
97 |
Hatchlings/eggs set |
63 |
71 |
63 |
68 |
a Data are expressed as numbers not percentages
Subchronic tequivalent oxicity and reproduction in northern Bobwhite quail exposed to aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution – Summary of endpoints:
Test substance |
aqueous hydrogen cyanamide solution |
Test object |
Northern Bobwhite quail |
Lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC |
1000 mg product/kg bw equivalent to 506 mg ai/kg bw |
Highest tested concentration without toxic effect (NOEC) |
300 mg product/kg bw equivalent to 152 mg ai/kg bw |
Toxic threshold effect level, TEL (mean LOEC-NOEC) |
650 mg product/kg bw equivalent to 329 mg ai/kg bw |
Description of key information
Cyanamide was found to be of low acute toxicity to birds (LD50=350 mg/kg bw) and it caused no mortality at the maximum dose levels used in two short term dietary tests (LC50> 5000 mg/kg feed. In a reproduction toxicity test a NOEC of 152 mg/kg feed (13.3 mg ai/kg bw/d) was obtained.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Short-term EC50 or LC50 for birds:
- 5 000 mg/kg food
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for birds:
- 152 mg/kg food
Additional information
The toxicity of cyanamide to birds was examined in four available studies: an acute toxicity study (in Bobwhite Quail), two short-term toxicity studies (in Bobwhite Quail and Mallard Duck) and one sub-chronic and reproduction study (Bobwhite Quail). The LD50 value for the Bobwhite Quail was determined to be 350 mg/kg bw. Despite the slight acute toxicity cyanamide, the feeding studies resulted in less critical NOEC and LC50 values in feed. In both of these short-term dietary toxicity studies the LC50 values were determined to be >5000 mg/kg feed (Bobwhite Quail) and >5000 mg/kg feed (Mallard Duck), thus, the repeated uptake (5 days) did not result in higher toxicity when compared to a single acute dose. In the reproduction toxicity study a NOEC value of 152 mg/kg feed, corresponding to 13.3 mg ai/kg bw/d (Bobwhite Quail) was determined based on a reduction of chick 14-day body weights at 506 mg ai/kg diet (ppm), which was the only observed substance-related effect.
It can be stated that cyanamide is of low acute toxicity to birds, producing no mortality at the maximum dose levels used in short term dietary tests. A summary of avian toxicity endpoints is presented in the following table:
Test | Measurement endpoint | Bobwhite Quail | Mallard Duck |
Single oral dose | LD50 | 350 mg/kg bw | not tested |
Short-term dietary (5-day) | LC50 | >5000 ppm | >5000 ppm |
Reproductive toxicity (22 weeks) | NOEC | 152 ppm | not tested |
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