Activated Carbon - Low Density Skeleton

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Remarks:

Type of genotoxicity: gene mutation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

April 14, 2010 - April 29, 2010

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Remarks:

performed under GLP

Cross-reference

Cross-reference 1

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Cross-reference 2

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to other study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2010

Report date:

2010

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Test guideline 1

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Deviations:

no

Test guideline 2

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.13/14 (Mutagenicity - Reverse Mutation Test Using Bacteria)

Version / remarks:

2008

Deviations:

no

Principles of method if other than guideline:

Not applicable

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Activated Carbon - High Density Skeleton

EC Number:

931-328-0

Molecular formula:

C

IUPAC Name:

Activated Carbon - High Density Skeleton

Details on test material:

- Name of test material (as cited in study report): Chemically Activated Carbon
- Physical state: solid
- Analytical purity: confidential
- Lot/batch No.: confidential
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: confidential
- Stability under test conditions: Stable in water
- Storage condition of test material: At room temperature, protected from moisture

Method

Target gene:

His-gene: Amino acid histidine

Species / strain

Species / strain / cell type:

other: S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 102

Details on mammalian cell type (if applicable):

Not applicable

Additional strain / cell type characteristics:

other: TA 1537: his C 3076; rfa-; uvrB-; TA 98: his D 3052; rfa-; uvrB-; R-factor; TA 1535: his G 46; rfa-; uvrB-; TA 102: his G 428; rfa-; uvrB+; R-factor; TA 100: his G 46; rfa-; uvrB-; R-factor.

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

Male Wistar rat liver S9 induced by Phenobarbital/B-Naphthoflavone

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Pre-Experiment/Experiment I (plate incorporation test): 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 µg/plate.
Experiment II (pre-incubation test): 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000 µg/plate.

Vehicle / solvent:

- Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: deionised water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The solvent was chosen because of its solubility properties

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Remarks:

untreated

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

Remarks:

deionised water

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

other: Without metabolic activation: Strain TA 100 and TA 1535: sodium-azide; Strain TA 1537 and TA 98: 4-nitro-o-phenylene-diamine; Strain TA 102: methyl methane sulfonate; With metabolic activation: All strains: 2-aminoanthracene.

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: in agar (plate incorporation); preincubation

DURATION
- Preincubation period: 60 minutes at 37 °C
- Selection time (if incubation with a selection agent): at least 48 hours

SELECTION AGENT (mutation assays): agar containing Histidine

NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3 plates per concentration

NUMBER OF CELLS EVALUATED: 10*8

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: a reduction in the number of spontaneous revertants or a clearing of the bacterial background lawn.

Evaluation criteria:

A test item is considered as a mutagen if a biologically relevant increase in the number of revertants exceeding the threshold of twice (strains TA 98, TA 100, and TA 102) or thrice (strains TA 1535 and TA 1537) the colony count of the corresponding solvent control is observed.
A dose dependent increase is considered biologically relevant if the threshold is exceeded at more than one concentration.
An increase exceeding the threshold at only one concentration is judged as biologically relevant if reproduced in an independent second experiment.
A dose dependent increase in the number of revertant colonies below the threshold is regarded as an indication of a mutagenic potential if reproduced in an independent second experiment. However, whenever the colony counts remain within the historical range of negative and solvent controls such an increase is not considered biologically relevant.

Statistics:

Mean and Standard Deviation

Results and discussion

Test results

Species / strain:

other: S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98, TA 100, and TA 102

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

COMPARISON WITH HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA: In experiment II, the data in the untreated control of strain TA 102 with S9 mix were slightly above the laboratory's historical control range. Since this deviation is rather small, and no difference with the concomittent vehicle controls was present, this effect is considered to be based upon biologically irrelevant fluctuations in the number of colonies.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CYTOTOXICITY: The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000 μg/plate with and without S9 mix in all strains used. No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants (below the indication factor of 0.5), occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation.

Remarks on result:

other: all strains/cell types tested

Remarks:

Migrated from field 'Test system'.

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

Interpretation of results:
negative with metabolic activation
negative without metabolic activation

During the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used. Therefore, Chemically Activated Carbon is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay.

Executive summary:

The test item, Chemically Activated Carbon, was assessed for its potential to induce gene mutations according to the plate incorporation test (experiment I) and the pre-incubation test (experiment II) using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537, TA98, TA100, and TA102. The assay was performed in two independent experiments both with and without liver microsomal activation. Each concentration and the controls were tested in triplicate. The test item was tested at the following concentrations: Pre-Experiment/Experiment I: 3; 10; 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000μg/plate. Experiment II: 33; 100; 333; 1000; 2500; and 5000μg/plate. The plates incubated with the test item showed normal background growth up to 5000μg/plate with and without S9 mix in all strains used. No toxic effects, evident as a reduction in the number of revertants (below the indication factor of 0.5), occurred in the test groups with and without metabolic activation. No substantial increase in revertant colony numbers of any of the five test strains was observed following treatment with Chemically Activated Carbon at any concentration level, neither in the presence nor absence of metabolic activation (S9 mix). There was also no tendency of higher mutation rates with increasing concentrations in the range below the generally acknowledged border of biological relevance. Appropriate reference mutagens were used as positive controls. They showed a distinct increase in induced revertant colonies. In conclusion, it can be stated that during the described mutagenicity test and under the experimental conditions reported, the test item did not induce gene mutations by base pair changes or frameshifts in the genome of the strains used. Therefore, Chemically Activated Carbon is considered to be non-mutagenic in this Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation assay.