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EC number: 618-561-0 | CAS number: 9046-10-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
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- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
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- Toxicological Summary
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- Carcinogenicity
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- Additional toxicological data
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Genetic toxicity: in vitro
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2020-07-22 - 2020-09-15
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 020
- Report date:
- 2020
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)
- Version / remarks:
- 21 July 1997 as corrected in 2020
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Type of assay:
- bacterial reverse mutation assay
Test material
- Test material form:
- liquid
- Details on test material:
- - Physical state: liquid
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Jeffamine D-230
- Lot No.: DRW2000305
- Physical state: Pale yellow liquid
- Purity: ca. 100% (w/w). This product is not specified by purity/assay but by titratable total acetylatables and amine content
- Stability under test conditions: not indicated
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature over silica gel in the dark under nitrogen
- Final preparation of a solid: The test item was accurately weighed and, on the day of each experiment, approximate half-log dilutions prepared in sterile distilled water by mixing on a vortex mixer and sonication for 5 minutes at 40 °C. No correction for purity was required. All test item preparation and dosing was performed under yellow safety lighting.
Method
- Target gene:
- histidine or tryptophan locus
Species / strainopen allclose all
- Species / strain / cell type:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100
- Species / strain / cell type:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Metabolic activation system:
- 10% rat liver homogenate metabolizing system
- Test concentrations with justification for top dose:
- The maximum concentration in the first experiment (plate incorporation method) was 5000 µg/plate (the OECD TG 471 maximum recommended dose level). Eight concentrations of the test item (1.5, 5, 15, 50, 150, 500, 1500 and 5000 µg/plate) were assayed in triplicate against each tester strain, using the direct plate incorporation method.
The experiment was repeated on a separate day (pre-incubation method) using fresh cultures of the bacterial strains and fresh test item formulations. The dose range was amended following the results of Experiment 1 and was 15 to 5000 μg/plate. Six test item concentrations were selected in Experiment 2 in order to ensure the study achieved at least four non-toxic dose levels as required by the test guideline, and were selected based on the lack of cytotoxicity noted in Experiment 1, and the potential for a change in the cytotoxicity of the test item following the change in test methodology from plate incorporation to pre-incubation. - Vehicle / solvent:
- - Vehicle(s)/solvent(s) used: sterile distilled water
- Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: The test item was fully miscible in sterile distilled water and dimethyl sulphoxide at 50 mg/mL in solubility checks performed in-house. Sterile distilled water was therefore selected as the vehicle.
Controlsopen allclose all
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- solvent control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
- Remarks:
- In the absence of S9-mix 2 µg/plate for WP2uvrA 3 µg/plate for TA100 5 µg/plate for TA1535
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- solvent control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 9-aminoacridine
- Remarks:
- In the absence of S9-mix 80 µg/plate for TA1537
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- solvent control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide
- Remarks:
- In the absence of S9-mix 0.2 µg/plate for TA98
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- solvent control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- other: 2-Aminoanthracene
- Remarks:
- In the presence of S9-mix 1 µg/plate for TA100 2 µg/plate for TA1535 and TA1537 10 µg/plate for WP2uvrA
- Untreated negative controls:
- yes
- Negative solvent / vehicle controls:
- yes
- Remarks:
- solvent control
- True negative controls:
- no
- Positive controls:
- yes
- Positive control substance:
- benzo(a)pyrene
- Remarks:
- In the presence of S9-mix 5 µg/plate for TA98
- Details on test system and experimental conditions:
- NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS:
- Number of cultures per concentration: triplicate
- Number of independent experiments: two
METHOD OF TREATMENT/ EXPOSURE:
- Cell density at seeding::
All tester strain cultures should be in the range of 0.9 to 9 x 10^9 bacteria per mL.
- Test substance added: Experiment 1: in agar (plate incorporation); Experiment 2: preincubation
TREATMENT AND HARVEST SCHEDULE:
- Preincubation period, if applicable: Experiment 2 - not specified
- Exposure duration/duration of treatment: between 48 and 72 hours
METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF CYTOTOXICITY
Method: background growth inhibition; dicrease in numbe of revertants, microcolonies - Evaluation criteria:
- There are several criteria for determining a positive result. Any, one, or all of the following can be used to determine the overall result of the study:
1. A dose-related increase in mutant frequency over the dose range tested (De Serres and Shelby,
1979).
2. A reproducible increase at one or more concentrations.
3. Biological relevance against in-house historical control ranges.
4. A fold increase greater than two times the concurrent solvent control for TA100, TA98 and WP2uvrA or a three-fold increase for TA1535 and TA1537 (especially if accompanied by an out-of-historical range response (Cariello and Piegorsch, 1996)).
5. Statistical analysis of data as determined by UKEMS (Mahon et al., 1989).
A test item is considered non-mutagenic (negative) in the test system if the above criteria are not met.
Although most experiments give clear positive or negative results, in some instances the data generated prohibit making a definite judgment about test item activity. Results of this type are reported as equivocal. - Statistics:
- Statistical significance was confirmed by using Dunnett’s Regression Analysis (* = p < 0.05) for those values that indicate statistically significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies compared to the concurrent solvent control.
Results and discussion
Test resultsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 98
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 100
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1535
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- S. typhimurium TA 1537
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Key result
- Species / strain:
- E. coli WP2 uvr A
- Metabolic activation:
- with and without
- Genotoxicity:
- negative
- Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:
- no cytotoxicity nor precipitates, but tested up to recommended limit concentrations
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Untreated negative controls validity:
- valid
- True negative controls validity:
- not applicable
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Additional information on results:
- There were no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix).
Prior to use, the relevant strains were checked for characteristics (deep rough character, ampicillin resistance, UV light sensitivity and histidine or tryptophan auxotrophy), viability and spontaneous reversion rate (all were found to be satisfactory). The amino acid supplemented top agar and the S9-mix used in both experiments were shown to be sterile. The test item formulation was also shown to be sterile.
The vehicle (sterile distilled water) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within or close to the normal range. A single count for TA1535 ( solvent control dosed in the presence of S9-mix after the second mutation test) was just below the minimum level of the in-house historical untreated/vehicle control minima for the tester strain. This count was considered acceptable as the other vehicle and untreated control counts were within the expected range and the tester strain responded very well to the respective positive controls in both the presence and absence of S9-mix. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with and without metabolic activation. Thus, the sensitivity of the assay and the efficacy of the S9-mix were validated.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1 Spontaneous Mutation Rates (Concurrent Negative Controls)
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) | |||||||||
Base-pair substitution type | Frameshift type | ||||||||
TA100 | TA1535 | WP2uvrA | TA98 | TA1537 | |||||
122 |
| 13 |
| 21 |
| 20 |
| 8 |
|
164 | (137) | 15 | (14) | 23 | (21) | 24 | (21) | 7 | (7) |
124 |
| 15 |
| 18 |
| 19 |
| 6 |
|
Viability – Bacterial cells 109 per mL | |||||||||
2.9 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 1.9 |
Experiment 2
Number of revertants (mean number of colonies per plate) | |||||||||
Base-pair substitution type | Frameshift type | ||||||||
TA100 | TA1535 | WP2uvrA | TA98 | TA1537 | |||||
116 |
| 22 |
| 27 |
| 29 |
| 8 |
|
120 | (117) | 13 | (16) | 18 | (23) | 19 | (23) | 10 | (10) |
114 |
| 12 |
| 24 |
| 21 |
| 13 |
|
Viability – Bacterial cells 109 per mL | |||||||||
1.7 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 2.5 |
Test Results: Experiment 1 – Without Metabolic Activation (Plate Incorporation)
Test Period | From: 27 July 2020 | To: 30 July 2020 | ||||||||||
S9-Mix (-) | Dose Level Per Plate | Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD | ||||||||||
Base-pair substitution strains | Frameshift strains | |||||||||||
TA100 | TA1535 | WP2uvrA | TA98 | TA1537 | ||||||||
Solvent Control (Water) | 141 111 124 | (125) 15.0# | 13 24 18 | (18) 5.5 | 25 18 28 | (24) 5.1 | 19 20 20 | (20) 0.6 | 5 9 10 | (8) 2.6 | ||
1.5 µg | 134 115 130 | (126) 10.0 | 12 21 13 | (15) 4.9 | 20 14 16 | (17) 3.1 | 20 26 10 | (19) 8.1 | 6 5 7 | (6) 1.0 | ||
5 µg | 142 125 117 | (128) 12.8 | 14 10 15 | (13) 2.6 | 23 20 17 | (20) 3.0 | 21 17 13 | (17) 4.0 | 8 10 14 | (11) 3.1 | ||
15 µg | 113 127 121 | (120) 7.0 | 13 16 14 | (14) 1.5 | 15 26 24 | (22) 5.9 | 20 20 14 | (18) 3.5 | 6 17 10 | (11) 5.6 | ||
50 µg | 136 123 112 | (124) 12.0 | 12 14 8 | (11) 3.1 | 20 23 25 | (23) 2.5 | 13 18 14 | (15) 2.6 | 6 3 5 | (5) 1.5 | ||
150 µg | 123 113 113 | (116) 5.8 | 14 13 12 | (13) 1.0 | 19 20 20 | (20) 0.6 | 16 16 11 | (14) 2.9 | 9 13 9 | (10) 2.3 | ||
500 µg | 132 132 147 | (137) 8.7 | 14 15 8 | (12) 3.8 | 20 31 18 | (23) 7.0 | 15 27 14 | (19) 7.2 | 7 8 9 | (8) 1.0 | ||
1500 µg | 118 97 100 | (105) 11.4 | 28 12 16 | (19) 8.3 | 21 20 15 | (19) 3.2 | 22 29 18 | (23) 5.6 | 7 7 10 | (8) 1.7 | ||
5000 µg | 120 100 119 | (113) 11.3 | 19 16 13 | (16) 3.0 | 21 13 31 | (22) 9.0 | 15 23 17 | (18) 4.2 | 8 9 9 | (9) 0.6 | ||
Positive controls S9-Mix (-) | Name Dose Level No. of Revertants | ENNG | ENNG | ENNG | 4NQO | 9AA | ||||||
3 µg | 5 µg | 2 µg | 0.2 µg | 80 µg | ||||||||
522 566 524 | (537) 24.8 | 341 334 334 | (336) 4.0 | 761 765 633 | (720) 75.1 | 129 138 140 | (136) 5.9 | 269 161 150 | (193) 65.8 |
Test Results: Experiment 1 – With Metabolic Activation (Plate Incorporation)
Test Period | From: 27 July 2020 | To: 30 July 2020 | ||||||||||
S9-Mix (+) | Dose Level Per Plate | Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD | ||||||||||
Base-pair substitution strains | Frameshift strains | |||||||||||
TA100 | TA1535 | WP2uvrA | TA98 | TA1537 | ||||||||
Solvent Control (Water) | 98 124 126 | (116) 15.6# | 13 11 9 | (11) 2.0 | 22 21 26 | (23) 2.6 | 25 20 15 | (20) 5.0 | 13 6 6 | (8) 4.0 | ||
1.5 µg | 137 131 151 | (140) 10.3 | 13 12 12 | (12) 0.6 | 25 33 21 | (26) 6.1 | 27 17 29 | (24) 6.4 | 8 7 9 | (8) 1.0 | ||
5 µg | 140 114 124 | (126) 13.1 | 9 7 12 | (9) 2.5 | 25 22 21 | (23) 2.1 | 26 25 19 | (23) 3.8 | 10 7 9 | (9) 1.5 | ||
15 µg | 119 144 124 | (129) 13.2 | 11 7 16 | (11) 4.5 | 21 23 24 | (23) 1.5 | 32 22 26 | (27) 5.0 | 15 5 14 | (11) 5.5 | ||
50 µg | 132 105 116 | (118) 13.6 | 11 13 9 | (11) 2.0 | 23 23 28 | (25) 2.9 | 29 21 18 | (23) 5.7 | 10 10 9 | (10) 0.6 | ||
150 µg | 124 135 113 | (124) 11.0 | 15 10 11 | (12) 2.6 | 11 22 31 | (21) 10.0 | 19 18 18 | (18) 0.6 | 8 10 12 | (10) 2.0 | ||
500 µg | 104 114 115 | (111) 6.1 | 8 12 11 | (10) 2.1 | 19 26 24 | (23) 3.6 | 22 23 16 | (20) 3.8 | 12 4 11 | (9) 4.4 | ||
1500 µg | 113 122 112 | (116) 5.5 | 9 7 10 | (9) 1.5 | 22 20 35 | (26) 8.1 | 23 18 26 | (22) 4.0 | 9 13 8 | (10) 2.6 | ||
5000 µg | 106 109 120 | (112) 7.4 | 13 14 13 | (13) 0.6 | 21 24 23 | (23) 1.5 | 16 25 20 | (20) 4.5 | 12 8 9 | (10) 2.1 | ||
Positive controls S9-Mix (+) | Name Dose Level No. of Revertants | 2AA | 2AA | 2AA | BP | 2AA | ||||||
1 µg | 2 µg | 10 µg | 5 µg | 2 µg | ||||||||
2143 1999 1865 | (2002) 139.0 | 266 315 275 | (285) 26.1 | 131 127 135 | (131) 4.0 | 122 104 120 | (115) 9.9 | 232 251 215 | (233) 18.0 |
Test Results: Experiment 2 – Without Metabolic Activation (Pre-Incubation)
Test Period | From: 04 August 2020 | To: 07 August 2020 | ||||||||||
S9-Mix (-) | Dose Level Per Plate | Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD | ||||||||||
Base-pair substitution strains | Frameshift strains | |||||||||||
TA100 | TA1535 | WP2uvrA | TA98 | TA1537 | ||||||||
Solvent Control (Water) | 84 122 119 | (108) 21.1# | 10 14 10 | (11) 2.3 | 20 17 16 | (18) 2.1 | 19 22 17 | (19) 2.5 | 8 6 13 | (9) 3.6 | ||
15 µg | 100 109 110 | (106) 5.5 | 13 14 12 | (13) 1.0 | 15 11 21 | (16) 5.0 | 22 20 16 | (19) 3.1 | 13 9 13 | (12) 2.3 | ||
50 µg | 101 102 115 | (106) 7.8 | 19 12 12 | (14) 4.0 | 19 13 21 | (18) 4.2 | 17 16 23 | (19) 3.8 | 7 14 8 | (10) 3.8 | ||
150 µg | 125 110 117 | (117) 7.5 | 6 16 15 | (12) 5.5 | 15 13 21 | (16) 4.2 | 14 25 19 | (19) 5.5 | 14 10 8 | (11) 3.1 | ||
500 µg | 139 109 116 | (121) 15.7 | 14 16 14 | (15) 1.2 | 25 19 30 | (25) 5.5 | 17 21 18 | (19) 2.1 | 10 8 14 | (11) 3.1 | ||
1500 µg | 114 S 107 S 96 S | (106) 9.1 | 10 12 13 | (12) 1.5 | 20 22 17 | (20) 2.5 | 9 18 15 | (14) 4.6 | 12 11 8 | (10) 2.1 | ||
5000 µg | 96 S 102 S 101 S | (100) 3.2 | 12 S 11 S 14 S | (12) 1.5 | 29 12 25 | (22) 8.9 | 7 S 21 S 12 S | (13) 7.1 | 11 S 9 S 8 S | (9) 1.5 | ||
Positive controls S9-Mix (-) | Name Dose Level No. of Revertants | ENNG | ENNG | ENNG | 4NQO | 9AA | ||||||
3 µg | 5 µg | 2 µg | 0.2 µg | 80 µg | ||||||||
1879 1833 1939 | (1884) 53.2 | 1150 886 950 | (995) 137.7 | 359 327 296 | (327) 31.5 | 234 194 191 | (206) 24.0 | 200 200 411 | (270) 121.8 |
Test Results: Experiment 2 – With Metabolic Activation (Pre-Incubation)
Test Period | From: 04 August 2020 | To: 07 August 2020 | ||||||||||
S9-Mix (+) | Dose Level Per Plate | Number of revertants (mean) +/- SD | ||||||||||
Base-pair substitution strains | Frameshift strains | |||||||||||
TA100 | TA1535 | WP2uvrA | TA98 | TA1537 | ||||||||
Solvent Control (Water) | 110 108 117 | (112) 4.7# | 9 6 8 | (8) 1.5 | 21 28 27 | (25) 3.8 | 25 30 25 | (27) 2.9 | 18 9 14 | (14) 4.5 | ||
15 µg | 83 115 93 | (97) 16.4 | 6 14 5 | (8) 4.9 | 22 37 24 | (28) 8.1 | 24 21 18 | (21) 3.0 | 7 8 13 | (9) 3.2 | ||
50 µg | 115 93 130 | (113) 18.6 | 11 8 8 | (9) 1.7 | 21 18 19 | (19) 1.5 | 13 31 12 | (19) 10.7 | 8 9 12 | (10) 2.1 | ||
150 µg | 127 123 134 | (128) 5.6 | 10 9 7 | (9) 1.5 | 23 21 23 | (22) 1.2 | 34 29 9 | (24) 13.2 | 8 12 19 | (13) 5.6 | ||
500 µg | 130 124 110 | (121) 10.3 | 6 4 11 | (7) 3.6 | 15 18 25 | (19) 5.1 | 21 25 16 | (21) 4.5 | 9 14 21 | (15) 6.0 | ||
1500 µg | 123 119 117 | (120) 3.1 | 9 11 13 | (11) 2.0 | 21 20 27 | (23) 3.8 | 16 32 16 | (21) 9.2 | 18 9 10 | (12) 4.9 | ||
5000 µg | 90 S 122 S 118 S | (110) 17.4 | 9 S 12 S 10 S | (10) 1.5 | 20 20 24 | (21) 2.3 | 20 S 20 S 24 S | (21) 2.3 | 5 S 10 S 12 S | (9) 3.6 | ||
Positive controls S9-Mix (+) | Name Dose Level No. of Revertants | 2AA | 2AA | 2AA | BP | 2AA | ||||||
1 µg | 2 µg | 10 µg | 5 µg | 2 µg | ||||||||
1854 1813 1870 | (1846) 29.4 | 251 246 250 | (249) 2.6 | 109 131 116 | (119) 11.2 | 140 99 99 | (113) 23.7 | 299 275 348 | (307) 37.2 |
BP Benzo(a)pyrene
2AA 2-Aminoanthracene
ENNG N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
4NQO 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide
9AA 9-Aminoacridine
S Sparse bacterial background lawn
# Standard deviation
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- In this Reverse Mutation Assay ‘Ames Test’ using strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (OECD TG 471) the test item did not induce an increase in the frequency of revertant colonies that met the criteria for a positive result, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix). Under the conditions of this test, the test substance was considered to be non-mutagenic.
- Executive summary:
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the test item for the ability to induce reverse mutations, either directly or after metabolic activation, at the histidine or tryptophan locus in the genome of five strains of bacteria according to OECD 471 test method in the presence and absence of metabolic activation.
The vehicle (sterile distilled water) control plates gave counts of revertant colonies within or close to the normal range. All of the positive control chemicals used in the test induced marked increases in the frequency of revertant colonies, both with and without metabolic activation.
The maximum dose level of the test item in the first experiment was selected as the OECD TG 471 recommended dose level of 5000 μg/plate. There was no visible reduction in the growth of the bacterial background lawn at any dose level, either in the presence or absence of metabolic activation (S9-mix), in the first mutation test (plate incorporation method).
Based on the results of Experiment 1, the same maximum dose level (5000 μg/plate) was employed in the second mutation test (pre-incubation method).There were no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiment 1 (plate incorporation method).
Similarly, no significant increases in the frequency of revertant colonies were recorded for any of the bacterial strains, with any dose of the test item, either with or without metabolic activation (S9-mix) in Experiment 2 (pre-incubation method).
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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