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EC number: 204-873-0 | CAS number: 127-95-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data

Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to other aquatic vertebrates
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: No guideline study used but comparable to national guidelines/standards
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene and detoxification metabolites using Xenopus
- Author:
- Fort DJ
- Year:
- 1 993
- Bibliographic source:
- Teratog., Carcinog., and Mutag. 13: 35-45
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX) is a 96 h, whole-embryo, static-renewal assay using embryos of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Because Xenopus embryos lack most major metabolic detoxification pathways through 4 days of development, the utility and versatility of FETAX has been significantly enhanced by the development, validation, and optimization of a complementary exogenous metabolic activation system (MAS).
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Oxalic acid
- EC Number:
- 205-634-3
- EC Name:
- Oxalic acid
- Cas Number:
- 144-62-7
- IUPAC Name:
- oxalic acid
- Details on test material:
- oxalic acid was purchased from the Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri.
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Details on properties of test surrogate or analogue material (migrated information):
No data
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Details on sampling:
- No data
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- All solutions were changed every 24 h of the 4-day test, dead embryos removed, and fresh solutions added.
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Xenopus laevis
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: frog
- Scientific name: Xenopus laevis
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): embryo
Study design
- Test type:
- other: static renewal
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 96 h
- Post exposure observation period:
- No data
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- No data
- Test temperature:
- 23±1°C
- pH:
- 7
- Dissolved oxygen:
- No data
- Salinity:
- No data
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- nominal
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test vessel: covered 60 mm plastic Petri dishes (Fisher Scientific, Houston, Texas)
- Type (delete if not applicable): closed
- Material, size, headspace, fill volume: Each treatment vessel contained a total of 8 ml of solution.
- No. of organisms per vessel: Four separate dishes of 20 embryos each were exposed to FETAX solution and designated FETAX solution controls.
Tests conducted with the MAS or inhibited MAS were also performed in duplicate with 20 embryos exposed per replicate concentration. Embryos were cultured at 23 -!-1.0°C.
- No. of vessels per concentration (replicates): Ten to sixteen concentrations were tested in duplicate.
TEST MEDIUM / WATER PARAMETERS
- Source/preparation of dilution water: The metabolites were each dissolved in an appropriate volume of FETAX solution, a reconstituted water media suitable for the culture of developing Xenopus embryos. Each metabolically activated treatment received 0.4 units/dish of N-nitrosodimethylamine activity, a NADPH generating system, and a penicillin-streptomycin mixture to control bacterial contamination.
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Adjustment of pH: The pH of each of the stock solutions was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED (with observation intervals if applicable) :
Following 96 h of exposure (stage 46 embryos), embryos were fixed in 0.7% formalin (pH 7.0), and the number of live malformed embryos were ascertained using a dissecting microscope.
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Test concentrations: For each treatment, 8 to 14 concentrations were tested. Controls, including FETAX solution, 1% v/v DMSO, uninhibited MAS (with and without DMSO), each inhibited MAS (with and without DMSO), activated acetylhydrazide (FETAX reference proteratogen), and unactivated toxicant, were tested simultaneously with each experiment. All control treatments received antibiotics, as well. One range-finding and two definitive concentration-response experiments were conducted with and without the MAS or inhibited MAS.
All solutions were changed every 24 h of the 4-day test, dead embryos removed, and fresh solutions added. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect conc.:
- 5 330 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- mortality
- Remarks on result:
- other: 5030-5610
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 4 020 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- morphology
- Remarks:
- developmental toxicity
- Remarks on result:
- other: 3700-4400
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: Teratogenic index (ratio 96 h LC50 to 96 h EC50)
- Effect conc.:
- 1.3
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- other: mortality and malformation
- Remarks on result:
- other: 1.1-1.7
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- other: MCIG (minimum concentrations to inhibit growth
- Effect conc.:
- 4 000 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- morphology
- Remarks:
- growth
- Details on results:
- Control Results
In each of the experiments conducted, the FETAX solution, 1 % v/v DMSO, and MAS or MAS with 1 % v/v DMSO, control mortality and malformation rates were -5%. Mortality and malformation rates for the inhibited MAS failed to exceed 6%. Embryos exposed to 3.0 g/l acetylhydrazide and the intact MAS exhibited mortality and deformity rates of =90% and 100%, respectively. - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No data
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- Litchfield-Wilcoxon probit analysis was used to determine the 96 h median lethal (LC50) and teratogenic (EC50) concentrations of two pooled definitive concentration-response tests. The 95% confidence intervals were calculated as well. A teratogenic index (TI) was calculated by taking the ratio of the 96 h LC50 value to the 96 h EC50 (malformation) value as a means of assessing teratogenic potential. Ninety-five percent fiducial intervals for the TI values were calculated by the method of Finney, Head-tail length of surviving embryos was measured as an index of growth using an IBM-AT compatible computer and Sigma Scan (Jandel Scientific, Corte Madra, CA) digitizing software. The length data were then used to calculate a minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG) value for each experiment using the t-test (P <0.05).
Any other information on results incl. tables
Terata Induced in Xenopus by Exposure to Trichloroacetic Acid, Dichloroacetic Acid, Trichloroethanol, and Oxalic Acid
Terata induced | ||||
Treatment | Concentration (mg/l) | Malformation | n | % Responding |
Control b | - | Gut miscoilingVisceral edemaMuscular kinking cSkeletal kinking | 640640640640 | 2.41.01.40.8 |
Oxalic acid | > 3000> 5000> 7000 | Gut miscoilingAbnormal mouth developmentMicroencephalyMicroophthalmia | 80808080 | 2550100100 |
a Defines concentration range of teratogenicity.
b Embryos exposed to FETAX solution alone. Pooled results from each test performed in study.
c Termmuscular kinking, caused most likely by abnormal somite development, is used to differentiate from that finding gtermed skeletal kinking, in which the spine (including the notocord) is affected.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The 96 h LC50 was 5330 mg/l and the 96 h EC50 was 4020 mg/l
- Executive summary:
Frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos were exposed to oxalic acid according to no specific guideline but in a Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus (FETAX). A 96 h LC50 of 5330 mg/l was determined. The 96 h EC50 was 4020 mg/l.
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