Aluminium trititanium dodecachloride

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

1988

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

data from handbook or collection of data

Justification for type of information:

The data was collected by competent authority in Canada.

Qualifier:

no guideline available

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Not available

Vehicle:

not specified

Details on test solutions:

Not known

Test organisms (species):

Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)

Details on test organisms:

Not known

Test type:

not specified

pH:

7.6 8.2

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

0.57 mg/L

Conc. based on:

element (total fraction)

Remarks on result:

other: pH 7.6

Key result

Duration:

96 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

0.46 mg/L

Conc. based on:

element (total fraction)

Remarks on result:

other: pH 8.2

Details on results:

Not known

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

The 96 h EC50's of Aluminum chloride for Selenastrum capricornutum were 0.57 total aluminum at pH7.6 and 0.46mg/L total aluminum at pH 8.2.

Executive summary:

The 96 h EC50's of Aluminum chloride for Selenastrum capricornutum were 0.57 total aluminum at pH7.6 and 0.46mg/L total aluminum at pH 8.2.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

supporting study

Study period:

2007

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study without detailed documentation

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)

Version / remarks:

1984

GLP compliance:

not specified

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Details on sampling:

Not known

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

water

Details on test solutions:

Based on visual observations 100mg/L test concentration solutions were very cloudy with suspended substance present at test start. The 10 mg/L test concentration solutions were slightly cloudy with suspended substance present at test start. The blank and remaining test concentration solutions (0,01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L) were clear and colourless with no visible precipitate at test start.

Test organisms (species):

Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)

Test type:

static

Water media type:

freshwater

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

72 h

Test temperature:

23.8 °C (23.7 - 23.8 °C)

pH:

not known

Nominal and measured concentrations:

Nominal 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L

Details on test conditions:

Medium: a synthetic algae assay procedure nutrient medium (AAP)
Lighting intensity: average 8928 lux (8200 - 9500 lux)
Shaking speed : 100 rpm
Two replicates were used per blank and each test concentration
Cell count (concentration ) : 10,000 cells/ml.
All environmental parameters were within acceptable limits within the exposure.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

16 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

Fine TiO2

Basis for effect:

other: Inhibition of growth and healthy cells counts

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

21 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

Ultrafine TiO2

Basis for effect:

other: Inhibition of growth and healthy cell counts.

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

61 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

Fine TiO2

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Key result

Duration:

72 h

Dose descriptor:

EC50

Effect conc.:

87 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

Ultrafine TiO2

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Static, acute, 72 h growth inhibition toxicity screening test to the green algae, P. subcapitata.

 

Inhibition based on health cell counts compared to the blank control at 72h

Test substance	Inhibition %
	0.01 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1 mg/L	10 mg/L	100 mg/L
Fine TiO2	-2	3	2	31	97
Ultra fine TiO2	-19	-6	-11	15	94

 

Inhibition based on percent inhibition of growth rate

Test substance	Inhibition %
	0.01 mg/L	0.1 mg/L	1 mg/L	10 mg/L	100 mg/L
Fine TiO2	0	1	0	8	66
Ultra fine TiO2	-3	-1	-2	3	54

 

 

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The algae 72h EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) based on inhibition of growth and healthy cell counts were 16mg/L (12 - 22 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 21 mg/L ( 16 - 26 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. The 72 h EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) for growth rate based on nominal concentrations and healthy cell counts were 61 (52 - 72 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 87 mg/L (83 - 91 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. These results demonstrated that fine and ultrafine TiO2 particles exhibited medium concern in 72 h acute test.

Executive summary:

This test demonstrated that fine and ultra fine TiO2 particles exhibited medium concern in the acute test.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

unknown

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline available

Principles of method if other than guideline:

- Principle of test: Cultivation of Chlorella vulgoris took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North. As under these conditions thefirst growth rate observation, i.e. comparisons with the blank culture, were made several week after inoculation. The observations were continued until the cultures were 3 to 4 months old. For every salt examined, the highest concentration tolerated as well as the lowest concentration prevention growth was registered.
- Short description of test conditions:Cultivation condition; room temperature in the daylight at a window situated on the North.
Cultivation period: until 3 to 4 months after inoculation
- Parameters analysed / observed: the highest tolerated concentration and the lowest concentration preventing growth.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

No data available

Analytical monitoring:

no

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

water

Test organisms (species):

Chlorella vulgaris

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Chlorella vulgaris
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Technological University, Delft
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): not specified
- Method of cultivation:not specified

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:Not specified
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not):Not specified
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed:Not specified

Test type:

not specified

Water media type:

freshwater

Total exposure duration:

4 mo

Remarks on exposure duration:

3-4 months

Test temperature:

room temperature

pH:

not specified

Salinity:

110°C for 20 min

Nominal and measured concentrations:

metal salt concentration: 0 % (control), 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 20, 24, 30%

Details on test conditions:

Mineral media: 0.05% K2HPO4 ; 0.05% KH2PO4; .05% (NH4)2SO4; 0.05% KNO3
copper free distilled water, 20 % of whoch was displaced by activated-carbon-treated tap-water or well-water.
pH of the solution: Just below 7.
Cultivation took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North The first observations were made several weeks after inoculation. The observation were continued until the culture were 3 to 4 months.

Reference substance (positive control):

no

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Remarks:

HIghest concentration tolerated

Effect conc.:

2 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure period 3 to 4 months

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Remarks:

HIghest concentration tolerated

Effect conc.:

0.05 other: %(w/v)

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

AlCl3 hexahydrate

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure period 3 to 4 months

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Remarks:

Lowest inhibitory concentration

Effect conc.:

4 mg/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure 3 to 4 months

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Remarks:

Lowest inhibitory concentration

Effect conc.:

0.1 other: %(w/v)

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Remarks:

AlCl3 hexahydrate

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure period 3 to 4 months

Validity criteria fulfilled:

yes

Conclusions:

The highest tolerant concentration of aluminium chloride hexahydrate to Chlorella vulgaris is 2mg-Al/L (0.05% as AlCl3 hexahydrate) and its lowest inhibitory concentration is 4 mg-Al/L (0.1 % as AlCl3 hexahydrate).

Executive summary:

The highest tolerant concentration of aluminium chloride 6 hydrate to Chlorella vulgaris is 2mg-Al/L (0.05% as AlCl3 hexahydrate) and its lowest inhibitory concentration is 4 mg-Al/L (0.1 % as AlCl3 hexahydrate).

Reference 4

Endpoint:

toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

not specified

Reliability:

2 (reliable with restrictions)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study without detailed documentation

Justification for type of information:

Test conditions were described to some extent.

Qualifier:

no guideline available

Principles of method if other than guideline:

- Principle of test: Cultivation of Chlorella vulgoris took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North. As under these conditions the first growth rate observation, i.e. comparisons with the blank culture, were made several week after inoculation. The observations were continued until the cultures were 3 to 4 months old. For every salt examined, the highest concentration tolerated as well as the lowest concentration prevention growth was registered.
- Short description of test conditions:Cultivation condition; room temperature in the daylight at a window situated on the North.
Cultivation period: until 3 to 4 months after inoculation
- Parameters analysed / observed: the highest tolerated concentration and the lowest concentration preventing growth.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Specific details on test material used for the study:

Not specified

Analytical monitoring:

not specified

Details on sampling:

No data

Vehicle:

yes

Remarks:

water

Test organisms (species):

Chlorella vulgaris

Details on test organisms:

TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Chlorella vulgaris
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Technological University, Delft
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): not specified
- Method of cultivation:not specified

ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:Not specified
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not):Not specified
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed:Not specified

Test type:

not specified

Water media type:

other: Copper-free distilled water, 20% of which was replaced by activated-carbon-treated tapwater or well-water.

Limit test:

no

Total exposure duration:

4 mo

Remarks on exposure duration:

3 to 4 months

Test temperature:

room temperature

pH:

not specified

Salinity:

110 °C for 20 min

Nominal and measured concentrations:

metal salt concentration: 0 % (control), 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 20, 24, 30%

Details on test conditions:

Mineral media: 0.05% K2HPO4 ; 0.05% KH2PO4; 0.05% (NH4)2SO4; 0.05% KNO3
copper free distilled water, 20 % of which was displaced by activated-carbon-treated tap-water or well-water.
pH of the solution: Just below 7.
Cultivation took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North The first observations were made several weeks after inoculation. The observation were continued until the culture were 3 to 4 months.

Reference substance (positive control):

not specified

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Remarks:

highest concentration tolerated

Effect conc.:

0.006 g/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure 3 to 4 months

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

NOEC

Remarks:

Highest concentration tolerated

Effect conc.:

0.1 other: w/v %

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure period 3 to 4 months

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Remarks:

Lowest inhibitory concentration

Effect conc.:

0.016 g/L

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

element

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure period: 3 to 4 months

Key result

Duration:

16 wk

Dose descriptor:

LOEC

Effect conc.:

0.25 other: %(w/v)

Nominal / measured:

nominal

Conc. based on:

test mat.

Basis for effect:

growth rate

Remarks on result:

other:

Remarks:

exposure period; 3 to 4 months

Validity criteria fulfilled:

not specified

Conclusions:

Highest tolerance concentration of Chlorella vulgaris for titanium trichloride is 6.5mg-Ti/L (0.1 wt/vol % as TiCl3) and lowest inhibition concentration is
16 mg-Ti/L (0.25 wt/vol % as TiCl3).

Executive summary:

Highest tolerance concentration of Chlorella vulgaris for titanium trichloride is 6.5mg-Ti/L (0.1 wt/vol % as TiCl3) and lowest inhibition concentration is 16 mg-Ti/L (0.25 wt/vol % as TiCl3).

Description of key information

Highest tolerance concentration of  Chlorella vulgaris for titanium trichloride is 6.5mg-Ti/L (0.1 wt/vol % as TiCl3) and lowest inhibition concentration is 16 mg-Ti/L (0.25 wt/vol % as TiCl3) for 3 to 4 month exposure.

The highest tolerant concentration of aluminium chloride 6 hydrate to Chlorella vulgaris is 2mg-Al/L (0.05% as AlCl3 6 hydrate) and its lowest inhibitory concentration is 4 mg-Al/L (0.1 % as AlCl3 6 hydrate) for 3 to 4 month exposure.

The 96 h EC50's of Aluminum chloride for Selenastrum capricornutum were  0.57 total aluminum at pH7.6 and 0.46mg/L total aluminum at pH 8.2.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:

16.74 mg/L

Additional information

NOEC was calculated based on NOECs for TiCl3 and AlCl3 (ratio 3:1).

Titanium trichloride gradually decomposes in water, including contact with air, to titanium dioxides.

The algae 72 EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) based on inhibition of growth and healthy cell counts were 16mg/L (12 - 22 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 21 mg/L ( 16 - 26 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. The 72 h EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) for growth rate based on nominal concentrations and healthy cell counts were 61 (52 - 72 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 87 mg/L (83 - 91 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. These results demonstrated that fine and ultrafine TiO2 particles exhibited medium concern in 72 h acute test.