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EC number: 234-421-8 | CAS number: 12003-13-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 1988
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Justification for type of information:
- The data was collected by competent authority in Canada.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- Not available
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on test solutions:
- Not known
- Test organisms (species):
- Desmodesmus subspicatus (previous name: Scenedesmus subspicatus)
- Details on test organisms:
- Not known
- Test type:
- not specified
- pH:
- 7.6 8.2
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.57 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- element (total fraction)
- Remarks on result:
- other: pH 7.6
- Key result
- Duration:
- 96 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.46 mg/L
- Conc. based on:
- element (total fraction)
- Remarks on result:
- other: pH 8.2
- Details on results:
- Not known
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The 96 h EC50's of Aluminum chloride for Selenastrum capricornutum were 0.57 total aluminum at pH7.6 and 0.46mg/L total aluminum at pH 8.2.
- Executive summary:
The 96 h EC50's of Aluminum chloride for Selenastrum capricornutum were 0.57 total aluminum at pH7.6 and 0.46mg/L total aluminum at pH 8.2.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- 2007
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Version / remarks:
- 1984
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- Not known
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Details on test solutions:
- Based on visual observations 100mg/L test concentration solutions were very cloudy with suspended substance present at test start. The 10 mg/L test concentration solutions were slightly cloudy with suspended substance present at test start. The blank and remaining test concentration solutions (0,01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L) were clear and colourless with no visible precipitate at test start.
- Test organisms (species):
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (previous names: Raphidocelis subcapitata, Selenastrum capricornutum)
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
- Test temperature:
- 23.8 °C (23.7 - 23.8 °C)
- pH:
- not known
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 mg/L
- Details on test conditions:
- Medium: a synthetic algae assay procedure nutrient medium (AAP)
Lighting intensity: average 8928 lux (8200 - 9500 lux)
Shaking speed : 100 rpm
Two replicates were used per blank and each test concentration
Cell count (concentration ) : 10,000 cells/ml.
All environmental parameters were within acceptable limits within the exposure. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 16 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- Fine TiO2
- Basis for effect:
- other: Inhibition of growth and healthy cells counts
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 21 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- Ultrafine TiO2
- Basis for effect:
- other: Inhibition of growth and healthy cell counts.
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 61 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- Fine TiO2
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 87 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- Ultrafine TiO2
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The algae 72h EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) based on inhibition of growth and healthy cell counts were 16mg/L (12 - 22 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 21 mg/L ( 16 - 26 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. The 72 h EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) for growth rate based on nominal concentrations and healthy cell counts were 61 (52 - 72 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 87 mg/L (83 - 91 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. These results demonstrated that fine and ultrafine TiO2 particles exhibited medium concern in 72 h acute test.
- Executive summary:
This test demonstrated that fine and ultra fine TiO2 particles exhibited medium concern in the acute test.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- unknown
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: Cultivation of Chlorella vulgoris took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North. As under these conditions thefirst growth rate observation, i.e. comparisons with the blank culture, were made several week after inoculation. The observations were continued until the cultures were 3 to 4 months old. For every salt examined, the highest concentration tolerated as well as the lowest concentration prevention growth was registered.
- Short description of test conditions:Cultivation condition; room temperature in the daylight at a window situated on the North.
Cultivation period: until 3 to 4 months after inoculation
- Parameters analysed / observed: the highest tolerated concentration and the lowest concentration preventing growth. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- No data available
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Test organisms (species):
- Chlorella vulgaris
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Chlorella vulgaris
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Technological University, Delft
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): not specified
- Method of cultivation:not specified
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:Not specified
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not):Not specified
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed:Not specified - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 mo
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- 3-4 months
- Test temperature:
- room temperature
- pH:
- not specified
- Salinity:
- 110°C for 20 min
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- metal salt concentration: 0 % (control), 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 20, 24, 30%
- Details on test conditions:
- Mineral media: 0.05% K2HPO4 ; 0.05% KH2PO4; .05% (NH4)2SO4; 0.05% KNO3
copper free distilled water, 20 % of whoch was displaced by activated-carbon-treated tap-water or well-water.
pH of the solution: Just below 7.
Cultivation took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North The first observations were made several weeks after inoculation. The observation were continued until the culture were 3 to 4 months. - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- HIghest concentration tolerated
- Effect conc.:
- 2 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure period 3 to 4 months
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- HIghest concentration tolerated
- Effect conc.:
- 0.05 other: %(w/v)
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- AlCl3 hexahydrate
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure period 3 to 4 months
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Remarks:
- Lowest inhibitory concentration
- Effect conc.:
- 4 mg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure 3 to 4 months
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Remarks:
- Lowest inhibitory concentration
- Effect conc.:
- 0.1 other: %(w/v)
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Remarks:
- AlCl3 hexahydrate
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure period 3 to 4 months
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The highest tolerant concentration of aluminium chloride hexahydrate to Chlorella vulgaris is 2mg-Al/L (0.05% as AlCl3 hexahydrate) and its lowest inhibitory concentration is 4 mg-Al/L (0.1 % as AlCl3 hexahydrate).
- Executive summary:
The highest tolerant concentration of aluminium chloride 6 hydrate to Chlorella vulgaris is 2mg-Al/L (0.05% as AlCl3 hexahydrate) and its lowest inhibitory concentration is 4 mg-Al/L (0.1 % as AlCl3 hexahydrate).
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- not specified
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study without detailed documentation
- Justification for type of information:
- Test conditions were described to some extent.
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- - Principle of test: Cultivation of Chlorella vulgoris took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North. As under these conditions the first growth rate observation, i.e. comparisons with the blank culture, were made several week after inoculation. The observations were continued until the cultures were 3 to 4 months old. For every salt examined, the highest concentration tolerated as well as the lowest concentration prevention growth was registered.
- Short description of test conditions:Cultivation condition; room temperature in the daylight at a window situated on the North.
Cultivation period: until 3 to 4 months after inoculation
- Parameters analysed / observed: the highest tolerated concentration and the lowest concentration preventing growth. - GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Not specified
- Analytical monitoring:
- not specified
- Details on sampling:
- No data
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- water
- Test organisms (species):
- Chlorella vulgaris
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Chlorella vulgaris
- Source (laboratory, culture collection): collection of the Laboratory of Microbiology, Technological University, Delft
- Age of inoculum (at test initiation): not specified
- Method of cultivation:not specified
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period:Not specified
- Culturing media and conditions (same as test or not):Not specified
- Any deformed or abnormal cells observed:Not specified - Test type:
- not specified
- Water media type:
- other: Copper-free distilled water, 20% of which was replaced by activated-carbon-treated tapwater or well-water.
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 4 mo
- Remarks on exposure duration:
- 3 to 4 months
- Test temperature:
- room temperature
- pH:
- not specified
- Salinity:
- 110 °C for 20 min
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- metal salt concentration: 0 % (control), 0.0001, 0.0002, 0.0003, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.0075, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 20, 24, 30%
- Details on test conditions:
- Mineral media: 0.05% K2HPO4 ; 0.05% KH2PO4; 0.05% (NH4)2SO4; 0.05% KNO3
copper free distilled water, 20 % of which was displaced by activated-carbon-treated tap-water or well-water.
pH of the solution: Just below 7.
Cultivation took place at room temperature in daylight at a window situated on the North The first observations were made several weeks after inoculation. The observation were continued until the culture were 3 to 4 months. - Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- highest concentration tolerated
- Effect conc.:
- 0.006 g/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure 3 to 4 months
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Remarks:
- Highest concentration tolerated
- Effect conc.:
- 0.1 other: w/v %
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure period 3 to 4 months
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Remarks:
- Lowest inhibitory concentration
- Effect conc.:
- 0.016 g/L
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- element
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure period: 3 to 4 months
- Key result
- Duration:
- 16 wk
- Dose descriptor:
- LOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.25 other: %(w/v)
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other:
- Remarks:
- exposure period; 3 to 4 months
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Highest tolerance concentration of Chlorella vulgaris for titanium trichloride is 6.5mg-Ti/L (0.1 wt/vol % as TiCl3) and lowest inhibition concentration is
16 mg-Ti/L (0.25 wt/vol % as TiCl3). - Executive summary:
Highest tolerance concentration of Chlorella vulgaris for titanium trichloride is 6.5mg-Ti/L (0.1 wt/vol % as TiCl3) and lowest inhibition concentration is 16 mg-Ti/L (0.25 wt/vol % as TiCl3).
Referenceopen allclose all
Static, acute, 72 h growth inhibition toxicity screening test to the green algae, P. subcapitata.
Inhibition based on health cell counts compared to the blank control at 72h
Test substance |
Inhibition % |
||||
0.01 mg/L |
0.1 mg/L |
1 mg/L |
10 mg/L |
100 mg/L |
|
Fine TiO2 |
-2 |
3 |
2 |
31 |
97 |
Ultra fine TiO2 |
-19 |
-6 |
-11 |
15 |
94 |
Inhibition based on percent inhibition of growth rate
Test substance |
Inhibition % |
||||
0.01 mg/L |
0.1 mg/L |
1 mg/L |
10 mg/L |
100 mg/L |
|
Fine TiO2 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
8 |
66 |
Ultra fine TiO2 |
-3 |
-1 |
-2 |
3 |
54 |
Description of key information
Highest tolerance concentration of Chlorella vulgaris for titanium trichloride is 6.5mg-Ti/L (0.1 wt/vol % as TiCl3) and lowest inhibition concentration is 16 mg-Ti/L (0.25 wt/vol % as TiCl3) for 3 to 4 month exposure.
The highest tolerant concentration of aluminium chloride 6 hydrate to Chlorella vulgaris is 2mg-Al/L (0.05% as AlCl3 6 hydrate) and its lowest inhibitory concentration is 4 mg-Al/L (0.1 % as AlCl3 6 hydrate) for 3 to 4 month exposure.
The 96 h EC50's of Aluminum chloride for Selenastrum capricornutum were 0.57 total aluminum at pH7.6 and 0.46mg/L total aluminum at pH 8.2.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- EC10 or NOEC for freshwater algae:
- 16.74 mg/L
Additional information
NOEC was calculated based on NOECs for TiCl3 and AlCl3 (ratio 3:1).
Titanium trichloride gradually decomposes in water, including contact with air, to titanium dioxides.
The algae 72 EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) based on inhibition of growth and healthy cell counts were 16mg/L (12 - 22 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 21 mg/L ( 16 - 26 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. The 72 h EC50 values (95% fiducial limits) for growth rate based on nominal concentrations and healthy cell counts were 61 (52 - 72 mg/L) for fine TiO2 particles and 87 mg/L (83 - 91 mg/L) for ultra fine TiO2 particles. These results demonstrated that fine and ultrafine TiO2 particles exhibited medium concern in 72 h acute test.
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