Gadolinium

Flammability

Link to relevant study record(s)

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

flammable solids

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

17 January 2017 to 26 January 2017

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

UN Manual of Tests and Criteria: Test N.1 (Test method for readily combustible solids)

Version / remarks:

2015

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Batch No.of test material: 16-9362
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 07 November 2017

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: Room temperature, under nitrogen in the dark

Key result

Test procedure:

burning rate test: preliminary screening test

Burning time:

77 s

Key result

Test procedure:

burning rate test over 100 mm length

Burning time:

43 s

Preliminary screening test

The test material burned with an orange glow which emitted orange, yellow and white sparks. The time taken to propagate over 200 mm was 1 minute 17 seconds.

Burning rate test

The test material burned with an orange glow which emitted yellow and white sparks. The time taken to propagate over 100 mm was 43 seconds.

Due to the burning time achieved no further testing was required.

Interpretation of results:

Category 1 (flammable solids) based on GHS criteria

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of this study, the test material is classified as category 1 in accordance with EU criteria.

Executive summary:

The flammability of the test material was determined in accordance with the standardised guideline UN Method N.1 using the burning rate test under GLP conditions.

For the preliminary screening test a mould was loosely filled with test material, a non-combustible, non-porous board was placed onto the mould which was then inverted. The mould was removed and an air-rich Bunsen burner flame applied to one end of the pile. The test material burned with an orange glow which emitted orange, yellow and white sparks. The time taken to propagate over 200 mm was 1 minute 17 seconds.

For the burning rate test, a mould was loosely filled with test material. The mould was dropped three times from a height of approximately 2 cm onto a solid surface. A non-combustible, non-porous board was placed on top of the mould which was then inverted. The mould was removed and an air-rich Bunsen burner flame used to ignite the pile. The test material burned with an orange glow which emitted yellow and white sparks. The time taken to propagate over 100 mm was 43 seconds.

Under the conditions of this study, the test material is classified as category 1 in accordance with EU criteria.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

substances / mixtures which in contact with water emit flammable gases

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

17 January 2017 to 26 January 2017

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

reference to same study

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method A.12 (Flammability (Contact with Water))

Version / remarks:

2008

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes (incl. QA statement)

Specific details on test material used for the study:

SOURCE OF TEST MATERIAL
- Batch No.of test material: 16-9362
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: 07 November 2017

STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
-Storage conditions: Room temperature, under nitrogen in the dark

Test procedure:

step 1

Identity of evolved gas:

not applicable as no gas evolved

Remarks on result:

no reaction with water observed

Test procedure:

step 2

Identity of evolved gas:

not applicable as no gas evolved

Remarks on result:

no reaction with water observed

Test procedure:

step 3

Identity of evolved gas:

not applicable as no gas evolved

Remarks on result:

no reaction with water observed

Test procedure:

step 4

Identity of evolved gas:

not applicable as no gas evolved

Remarks on result:

no reaction with water observed

Interpretation of results:

other: Not hazardous in accordance with EU criteria

Conclusions:

The test material has been determined to be non-hazardous as no gases were evolved in any of the four steps.

Executive summary:

The flammability of the test material in contact with water was determined in accordance with the standardised guideline EU Method A.12 under GLP conditions.

For step 1, the test material was transferred to a trough containing high quality water. The test material was observed over a 3 minute period and a record made of any evolution of gas. No signs of gas evolution or spontaneous ignition.

For step 2, the test material was transferred to the centre of a filter paper which was floating on high quality water. The test material was observed over a 3 minute period and a record made of any evolution of gas. No signs of gas evolution or spontaneous ignition.

For step 3, a pile of the test material was formed and an indentation made in the top. A few drops of high quality water were added to the indentation. The test material was observed over a 3 minute period and a record made of any evolution of gas. No signs of gas evolution or spontaneous ignition.

For step 4, 10 g of test material was placed into a conical flask, high quality water was released from the dropping funnel into the flask and any gas evolved collected in a gas-tight syringe. The rate of evolution was recorded at hourly intervals over a 7 hour period. The test was performed at atmospheric pressure, in triplicate. No gas evolved.

Under the conditions of this study the test material has been determined to be non-hazardous as no gases were evolved in any of the four steps.

Reference 3

Endpoint:

pyrophoric solids

Data waiving:

study scientifically not necessary / other information available

Justification for data waiving:

the study does not need to be conducted because the substance is known to be stable in contact with air at room temperature for prolonged periods of time (days) and hence, the classification procedure does not need to be applied

Justification for type of information:

JUSTIFICATION FOR DATA WAIVING
In accordance with point 1 of Annex XI, it is considered justified to omit the testing for pyrophoric properties. Testing does not appear scientifically necessary as experience in use and experience of handling the substance indicates that it does not possess pyrophoric properties.

Description of key information

Flammable solids (Powder)

Under the conditions of this study, the test material is classified as category 1 in accordance with EU criteria.

Flammable solids (Massive)

Under the conditions of this study, the test material is not classified as flammable solid in accordance with EU criteria.

Flammability in contact with water

Under the conditions of this study the test material has been determined to be non-hazardous as no gases were evolved in any of the four steps.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Flammability:

flammable

Additional information

Flammable solids

Two studies are availabe to determine the flammability (solids) of the test substance. The first study (Study 1) was conducted with gadolinium metal powder in accordance with the standardised guideline UN Method N.1 using the burning rate test under GLP conditions. This study was awarded a reliability score of 1 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).

The second study was conducted on the substance in massive (lumpy) form in accordance with the standardised guideline UN Method N.1 using the burning rate test under GLP similar conditions. This study was awarded a reliability score of 2 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).

Study 1:

For the preliminary screening test a mould was loosely filled with test material, a non-combustible, non-porous board was placed onto the mould which was then inverted. The mould was removed and an air-rich Bunsen burner flame applied to one end of the pile. The test material burned with an orange glow which emitted orange, yellow and white sparks. The time taken to propagate over 200mm was 1 minute 17 seconds.

For the burning rate test, a mould was loosely filled with test material. The mould was dropped three times from a height of approximately 2 cm onto a solid surface. A non-combustible, non-porous board was placed on top of the mould which was then inverted. The mould was removed and an air-rich Bunsen burner flame used to ignite the pile.The test material burned with an orange glow which emitted yellow and white sparks. The time taken to propagate over 100mm was 43 seconds.

Under the conditions of this study, the gadolinium metal in powder form is classified as category 1 in accordance with EU criteria.

Study 2:

In this screening study, trapezoidal-shaped pieces (length 40 mm, diameter 20 mm) were tested for flammable properties. In this form the massive Gadolinium metal is brought onto the market.

The test pieces were placed in a metal cup filled with quartz sand. A Bunsen burner flame was used to heat the test pieces. The temperature was measured with an IR-2201-50D VOLTCRAFT infrared thermometer. The burning behavior was recorded with a Sony ILCE-6000 camera. After 7 minutes, the test pieces reached a temperature of 550 °C. The Bunsen burner flame was turned off after this time (flame off). After the Bunsen burner flame was turned off, the temperature of the test pieces decreased as a function of time as follows: 10 min - 280 °C; 15 min - 170 °C; 20 min - 120 °C; 25 min - 95 °C; 30 min - 75 °C; 40 min - 55 °C; 50 min - 45 °C; 60 min - 40 °C; 80 min - 35 °C; 110 min - 30 °C; 125 min - 28 °C.

Under the conditions of this study, gadolinium metal in lumpy form is not flammable in accordance with EU criteria.

Flammability in contact with water

The flammability of the test material in contact with water was determined in accordance with the standardised guideline EU Method A.12 under GLP conditions. The study was awarded a reliability score of 1 in accordance with the criteria set forth by Klimisch et al. (1997).

For step 1, the test material was transferred to a trough containing high quality water. The test material was observed over a 3 minute period and a record made of any evolution of gas.No signs of gas evolution or spontaneous ignition.

For step 2, the test material was transferred to the centre of a filter paper which was floating on high quality water. The test material was observed over a 3 minute period and a record made of any evolution of gas.No signs of gas evolution or spontaneous ignition.

For step 3, a pile of the test material was formed and an indentation made in the top. A few drops of high quality water were added to the indentation. The test material was observed over a 3 minute period and a record made of any evolution of gas.No signs of gas evolution or spontaneous ignition.

For step 4, 10 g of test material was placed into a conical flask, high quality water was released from the dropping funnel into the flask and any gas evolved collected in a gas-tight syringe. The rate of evolution was recorded at hourly intervals over a 7 hour period. The test was performed at atmospheric pressure, in triplicate.No gas evolved.

Under the conditions of this study the test material has been determined to be non-hazardous as no gases were evolved in any of the four steps.

Pyrophoricity

In accordance with point 1 of Annex XI, it is considered justified to omit the testing for pyrophoric properties. Testing does not appear scientifically necessary as experience in use and experience of handling the substance indicates that it does not possess pyrophoric properties.

Justification for classification or non-classification

In accordance with the criteria for classification as defined in Annex I, Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008, the substance is classified as a flammable solid (category 1) with the hazard phrase H228: Flammable solid..