Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 946-365-8 | CAS number: -
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics:
Inhalation: Hydrocarbons, C9, aromatics, were examined for toxicity in a three-generation reproductive toxicity study. The NOAEC (inhalation) for reproductive toxicity for the P, F1, and F2 generation was ≥1500 ppm (7800 mg/m3).
Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics:
Oral: N-butylbenzene, a C10 aromatic hydrocarbon, was examined for toxicity in a two-generation reproductive toxicity study. The NOAEL was determined to be ≥300 mg/kg bw/day.
Additionally, an OECD 443 test is proposed for Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8). This endpoint will be updated subsequent to ECHA's approval of the testing proposal and availability of data upon completion of the study.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- three-generation reproductive toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1990
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Source of data is from peer reviewed literature. Acceptable well-documented study report which meets basic scientific principles. GLP.
- Justification for type of information:
- Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: Similar to OECD TG 416 (Two-Generation)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- 3 generation study
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A three generational study examining reproductive toxicity.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Crj: CD(SD)
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Portage, MI
- Age at study initiation:(P) 6 x wks; (F1) 5-7 x wks; (F2) 22 days
- Housing: Inidividually housed in wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Certified Rodent Chow No. 5002 ad libitum except during exposure
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 2-3 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Animal husbandry followed standards by the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1985) - Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- - Exposure apparatus: 16 m glass and steel chambers.
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: cages
- Source and rate of air: Air was provided by a seperate HVAC system.
- Method of conditioning air: Air was filtered for particulates and temperature and humidity controlled.
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Test atmosphere was generated by heating nitrogen to 200°C by passing it through a 1 l stainless steel cylinder with a 1500 W band heater. The nitrogen then passed through a glass column 7.6 cm diameter and 30 cm long packed with glass beads. Test material was delivered by a metering pump into Teflon tubing, to the bottom of the column. The liquid test substance vaporized as it went up the column with the nitrogen. The vapor then went into the test chambers where dilution with the chamber ventilation air produced the desired concentrations.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: Air flow rate, temperature and relative humidity were monitored every half-hour during exposure.
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: Measurements made hourly using gas-phase IR.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1/1
- Length of cohabitation: 2 weeks
- Proof of pregnancy: sperm-positive vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Concentration of the test material in the test chambers was determined by GC analysis.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Both males and females were exposed 6 hours per day 5 days/ week for 10 weeks before mating. After mating, females were exposed 6 hours/day, 7 days/week from Gestation Day (GD) 0 to GD 20. Dams were then removed to nesting boxes to deliver. Dams were again exposed from postnatal day (LD) 5 until weaning on LD 21.
- Details on study schedule:
- - F1 parental animals not mated until 10 weeks after selected from the F1 litters.
- Selection of parents from F1 generation one week after weaning.
- Age at mating of the mated animals in the study: 15-17 weeks - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 100, 500, 1500 ppm
Basis:
nominal conc. - Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 103, 495, 1480 ppm
Basis:
analytical conc. - No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 30, except for F2 generation in which 40 animals/sex/dose were selected. In the 1500 ppm F2 group all surviving animals were mated.
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Twice daily for viability and overt toxicity.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: weekly until confirmation of mating; females weighed on GD 0, 7, 14, 21, and LD 0, 7, 14, 21
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes, weekly except during mating, gestation, and lactation
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: Yes / No / No data - Litter observations:
- STANDARDISATION OF LITTERS
Litters were culled by random selection to 8 pups on LD4.
PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1/F2/F3 offspring:
Number of pups, stillbirths, live births, presence of gross anomalies was examined as soon as possible after delivery. Pups weighed individually on LD 0, 4, 7, 14. On LD21 all pups were counted, sexed, and weighed.
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
Yes, culled pups and any pups that died were necropsied for gross abnormalities. - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals were necropsied at end of mating period.
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals were necropsied following weaning.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
In control and high dose group the epididymis, lung, ovary, pituitary, prostate, seminal vesicle, testis, uterus, vagina, lymph nodes were examined. Masses and gross lesions were examined from all groups.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
Epididymis, lung, ovary, testis, prostate/seminal vesicle, uterus/vagina - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The F1/F2 offspring not selected as parental animals were sacrificed at 8 days of age. F3 offspring were sacrificed at LD21.
GROSS NECROPSY
Culled pups and any pups that died were necropsied for gross abnormalities.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGTHS
F1/F2 offspring were examined the same as parental animals. - Statistics:
- Fertility indices and female/male ratio was analysed using Chi-square test criterion with Yate's correction. Proportions of litters with malformations were compared using Fisher's exact probability test. Proportions of resorbed fetuses, implantation losses, and pup survival were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Mean number of liveborn pups/litter and pup weight were compared using analysis of variance and appropriate t-tests. Other parameters were compared using analysis of variance, appropriate t-test, and Dunnett's multiple comparison tables.
- Reproductive indices:
- female mating index: number pregnant females/number of females mated
female conception index: number females delivering live litter/number pregnant females
female gestational index: number of females delivering live litter/number females delivering a litter
male fertility index: number of fertile males/number of males mated
Cohabitation time: average number male/female cohabitation days litter size at birth - Offspring viability indices:
- Gestational survival index: number pups live born/number of pups born
Postnatal survival index (4-day): number pups alive at LD4/number of liveborn pups
Postnatal survival index (21-day): number pups alive at LD21/number of liveborn pups - Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- no effects observed
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- >= 1 500 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: 7800 mg/m3; If maternal exposure ceased before gestation day 20, there were no negative effects on the offspring.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Generation: offspring of all generations (migrated information)
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Effect level:
- 1 500 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: 7800 mg/m3; Reduced body weight in offspring was noted if maternal exposure was continued until delivery.
- Remarks on result:
- other: Generation: offspring of all generations (migrated information)
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Sexual maturation:
- no effects observed
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- no effects observed
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- >= 1 500 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: 7800 mg/m3; If maternal exposure ceased before gestation day 20, there were no negative effects on the offspring.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Generation:
- F2
- Effect level:
- >= 1 500 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: 7800 mg/m3; If maternal exposure ceased before gestation day 20, there were no negative effects on the offspring.
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Key result
- Reproductive effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The test substance NOAEC for fertility effects is 1500 ppm for male and female rats.
- Executive summary:
This study was conducted to determine the reproductive toxicity of high flash aromatic naphtha. 30 rats of each sex (F0 generation) were exposed via inhalation to 100, 500, or 1500 ppm of high flash aromatic naphtha for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Rats were then mated, and females confirmed mated were then exposed for 6 hrs/day during gestation days 0 to 20. Dams were not exposed during delivery, but exposure was reinitiated on postnatal day 5 and continued through postnatal day 21 (weaning). This F1 generation was then exposed for 10 weeks starting at 5 to 7 weeks of age, then mated to produce the F2 generation. The F2 generation was treated similarly to the F1 generation, except they were exposed immediately after weaning to produce the F3 generation. Under these conditions, reduced survival and body weight gains were observed in the offspring of the high exposure group. Although this was evidence of a toxic effect at the highest dose tested, there were no reproductive effects.
Fertility indices were calculated for all parental generations (F0, F1, and F2), female mating index, female conception index, female gestation index, male fertility index, cohabitation time, and litter size at birth. The gestational survival and postnatal survival indexes of the F1, F2, and F3 generations were also calculated. The results of the fertility study show no exposure related adverse effects to fertility in either male or female rats, therefore the NOAEC for fertility is 1500 ppm for high flash aromatic naphtha.
- Endpoint:
- extended one-generation reproductive toxicity - with developmental neurotoxicity (Cohorts 1A, 1B without extension, 2A and 2B)
- Type of information:
- experimental study planned
- Study period:
- Will be completed in the timescale as indicated in the ECHA decision letter.
- Justification for type of information:
- This testing proposal has been presented in the lead registrant dossier for this substance submitted to ECHA in 2019. This is a source dossier where the overall approach should be seen in the context of a category of 108 different substances, where the substances are hydrocarbon solvents covering a carbon number range of C5-C20, based on alkane constituents and a range from approximately C8-C18 for aromatic constituents. The basis for this test proposal is set out in detail in the document ‘Hydrocarbon Solvents Test Proposals, Test Plans and Read-Across Strategy for Human Health Endpoints’, which is attached to this endpoint study record and in Section 13.2 of the IUCLID dossier.
TESTING PROPOSAL ON VERTEBRATE ANIMALS
NON-CONFIDENTIAL NAME OF SUBSTANCE:
- Name of the substance on which testing is proposed to be carried out : Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8)
- Name of the substance for which the testing proposal will be used [if different from tested substance] : Not different
CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE GENERAL ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEX XI OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION [please address all points below]:
- Available GLP studies : There are no OECD Guideline 443 studies available on this substance to evaluate the reproductive toxicity endpoint.
- Available non-GLP studies : There are no ‘non-GLP’ studies available for this substance to evaluate the reproductive toxicity endpoint.
- Historical human data: No human data exist for this substance to evaluate reproductive toxicity hazard.
- (Q)SAR : There are no recognised (Q)SAR methods available for reliable prediction of reproductive toxicity.
- In vitro methods : There are no in vitro methods currently accepted by Regulatory Authorities for the reliable prediction of reproductive toxicity.
- Weight of evidence : Currently there are insufficient data available to develop a robust weight of evidence approach for reproductive toxicity.
- Grouping and read-across : This test proposal maybe used to help develop a category approach for a wider range of hydrocarbons.
- Substance-tailored exposure driven testing [if applicable] : Insufficient data available
- Approaches in addition to above [if applicable]: None applicable
- Other reasons [if applicable] : None identified
CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE SPECIFIC ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEXES VI TO X (AND COLUMN 2 THEREOF) OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION:
- There are no specific adaptions for this endpoint
FURTHER INFORMATION ON TESTING PROPOSAL IN ADDITION TO INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE MATERIALS AND METHODS SECTION:
- Details on study design / methodology proposed [if relevant]: Please see 'Justifications for study design' for further information. - Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 443 (Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Justification for study design:
- SPECIFICATION OF STUDY DESIGN FOR EXTENDED ONE-GENERATION REPRODUCTION TOXICITY STUDY WITH JUSTIFICATIONS:
Please refer to the Section 'any other information on material and methods incl. tables' for additional information - Species:
- rat
- Sex:
- male/female
- Route of administration:
- oral: feed
Referenceopen allclose all
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
All males survived with minimal signs of toxicity. 7 females in the 1500 ppm group died.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Body weight gain of P males and females was significantly reduced in the 500 ppm and 1500 ppm groups. Food consumption was reduced in the 1500 ppm group in the first week.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
There were no significant differences in number of mated females, number of females delivering a litter, number of females delivering a live litter, or male fertility. The mean number of live births per litter were not significantly reduced. Length of time for mating was not significantly different from controls.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
There were no significant pathological findings in the reproductive organs in any group of animals in any generation in any dose group.
F1
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
In the 1500 ppm group ataxia and reduced motor activity was observed. 6 females in this group also died.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Mean body weights of 1500 ppm group, and males in the 500 ppm group were significantly less than control groups. Food consumption was normal.
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Length of time for mating was increased, but not significantly. Male fertility was reduced, however, as this effect was not seen in the first and third generations, this is not considered to be exposure related.
F2
CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Most of the animals (36/40 males and 34/40 females) in the high exposure group (1500 ppm) died within the first week.
BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
Body weight gain of high exposure males and females were severely below control (up to 40%). Body weights in the 500 ppm and 100 ppm exposure groups were mildly depressed (10%). Food consumption was similar for all groups.
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
No significant differences through the lactation period.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
No significant difference in body weights or birth weight, except for pups from the 1500 ppm group at LD7 through weaning.
F2
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
Mean birth weight in the 1500 ppm group was reduced, but not significantly. The mean number of live offspring/litter, and number live-born/number delivered was significantly reduced in this group. This was most likely due to litters from dams which had not been confirmed to have mated. These unconfirmed dams were exposed until delivery, whereas the other dams were not exposed after GD20. The birth weights from these litters were not significantly reduced.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
Mean body weights in the 1500 ppm group after LD7 were significantly reduced.
F3
VIABILITY (OFFSPRING)
There were no apparent effects on mating, fertility, mean number of live births, and survival through lactation period.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
Mean weight of the offspring in the high exposure group was significantly reduced at birth. This may have been the result of the small sizes of the dams. If maternal exposure was ceased, the body weight gain became normal, but if reinitiated, the body weights were again reduced.
Significant Effects of Exposure to High Flash Aromatic Naptha (SD)
Male Fertility Index |
F0 |
F1 |
F2 |
0 |
86.7 (30) |
89.7 (30) |
93.3 (30) |
100 |
96.7 (30) |
86.7 (30) |
83.3 (30) |
500 |
83.3 (30) |
93.3 (30) |
80.0 (30) |
1500 |
84.6 (26) |
64.3 (28) |
100 (4) |
Litter Size at Birth |
F0 |
F1 |
F2 |
0 |
12.1 ± 3.4 |
12.4 ± 2.0 |
12.6 ± 2.7 |
100 |
12.9 ± 1.5 |
11.1 ± 2.9 |
11.8 ± 2.3 |
500 |
12.2 ± 3.1 |
11.7 ± 3.0 |
11.4 ± 2.1 |
1500 |
11.3 ± 3.0 |
8.7 ± 4.3 |
12.2 ± 1.3 |
Gestational Survival Index |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
0 |
95.9 (366) |
97.4 (383) |
97.7 (361) |
100 |
97.9 (382) |
95.4 (280) |
98.2 (335) |
500 |
94.9 (333) |
91.6 (371) |
98.5 (325) |
1500 |
92.8 (279) |
85.1 (215) |
100 (73) |
Gestational Survival Index Among Rats in the F2 Generation
Concentration |
Total % (SD) |
Prolonged Exposure (%) SD |
Exposure Stopped on GD20 (%) SD |
0 |
97.4 (383) |
91.9 (74) |
98.7 (309) |
100 |
95.4 (280) |
91.7 (96) |
97.2 (184) |
500 |
91.6 (371) |
30.8 (13) |
93.8 (358) |
1500 |
85.1 (215) |
63.0 (54) |
92.5 (161) |
Body Weights of Pups
Concentration (ppm) |
F1 |
F2 |
F3 |
|
Day 0 |
||
0 |
6.1± 0.5 |
6.0 ±0.5 |
6.0 ±0.5 |
100 |
6.2 ±0.5 |
6.1 ±0.5 |
6.0 ±0.4 |
500 |
6.5 ±0.6 |
6.0± 0.5 |
6.1 ±0.6 |
1500 |
6.1± 1.0 |
5.7 ±0.7 |
5.7 ±0.2 |
|
Day 4 |
||
0 |
9.7 ±0.9 |
9.5 ±1.4 |
9.7 ±1.1 |
100 |
9.8 ±0.6 |
10.0± 1.2 |
10.0 ±0.7 |
500 |
10.1 ±1.0 |
9.9 ±1.0 |
9.8 ±1.0 |
1500 |
9.2 ±1.3 |
9.3 ±1.0 |
9.2 ±0.6 |
|
Day 7 |
||
0 |
13.7 ±1.3 |
13.3 ±1.8 |
14.0±2.0 |
100 |
13.2 ±1.1 |
13.3 ±1.6 |
14.1 ±1.2 |
500 |
14.0 ±1.7 |
13.5 ±1.4 |
13.4 ±1.5 |
1500 |
12.0 ±1.8 |
11.7 ±1.3 |
12.0 ±1.0 |
|
Day 14 |
||
0 |
24.9± 2.7 |
24.3 ±2.5 |
26.2± 4.0 |
100 |
23.2 ±1.8 |
23.5 ±2.8 |
25.6 ±1.9 |
500 |
23.9 ±2.4 |
23.7 ±2.7 |
23.2 ±2.7 |
1500 |
19.6 ±2.7 |
19.3 ±1.8 |
20.8 ±1.3 |
|
Day 21 Male Body Weights |
||
0 |
39.5 ±5.1 |
40.9 ±5.5 |
42.9 ±7.6 |
100 |
37.2 ±5.9 |
39.3 ±5.5 |
42.7 ±3.8 |
500 |
40.0 ±4.9 |
39.7 ±5.6 |
38.7± 5.1 |
1500 |
29.9 ±3.6 |
30.4 ±4.2 |
32.8 ±3.0 |
|
Day 21 Female Body Weights |
||
0 |
38.0 ±5.0 |
39.6 ±5.1 |
41.4 ±6.2 |
100 |
35.7 ±5.7 |
37.9 ±4.8 |
41.2 ±3.6 |
500 |
38.0 ±5.0 |
38.6 ±5.5 |
37.2 ±4.8 |
1500 |
29.4 ±4.3 |
29.1 ±4.2 |
31.8 ±3.6 |
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 300 mg/kg bw/day
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- One supporting oral read across study from a structural analogue available for assessment.
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- 7 800 mg/m³
- Study duration:
- subchronic
- Experimental exposure time per week (hours/week):
- 30
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- One key inhalation read across study from a structural analogue available for assessment.
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
Hydrocarbons, C9, aromatics
A key study was conducted to determine the reproductive toxicity of high flash aromatic naphtha (McKee et al., 1990). 30 rats of each sex(F0 generation) were exposed via inhalation to 100, 500, or 1500 ppm of high flash aromatic naphtha for 6 hrs/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks. Rats were then mated, and females confirmed mated were then exposed for 6 hrs/day during gestation days 0 to 20. Dams were not exposed during delivery, but exposure was reinitiated on postnatal day 5 and continued through postnatal day 21 (weaning). This F1 generation was then exposed for 10 weeks starting at 5 to 7 weeks of age, then mated to produce the F2 generation. The F2 generation was treated similarly to the F1 generation, except they were exposed immediately after weaning to produce the F3 generation. Under these conditions, reduced survival and body weight gains were observed in the offspring of the high exposure group. Although this was evidence of a toxic effect at the highest dose tested, there were no reproductive effects.
Fertility indices were calculated for all parental generations (F0, F1, and F2), female mating index, female conception index, female gestation index, male fertility index, cohabitation time, and litter size at birth. The gestational survival and postnatal survival indexes of the F1, F2, and F3 generations were also calculated. The results of the fertility study show no exposure related adverse effects to fertility in either male or female rats, therefore the NOAEC for fertility is 1500 ppm (7800 mg/m3) for high flash aromatic naphtha.
Hydrocarbons, C10, aromatics (N-Butyl Benzene)
N-butylbenzene (n-BB) was administered orally by gavage at dose levels of 0, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day to groups of Crj: CD (SD)IGS rats (24 males and 24 females per group) over 2 generations, and the effects on fertility of the parental animals and development/growth of the offspring were investigated (Izumi, 2005).
In the F0 and F1 parental animals, n-BB at the doses of 30 mg/kg/day and above increased the liver weights, and the doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg/day increased the kidney weights and caused histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. Moreover, the dose of 300 mg/kg/day also increase adrenal gland weights and there was a tendency for inhibition of body weight gain. With respect to effects on fertility, no significant findings were noted in the F0 parental males and females. Furthermore, it was concluded that n-BB did not induce serious reproductive toxicity in the F1 parental animals and no effects on the endocrine system were observed.
It was concluded that n-butylbenzene did not induce reproductive toxicity in the F1 parental animals and no effects on the endocrine system were observed. Therefore, the NOAEL was determined to be ≥300 mg/Kg bw/day. Based on this study, C10-C12 Aromatic Hydrocarbons, are not expected to be reproductive toxicants.
Additionally, an OECD 443 test is proposed for Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8). This endpoint will be updated subsequent to ECHA's approval of the testing proposal and availability of data upon completion of the study.
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics:
Developmental (inhalation) NOAEC = 100 ppm
Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics:
Developmental (oral) NOAEL >450 mg/kg/day (Rat)
Developmental (oral) NOAEL >120 mg/Kg/day (Rabbit)
Additionally, OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity) rodent and non-rodent species tests are proposed for Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8). This endpoint will be updated subsequent to ECHA's approval of the testing proposals and availability of data upon completion of the studies.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 1991/05/07-1991/06/12
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: According to OECD Guideline 414.
- Justification for type of information:
- Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 83-3 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
Sex: Male (50), Female (100)
Weight (Female): 242 - 340 g (day 0)
Age at study initiation: Approximately 10-11 weeks
Housing: Individually
Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Certified Rodent 5002 Chow, ad libitum
Water (e.g. ad libitum): Automatic watering system, ad libitum
Acclimation period: 21d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Temperature (°F): 68-76
Humidity (%): 40-70%
Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 15. Dose levels were based on the most recent body weights. Doses were administered at 0, 75, 150, and 450 mg/kg and dose volumes were 5 ml/kg for all groups.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- gas chromatography verification
- Details on mating procedure:
- Females were placed in males’ cages in a 1:1 ratio based on sequential ID numbers. Mating was confirmed the following morning by observation of a copulatory plug or by the presence of sperm in a vaginal rinse. The day mating was confirmed was the female’s day 0 of gestation (GD 0). After confirmed mating, the female was returned to her own cage and a new female was placed into the male’s cage until the required number of mated females was obtained by continuous cohabitation.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 15. Dose levels were based on the most recent body weights. Doses were administered at 0, 75, 150, and 450 mg/kg and dose volumes were 5 ml/kg for all groups.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 15.
- Duration of test:
- 21 days
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg
- Dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg
- Dose / conc.:
- 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Male (50), Female (100) total; 25 Females per dose
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- PARAMETERS Analyzed for Statistical Differences
- mean body weight and gravid uterine weight of pregnant animals
- mean body weight change of pregnant animals
- mean food consumption of pregnant animals
- mean number of corpora lutea per dam
- mean number of implantations per dam
- mean number of resorptions per dam
- mean number of live fetuses per litter
- mean number of live male fetuses per litter
- mean number of live female fetuses per litter
- mean number of dead fetuses per litter
- mean number of malformed fetuses per litter
- mean number of affected (resorbed, dead or malformed) offspring per litter
- mean number of fetuses with developmental variations per litter
Live fetuses as fraction of implants, dead fetuses as fraction of implants, and resorptions as fraction of implants, were calculated for each litter. Fractions were transformed by Cochran’s transformation followed by the arc sine transformation. The raw fractions and the transformed fractions were tested for statistical significance. Transformed percentages (with statistical analyses) were not presented in the report since statistical significance was not found. - Maternal examinations:
- All females were examined by a gross necropsy.
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- Uterine weight with ovaries attached was measured at necropsy. Uterine contents were examined and the numbers and locations of implantation sites, early and late resorptions, live, dead, and externally malformed fetuses were recorded. Corpora lutea were counted and recorded. The uteri of all apparently non-pregnant dams were stained to confirm pregnancy status.
- Fetal examinations:
- Each live fetus was weighed and examined externally for gross malformations, including cleft palate. All live fetuses were euthanized by intramuscular injection into the tongue with sodium pentobarbital prior to internal examination. The sex of each live fetus was determined by external examination and confirmed internally only on those fetuses receiving visceral examinations.
Approximately one-half of the fetuses of each litter were decapitated. These heads were preserved in Bouin’s solution for at least two weeks. Free-hand razor blade sections of the heads were examined for the presence of abnormalities. The viscera of all decapitated fetuses were also examined by fresh dissection. The remaining fetuses were eviscerated, processed for skeletal staining with Alizarin red, and examined for the presence of malformations and ossification variations. Representative malformations were photographed. - Statistics:
- STATISTICAL METHODS (see "Further details on study design" field for parameters measured)
Bartlett’s test of homogeneity of variance was used to determine if the groups had equivalent variances at the 1% level of significance.
1. If the variances were equivalent, the hypothesis that there was no difference in response between the groups was tested using a one-way ANOVA, and if it was significant, Dunnett’s test was performed to determine which treatment groups differed from the control. A linear regression to test for a dose response was also performed and tested for lack of fit to the regression.
2. If the variances were not equivalent, then a Kruskal-Wallis (non-parametric) test was performed to determine if the treatment effects were equivalent. If there was a difference, a rank sum comparison was used to determine which treatment groups differed from the control. Jonckheere’s test for ordered response was also performed.
The following were calculated and analyzed for statistical significance:
- incidences of individual and total malformations
- incidences of individual and total variations
A standard chi square analysis was performed to determine if the proportion of incidences differed between the groups tested. Each group was then compared to each control group using a 2 x 2 Fisher Exact test. Armitage’s test for linear trend in the dosage groups was performed. - Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
CLINICAL IN-LIFE OBSERVATIONS
Low incidences of alopecia, urine staining, nasal discharge, red material around snout, dry rales, swollen area, soft stool, and mal-occluded or broken incisors were observed intermittently throughout the groups and considered incidental and unrelated to treatment. All animals survived to the scheduled cesarean sections on 21G. One animal in each of the low and high dose groups, and three animals in the mid-dose group were not pregnant.
BODY WEIGHTS
There were no significant differences in mean body weight at any interval between treated groups and controls. However, there was a noted body weight gain suppression observed in the treated groups when compared to controls, with the high dose group demonstrating a statistically significant change (GD 6-15). Overall body weight differences were not significant (GD 0-21).
FOOD CONSUMPTION
A significant decrease in mean maternal food consumption was observed in the high dose group at the GD 6-9 interval when compared with controls. Overall (GD 0-21) there were no significant changes observed in any of the treated groups when compared to the control group.
ORGAN WEIGHT
No significant changes.
MATERNAL NECROPSY OBSERVATIONS
The incidental findings observed at necropsy were not attributed to the treatment.
UTERINE IMPLANTATION DATA
There were no statistical differences between treated and control animals for any uterine implantation parameter. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
FETAL BODY WEIGHTS
There were no statistical differences between treated and control groups.
FETAL VARIATIONS AND MALFORMATIONS
There were no statistical differences in the incidences of fetal variations or malformations were observed in treated groups when compared with controls on either a per fetus or per litter basis. Visceral variations were observed in all groups included dilated renal pelvis and distended and/or convoluted ureters. Umbilical artery and/or vein on the left side of the urinary bladder were observed in one fetus in the control group and in two fetuses from two litters in the mid-dose group. No innominate artery was observed in two fetuses from one litter in the low dose group. Skeletal variations were observed throughout the groups and consisted primarily of hypoplastic or misshapen elements of the skull, sternebrae, vertebrae, or ribs. These findings are common in gestation day 21 rat fetuses and the incidence or severities were not considered treatment-related.
The majority of malformations were observed in a single instance in the low and high dose as well as additional malformations in control animals. External malformations included cleft palate, low set ears, anury, and anal atresia. Visceral malformations were also correlative to those fetuses with external malformations. Skeletal malformations were observed throughout the dose groups and consisted primarily of single instances of malformed or fused skull bones, agenesis of the ribs, vertebral arches or centra, and duplicates or extra bones of the hind paw. All malformations were considered spurious and unrelated to treatment.
FETAL SKELETAL OSSIFICATION SITES
There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean number of ossification sites in the proximal phalanges of the hindpaw in the high dose group. However, the number falls within the normal range of 0-3 and the decrease in the high dose group was not considered biologically significant. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Developmental Toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The maternal NOAEL was determined to be 150 mg/Kg and a developmental NOAEL was determined to be greater than 450 mg/Kg. MRD-90-884 was not teratogenic under the conditions of this study and would not warrant classification under either the EU GHS or the EU Requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.
- Executive summary:
The objective of this study was to determine the teratogenic potential of MRD-90-884 when administered to pregnant rats during gestational day (GD) 6 through GD 15. The test material was administered by oral gavage at doses of 75, 150, and 450 mg/Kg at a volume of 5 mL/Kg.
There were no treatment-related clinical in-life observations or any observable abnormalities in the dams for any dose group. All animals survived to scheduled cesarean sections on GD 21. There were no significant differences between treated and control animals for any uterine implantation parameter. Mean fetal body weights for treated groups were comparable to control groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of total or individual variations or malformations when analyzed on either a fetus or litter basis.
The maternal NOAEL was established as 150 mg/Kg and a developmental NOAEL was established as greater than 450 mg/Kg. MRD-90-884 was not teratogenic under the conditions of this study and would not warrant classification under either the EU GHS or the EU requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 83-3 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- New Zealand White
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
Source: Hazelton Research Products, Inc., Denver, PA
Sex: Female
Weight (Female): 2830-4230 g (day 0)
Age at study initiation: Approximately 6.5 months
Housing: Individually
Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Certified Rabbit 5322 Chow, ad libitum
Water (e.g. ad libitum): Deionized/filtered water
Acclimation period: 14d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Temperature (°F): 66
Humidity (%): 43-73% in first replicate and 50-75% second replicate
Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Remarks:
- Mazola
- Details on exposure:
- Time-mated rabbits were administered naphthalene (20, 80 or 120 mg/kg) or vehicle by gavage in a volume of 2 ml/kg body weight from gestation days (GD) 6-19.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- gas chromatography verification
- Details on mating procedure:
- After a fourteen day quarantine period, females were artificially inseminated. The day of insemination was designated as gestational day (GD) 0.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 19. Dose levels were based on the most recent body weights. Doses were administered at 0, 20, 80, and 120 mg/kg and dose volumes were 2 ml/kg body weight for all groups.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 19.
- Duration of test:
- 31 days
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 2 ml/kg body weight
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 2 ml/kg body weight
- Dose / conc.:
- 80 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 2 ml/kg body weight
- Dose / conc.:
- 120 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 2 ml/kg body weight
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25-27 pregnant females per dose
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- The study was performed in two replicates with 2 consecutive breeding dates in each replicate. The last breeding date for the first replicate and the first breeding date of the second replicate were 54 days apart.
- Maternal examinations:
- Time-mated does were weighed on the mornings of GD 0, 6 through 19, 25 and 30. Food was weighed on GD 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 30. Animals were observed daily, before (GD 0-5) and after (GD 20-30) the dosing period, for clinical signs of toxicity. During the dosing period, the does were observed before and at least once after dosing.
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- Maternal body, liver and intact uterus were weighed and corpora lutea counted. Uterine contents were examiend to determine the number of implantation sites, resorptions, dead fetuses and live fetuses. Uteri which had no visible implantation sites were stained with ammonium sulfide (10%) to detect very early resorptions.
- Fetal examinations:
- Live fetuses were dissected from the uterus and anesthesized with sodium pentobarbital. They were weighed, examined for external morphological abnormalities and dissected for visceral examination by a fresh tissue dissection technique. Half of the fetuses were decapitated prior to dissection; the heads were fixed in Bouin's solution and then examined by a free-hand sectioning technique. All fetal carcases were stained with alcian blue/alizarin red S and examined for skeletal malformations.
- Statistics:
- STATISTICAL METHODS
General linear Models (GLM) procedures, were applied for the analyses of variance (ANOVA) of maternal and fetal parameters . Prior to GLM analysis, an arcsine-square root transformation was performed on all litter-derived percentage data and Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance was
performed on all data to be analyzed by ANOYA . GLM analysis determined the significance of dose-response relationships and the significance
of dose effects, replicate effects and dose x replicate interactions. When ANOVA revealed a significant (p - Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
Details on maternal toxic effects:
CLINICAL IN-LIFE OBSERVATIONS
There were no naphthalene-related maternal deaths during the study. Consistent treatment-related signs of clinical toxicity were not seen, Diarrhea was common during the dosing period but was comparable in control and treated groups. The effect was thus assumed to be related to the use of corn oil as vehicle.
BODY WEIGHTS
Maternal body weight before, during and after the treatment period was not significantly affected by naphthalene treatment. Maternal weight gain, during the dosing period, displayed a dose dependent decreasing trend. However the actual magnitude of the changes was small. Weight changes of +0.5% (20 mg/kg) to -2.5% (120 mg/kg) of pre-dosing maternal body weight, as compared to 1.3% weight gain in the control group, was observed.
FOOD CONSUMPTION
MAternal relative food consumption did not show any treatment-related changes, except for a significant transient elevation in the 120 mg/kg dose group on GD 19-25.
ORGAN WEIGHT
Gravid uterine and absolute and/or relative maternal liver weights were unaffected by treatment.
MATERNAL NECROPSY OBSERVATIONS
The incidental findings observed at necropsy were not attributed to the treatment.
UTERINE IMPLANTATION DATA
There were no statistical differences between treated and control animals for any uterine implantation parameter. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 120 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 120 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Results of the uterine examination revealed that the number of corpora lutea per doe and the number of implantation sites per litter in the naphthalene-treated animals were within 101%-108% of control values. No consistent effect of dose was seen for the percent preimplantation loss or the percent resorptions per litter. Likewise. the percent litters with adversely affected implants was comparable to control values. The number of live fetuses per litter and the average fetal body weight (male or female) in the naphthalene groups were also similar to controls. The overall incidence of malformations in males was 2.7%. 4.4%. 2.7%. and 0.0% in the control, 20, 80, and 120 mg/kg/day naphthalene groups, respectively. Naphthalene did not affect the incidence of variations (either sex) on either a per fetus or a per litter basis. Likewise, the number of fetuses or litters with defects (one or more malformation or variation) was unaffected by naphthalene administration. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 120 mg/kg bw/day
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Developmental Toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Maternal and fetal NOAEL were greater than highest dose tested. Naphthalene was not teratogenic under the conditions of this study and would not warrant classification under either the EU GHS or the EU Requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.
- Executive summary:
The objective of this study was to determine the teratogenic potential of naphthalene when administered to pregnant rabbits during gestational day (GD) 6 through GD 19. The test material was administered by oral gavage at doses of 20, 80, and 120 mgKg at a volume of 2 mL/Kg.
No statistically significant maternal or fetal effects were reported in the study.
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 83-3 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
Source: Charles River Laboratories, Inc. Raleigh, NC
Sex: Female
Weight (Female): 209-271 g (day 0)
Age at study initiation: Approximately 9-11 weeks
Housing: Individually
Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Ground Purina Certified Rodent 5002 Chow, ad libitum
Water (e.g. ad libitum): Deionized/filtered water
Acclimation period: 7d
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Temperature (°F): 69-75
Humidity (%): 49-60% in first replicate and 44-63% second replicate
Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Remarks:
- Mazola
- Details on exposure:
- Time-mated rats were administered naphthalene (50, 150 or 450 mg/kg) or vehicle by gavage in a volume of 5 ml/kg body weight from gestation days (GD) 6-15.
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- gas chromatography verification
- Details on mating procedure:
- Individual breeding pairs were cohabited overnight. On the following morning, females were examined for the presence of sperm by vaginal smear. the day of sperm detection was designated as gestational day (GD) 0.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 15. Dose levels were based on the most recent body weights. Doses were administered at 0, 50, 150, and 450 mg/kg and dose volumes were 5 ml/kg body weight for all groups.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Mated females were dosed once daily by oral gavage from GD 6 through GD 15.
- Duration of test:
- 21 days
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg body weight
- Dose / conc.:
- 50 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg body weight
- Dose / conc.:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg body weight
- Dose / conc.:
- 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Remarks:
- dose volumes were 5 mL/Kg body weight
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 25-26 pregnant females per dose
- Control animals:
- yes
- Maternal examinations:
- Time-mated females were weighed on the mornings of GD 0, 3, 6 through 15, 18 and 20. Food and water measurements were taken on GD 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20. Animals were observed before dosing (GD 0-5_ and daily during (GD 6-15) and after (GD 16-20) dosing for clinical signs of toxicity. Rats were terminated with excess CO2 followed by cervical dislocation on GD 20.
- Ovaries and uterine content:
- Maternal body, liver and intact uterus were weighed and corpora lutea counted. Uterine contents were examined to determine the number of implantation sites, resorptions, dead fetuses and live fetuses. Uteri which had no visible implantation sites were stained with ammonium sulfide (10%) to detect very early resorptions.
- Fetal examinations:
- Live fetuses were dissected from the uterus and anesthesized on ice. They were weighed, examined for external morphological abnormalities and dissected for visceral examination by a fresh tissue dissection technique. Half of the fetuses were decapitated prior to dissection; the heads were fixed in Bouin's solution and then examined by a free-hand sectioning technique. All fetal carcases were stained with alcian blue/alizarin red S and examined for skeletal malformations.
- Statistics:
- STATISTICAL METHODS
General linear Models (GLM) procedures, were applied for the analyses of variance (ANOVA) of maternal and fetal parameters . Prior to GLM analysis, an arcsine-square root transformation was performed on all litter-derived percentage data and Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance was
performed on all data to be analyzed by ANOYA . GLM analysis determined the significance of dose-response relationships and the significance
of dose effects, replicate effects and dose x replicate interactions. When ANOVA revealed a significant (p - Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
CLINICAL IN-LIFE OBSERVATIONS
Lethargy, slow breathing and prone body posture were the most common clinical signs during the first five days of dosing, with the incidence of these effects showing a marked dose-dependence. There was a trend towards diminishing clinical signs with prolonged exposure, evidence that the dams acquired tolerance to these effects. An increased incidence of rooting behaviour (typical wigh exposure to a substance with noxious odor or local irritant) was noted as dosing progressed, primarily in the mid and high dose groups.
BODY WEIGHTS
Naphthalene caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in maternal body weight and body weight gain; the effect confined to the two highest dose groups. Maternal body weights in the two highest dose groups remained consistently below control values (6-12%) throughout dosing and trend persisted until sacrifice on GD 20.
FOOD CONSUMPTION
Maternal food and water consumption was reduced in the two highest dose groups. However, by GD 9-12, food consumption in the two groups had returned to control levels. A significant elevation in food consumption was noted on GD 18-20 in the high dose group.
ORGAN WEIGHT
No significant changes.
MATERNAL NECROPSY OBSERVATIONS
The incidental findings observed at necropsy were not attributed to the treatment.
UTERINE IMPLANTATION DATA
There were no statistical differences between treated and control animals for any uterine implantation parameter. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- < 50 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: Reduced maternal body weight gain and central nervous system depression
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
FETAL BODY WEIGHTS
There were no statistical differences between treated and control groups.
FETAL VARIATIONS AND MALFORMATIONS
There were no statistical differences in the incidences of fetal variations or malformations were observed in treated groups when compared with controls on either a per fetus or per litter basis. Visceral variations were observed in all groups included dilated renal pelvis and distended and/or convoluted ureters. Umbilical artery and/or vein on the left side of the urinary bladder were observed in one fetus in the control group and in two fetuses from two litters in the mid-dose group. No innominate artery was observed in two fetuses from one litter in the low dose group. Skeletal variations were observed throughout the groups and consisted primarily of hypoplastic or misshapen elements of the skull, sternebrae, vertebrae, or ribs. These findings are common in gestation day 21 rat fetuses and the incidence or severities were not considered treatment-related.
The majority of malformations were observed in a single instance in the low and high dose as well as additional malformations in control animals. External malformations included cleft palate, low set ears, anury, and anal atresia. Visceral malformations were also correlative to those fetuses with external malformations. Skeletal malformations were observed throughout the dose groups and consisted primarily of single instances of malformed or fused skull bones, agenesis of the ribs, vertebral arches or centra, and duplicates or extra bones of the hind paw. All malformations were considered spurious and unrelated to treatment.
FETAL SKELETAL OSSIFICATION SITES
There was a statistically significant decrease in the mean number of ossification sites in the proximal phalanges of the hindpaw in the high dose group. However, the number falls within the normal range of 0-3 and the decrease in the high dose group was not considered biologically significant. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Developmental Toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- The maternal NOAEL was determined to be <50 mg/Kg as a result of decreased maternal body weight at termination of study (150 and 450 mg/Kg) and evidence for CNS depression at all doses. There were no statistically significant fetal effects and fetal NOAEL was determined to be greater than 450 mg/Kg. Naphthalene was not teratogenic under the conditions of this study and would not warrant classification under either the EU GHS or the EU Requirements for dangerous substances and preparations guidelines.
- Executive summary:
The objective of this study was to determine the teratogenic potential of naphthalene when administered to pregnant rats during gestational day (GD) 6 through GD 15. The test material was administered by oral gavage at doses of 50, 150, and 450 mg/Kg at a volume of 5 mL/Kg.
Clinical observations in the dams were limited to body weight effects and evidence for CNS depression which improved with prolonged dosing. Two dams died during dosing. However both dams were in the 50 mg/Kg dose group and the deaths were considered unrelated to dosing.
Maternal NOAEL was established to be <50 mg/kg as a result of evidence for CNS depression. No fetal effects were found to be statistically significant to controls hence NOAEL was determined to be greater than the highest dose tested.
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Acceptable well-documented publication which meets basic scientific principles.
- Justification for type of information:
- Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Groups of 30 pregnant female mice were exposed via inhalation to 100, 500, or 1500 ppm of high flash aromatic naphtha for 6 hrs per day during gestation days 6 -15. The mice were sacrificed on gestation day 18, and examined for a variety of fetal developmental parameters including number of viable and nonviable fetuses, number of resorptions, total implantations, and number of corpea lutea. Animals were also examined for maternal toxicity signs including body weight, and changes in appearance and behaviour.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- CD-1
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Portage, MI
- Age at study initiation: 10-11 weeks
- Housing: Inidividually housed in wire mesh cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): Purina Certified Rodent Chow No. 5002 ad libitum except during exposure
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 2-3 weeks
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Animal husbandry followed standards by the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (1985) - Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Type of inhalation exposure (if applicable):
- whole body
- Details on exposure:
- GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: 16 m glass and steel chambers.
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: cages
- Source and rate of air: Air was provided by a separate HVAC system.
- Method of conditioning air: Air was filtered for particulates and temperature and humidity controlled.
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: Test atmosphere was generated by heating nitrogen to 200°C by passing it through a 1 l stainless steel cylinder with a 1500 W band heater. The nitrogen then passed through a glass column 7.6 cm diameter and 30 cm long packed with glass beads. Test material was delivered by a metering pump into Teflon tubing, to the bottom of the column. The liquid test substance vaporized as it went up the column with the nitrogen. The vapor then went into the test chambers where dilution with the chamber ventilation air produced the desired concentrations.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: Air flow rate, temperature and relative humidity were monitored every half-hour during exposure.
TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: Measurements made hourly using gas-phase IR.
- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Concentration of the test material in the test chambers was determined by GC analysis.
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 6 hours per day
- Frequency of treatment:
- gestation day (GD) 6 - 15 and GD 18
- Duration of test:
- Through GD 18.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 30 pregnant females per dose
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent no treatment
- Details on study design:
- - Rationale for animal assignment: random
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Check twice daily for viability and changes in appearance and/or behaviour.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: GD 6-15 and GD18
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: GD 0 and GD6-18
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day #: 18
- Organs examined: Lung, liver, kidney, uteri
OTHER: Blood samples were drawn on GD15 from the control, 500 ppm, and 1500 ppm groups and evaluated for leukocyte, erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: uterine content was examined
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: Yes
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of early resorptions: Yes
- Number of late resorptions: Yes
- Other: number of viable and non-viable fetuses - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes: all per litter were examined for weight, sex, malformations, and variations
- Soft tissue examinations: Half of the fetuses were dissected, internally sexed, and examined for internal malformations and variations. Heads were used for soft tissue examination, also hearts were dissected.
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: all per litter
- Head examinations: Yes: Heads of half the fetuses were used for soft tissue examination. - Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:yes
Details on maternal toxic effects:
At the 100 ppm level, weight gain was reduced, but not significantly different from control. No other signs of maternal toxicity were seen. In the 500 ppm group, one animal died due to an unrelated injury, another animal died due to unknown reasons. There was significantly reduced weight gain in this group. No other signs of toxicity were seen. The 1500 ppm group showed severe maternal toxicity. 14 animals at this exposure level died. Other signs of toxicity include abnormal gait, labored breathing, hunched posture, weakness, inadequate grooming, circling, and ataxia.
No differences in organ weights were noted between the groups. The hematological examination showed significant decreases in hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume in the high exposure groups. Leukocyte count was reduced in the 500 ppm group, but was not dose related. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 100 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 100 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Effect level:
- 500 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Effect level:
- 500 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Key result
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- other: Unexplained mortality of one animal, and significantly reduced weight gain.
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
Number of live fetuses/litter was in the 100 ppm group significantly reduced, however, this effect was not dose related. The 500 ppm group showed significant reduction in fetal body weight. There was no other evidence of developmental toxicity in this group. In the 1500 ppm group there was a significant reduction in the number of live fetuses/litter, and mean fetal body weight. Postimplantation loss was significantly higher, as was the number of fetuses with cleft palate. Ossification, particularly in the skull and sternebrae, was delayed. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Effect level:
- 100 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Developmental Toxicity
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEC
- Effect level:
- 500 ppm
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Developmental Toxicity
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- The maternal and developmental toxicity NOAEC = 100 ppm. The maternal toxicity LOAEC was 500 ppm based on significant reduction in weight gain for the dams.
The development toxicity LOAEC was 500 ppm based on significant reduction in weight gain likely caused by the significant reduction in maternal body weight. - Executive summary:
This study was conducted to determine the developmental toxicity of high flash aromatic naphtha. Groups of 30 pregnant female mice were exposed via inhalation to 100, 500, or 1500 ppm of high flash aromatic naphtha for 6 hrs per day during gestation days 6 -15. The mice were sacrificed on gestation day 18, and examined for a variety of fetal developmental parameters including number of viable and nonviable fetuses, number of resorptions, total implantations, and number of corpea lutea. Animals were also examined for maternal toxicity signs including body weight, and changes in appearance and behaviour.
There was a statistically significant reduction in body weight gain in dams and reduced mean body weight for fetuses in the 500 ppm exposure group. Therefore, the maternal and developmental toxicity NOAEC = 100 ppm. The maternal toxicity LOAEC was 500 ppm based on significant reduction in weight gain for the dams.
The development toxicity LOAEC was 500 ppm based on significant reduction in weight gain likely caused by the significant reduction in maternal body weight.
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study planned
- Study period:
- Will be completed in the timescale as indicated in the ECHA decision letter.
- Justification for type of information:
- This testing proposal has been presented in the lead registrant dossier for this substance submitted to ECHA in 2019. This is a source dossier where the overall approach should be seen in the context of a category of 108 different substances, where the substances are hydrocarbon solvents covering a carbon number range of C5-C20, based on alkane constituents and a range from approximately C8-C18 for aromatic constituents. The basis for this test proposal is set out in detail in the document ‘Hydrocarbon Solvents Test Proposals, Test Plans and Read-Across Strategy for Human Health Endpoints’, which is attached to this endpoint study record and in Section 13.2 of the IUCLID dossier.
TESTING PROPOSAL ON VERTEBRATE ANIMALS
NON-CONFIDENTIAL NAME OF SUBSTANCE:
- Name of the substance on which testing is proposed to be carried out : Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8)
- Name of the substance for which the testing proposal will be used [if different from tested substance] : Not different
CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE GENERAL ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEX XI OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION [please address all points below]:
- Available GLP studies : There are no OECD Guideline 414 studies available on this substance to evaluate the developmental toxicity endpoint in both rodents and non-rodents.
- Available non-GLP studies : There are no ‘non-GLP’ studies available for this substance to evaluate the developmental toxicity endpoint in both rodent and non-rodent species.
- Historical human data : - No human data exist for this substance to evaluate developmental toxicity hazard.
- (Q)SAR : There are no recognised (Q)SAR methods available for reliable prediction of developmental toxicity.
- In vitro methods : There are no in vitro methods currently accepted by Regulatory Authorities for the reliable prediction of developmental toxicity.
- Weight of evidence : Currently there are insufficient data available to develop a robust weight of evidence approach for developmental toxicity.
- Grouping and read-across : This test proposal maybe used to help develop a category approach for a wider range of hydrocarbons.
- Substance-tailored exposure driven testing [if applicable] : Insufficient data available
- Approaches in addition to above [if applicable]: None applicable
- Other reasons [if applicable] : None identified
CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE SPECIFIC ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEXES VI TO X (AND COLUMN 2 THEREOF) OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION:
- As the registration dossier is submitted above 1000 tonnes, studies in both species will be conducted.
FURTHER INFORMATION ON TESTING PROPOSAL IN ADDITION TO INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE MATERIALS AND METHODS SECTION:
- Details on study design / methodology proposed [if relevant]: See 'Materials and Methods' Section for further information. - Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Species:
- rat
- Route of administration:
- oral: unspecified
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study planned
- Study period:
- Will be completed in the timescale as indicated in the ECHA decision letter.
- Justification for type of information:
- This testing proposal has been presented in the lead registrant dossier for this substance submitted to ECHA in 2019. This is a source dossier where the overall approach should be seen in the context of a category of 108 different substances, where the substances are hydrocarbon solvents covering a carbon number range of C5-C20, based on alkane constituents and a range from approximately C8-C18 for aromatic constituents. The basis for this test proposal is set out in detail in the document ‘Hydrocarbon Solvents Test Proposals, Test Plans and Read-Across Strategy for Human Health Endpoints’, which is attached to this endpoint study record and in Section 13.2 of the IUCLID dossier.
TESTING PROPOSAL ON VERTEBRATE ANIMALS
NON-CONFIDENTIAL NAME OF SUBSTANCE:
- Name of the substance on which testing is proposed to be carried out : Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8)
- Name of the substance for which the testing proposal will be used [if different from tested substance] : Not different
CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE GENERAL ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEX XI OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION [please address all points below]:
- Available GLP studies : There are no OECD Guideline 414 studies available on this substance to evaluate the developmental toxicity endpoint in both rodents and non-rodents.
- Available non-GLP studies : There are no ‘non-GLP’ studies available for this substance to evaluate the developmental toxicity endpoint in both rodent and non-rodent species.
- Historical human data : - No human data exist for this substance to evaluate developmental toxicity hazard.
- (Q)SAR : There are no recognised (Q)SAR methods available for reliable prediction of developmental toxicity.
- In vitro methods : There are no in vitro methods currently accepted by Regulatory Authorities for the reliable prediction of developmental toxicity.
- Weight of evidence : Currently there are insufficient data available to develop a robust weight of evidence approach for developmental toxicity.
- Grouping and read-across : This test proposal maybe used to help develop a category approach for a wider range of hydrocarbons.
- Substance-tailored exposure driven testing [if applicable] : Insufficient data available
- Approaches in addition to above [if applicable]: None applicable
- Other reasons [if applicable] : None identified
CONSIDERATIONS THAT THE SPECIFIC ADAPTATION POSSIBILITIES OF ANNEXES VI TO X (AND COLUMN 2 THEREOF) OF THE REACH REGULATION ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO GENERATE THE NECESSARY INFORMATION:
- As the registration dossier is submitted above 1000 tonnes, studies in both species will be conducted.
FURTHER INFORMATION ON TESTING PROPOSAL IN ADDITION TO INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE MATERIALS AND METHODS SECTION:
- Details on study design / methodology proposed [if relevant]: See 'Materials and Methods' Section for further information. - Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Species:
- rabbit
- Route of administration:
- oral: unspecified
Referenceopen allclose all
Control |
100 ppm |
500 ppm |
1500 ppm |
|
Number of maternal deaths |
0 |
0 |
2 |
14/32 (two replacement dams added on GD6) |
Number of litters with viable fetuses |
24 |
21 |
23 |
13 (3 litters resorptions only) |
Live fetuses/litter |
10.7 ±1.8 |
8.7 ± 4.6 |
9.3 ± 3.1 |
7.9 ± 4.3 |
Postimplantation loss/dam |
0.9 ± 0.9 |
2.3 ± 4.1 |
2.0 ± 3.1 |
4.3 ± 3.7 |
Fetal body weight (grams) |
1.25 ± 0.14 |
1.24 ± 0.08 |
1.16 ± 0.11 |
0.82 ± 0.17 |
Maternal weight gain |
23 ± 2.7 |
19 ± 8.8 |
19 ± 5.6 |
14 ± 6.8 |
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 450 mg/kg bw/day
- Species:
- rat
- Quality of whole database:
- Four key read across studies (rodents and non-rodents) from structural analogues available for assessment.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- 100 ppm
- Species:
- mouse
- Quality of whole database:
- One key read across study in mice from a structural analogue available for assessment.
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Read across data is available for Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics and the worst case scenario for each end point has been presented.
Hydrocarbons, C9, aromatics
A key study was conducted to determine the developmental toxicity of high flash aromatic naphtha. Groups of 30 pregnant female mice were exposed via inhalation to 100, 500, or 1500 ppm of high flash aromatic naphtha for 6 hrs per day during gestation days 6 -15 (McKee et al., 1990). The mice were sacrificed on gestation day 18, and examined for a variety of fetal developmental parameters including number of viable and nonviable fetuses, number of resorptions, total implantations, and number of corpea lutea. Animals were also examined for maternal toxicity signs including body weight, and changes in appearance and behaviour.
There was a statistically significant reduction in body weight gain in dams and reduced mean body weight for fetuses in the 500 ppm exposure group. Therefore, the maternal and developmental toxicity NOAEC = 100 ppm. The maternal toxicity LOAEC was 500 ppm based on significant reduction in weight gain for the dams. The development toxicity LOAEC was 500 ppm based on significant reduction in weight gain likely caused by the significant reduction in maternal body weight.
Hydrocarbons, C10, aromatics (Naphthalene)
A key study (NTP, 1992) was conducted to determine the teratogenic potential of naphthalene (a C10 aromatic substance) when administered to pregnant rabbits during gestational day (GD) 6 through GD 19. The test material was administered by oral gavage at doses of 20, 80, and 120 mg/kg at a volume of 2 mL/kg. No statistically significant maternal or fetal effects were reported in the study and the maternal and developmental NOAEL was determined to be >120 mg/kg bw/day.
A second key study (NTP, 1991) was conducted to determine the teratogenic potential of naphthalene when administered to pregnant rats during gestational day (GD) 6 through GD 15. The test material was administered by oral gavage at doses of 50, 150, and 450 mg/kg at a volume of 5 mL/kg.
Clinical observations in the dams were limited to body weight effects and evidence for CNS depression which improved with prolonged dosing. Two dams died during dosing. However both dams were in the 50 mg/Kg dose group and the deaths were considered unrelated to dosing.
The maternal NOAEL was established to be <50 mg/kg as a result of evidence for CNS depression. No fetal effects were found to be statistically significant to controls hence NOAEL was determined to be greater than the highest dose tested (>450 mg/kg bw/day).
Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, aromatics, >1% naphthalene
A key study (ExxonMobil, 1992) was conducted to determine the teratogenic potential of Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, aromatics, >1% naphthalene when administered to pregnant rats during gestational day (GD) 6 through GD 15. The test material was administered by oral gavage at doses of 75, 150, and 450 mg/kg at a volume of 5 mL/kg.
There were no treatment-related clinical in-life observations or any observable abnormalities in the dams for any dose group. All animals survived to scheduled caesarean sections on GD 21. There were no significant differences between treated and control animals for any uterine implantation parameter. Mean fetal body weights for treated groups were comparable to control groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of total or individual variations or malformations when analysed on either a fetus or litter basis.
The maternal NOAEL was established as 150 mg/kg and a developmental NOAEL was established as greater than 450 mg/kg. Hydrocarbons, C10-C13, aromatics, >1% naphthalene was not teratogenic under the conditions of this study and would not warrant classification under either the EU GHS.
Additionally, OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity) rodent and non-rodent species tests are proposed for Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8). This endpoint will be updated subsequent to ECHA's approval of the testing proposals and availability of data upon completion of the studies.
Justification for classification or non-classification
There is no data available for Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene. Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene are a combination of Hydrocarbons, C9 Aromatics and Hydrocarbons, C10-C12 Aromatics. Based on the results from read across studies, Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% Naphthalene does not warrant classification as a reproductive or developmental toxin under Regulation (EC) 1272/2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures (CLP).
Additionally, OECD Guideline 443 and 414 (rodent and non-rodent species) tests are proposed for Hydrocarbons, C9-C10, aromatics, >1% naphthalene (EC# 946-365-8). This endpoint will be updated subsequent to ECHA's approval of the testing proposals and availability of data upon completion of the studies.
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
