Formaldehyde, oligomeric reaction products with phenol

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

Short term toxicity to fish:

Study was conducted to determine median lethal concentration of test chemical. Based on the mortality of Oncorhynchus mykiss by the test chemical exposure for 48 hrs, the LC10, LC50 and LC90 was determine to be 12.5, 18.5 (Range: 15.8–21.6) and 27.2 % v/v, respectively.

Short term toxicity to aquatic invertebrate:

Study was conducted to determine median effective concentration of test chemical. Based on the mobility of Daphnia pulex by the test chemical exposure for 48 hrs, the EC10, EC50 and EC90 was determine to be 2.9, 17.2 (Range: 12.2–24.2) and 100 % v/v, respectively.

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria:

Study was conducted to determine median effective concentration of test chemical. Based on the oxygen production and consumption rates of alage Scenedesmus quadricauda by the test chemical exposure for 24 hrs, theEC10 and EC50  was determine to be 27.0 and 57.5 v/v%, respectively.

Toxicity to microorganism:

Study was conducted to determine effective concentration of test chemical. Based on the effect of test chemical on oxygen production and consumption rates of bacteria isolated from settled nontoxic municipal wastewater, the EC34 was determine to be100 v/v%.

Additional information

Short term toxicity to fish:

Based on the various experimental data for the target chemical study have been reviewed to determine the toxic nature of target chemical test material on the growth of fishes. The studies are as mentioned below: 

In the first key study from peer reviewed journal, short term toxicity of test chemical present in industrial wastewater was determine on the growth of fish. Study also involves the finding out whether the effect of pure phenol and formaldehyde to aquatic organisms was similar to that produced by the mixture of both in the wastewater. Chemical was analytically monitored. Standard sock solution were prepared in distilled water according to the standard method. Appropriate dilutions of industrial wastewater were then prepared using water from the source of the receiving stream. Juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, about 10 cm long were obtained from fish farms and acclimated to the 20°C step by step for at least one week. During this period, the rainbow trout were fed daily with commercial fish food. The aquariums were slightly aerated to prevent any harm to the fish due to the decrease in dissolved oxygen in the water, caused by the possible degradation of test chemical. The pH and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. After the exposure of 48 hrs LC50 with 95 % CI was calculated using probit analysis. Based on the mortality of Oncorhynchus mykiss by the test chemical exposure for 48 hrs, the LC10, LC50 and LC90 was determine to be 12.5, 18.5 (Range: 15.8–21.6) and 27.2 % v/v, respectively. Based on LC50 value and as chemical readily biodegradable in water thus we concluded that chemical was consider as nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

 

the second study was performed to determine the effect of test chemical present in industrial wastewater on the fish Oncorhynchus mykiss by providing the exposure period of 48 hrs. The untreated wastewater samples from a chemical industry producing test chemical were taken at the site of wastewater discharge into the river. The 24 h flow proportional wastewater samples were collected and transported to the laboratory in coolers with icepacks. The samples were stored in the dark at 4°C for analyses performed within three days, or frozen at –18°C until use. All wastewater samples were used for testing without any pre-treatment. 10 cm long Juvenile Rainbow trout were used for the test. Five concentrations and a control were tested for the conformation. After the exposure of test chemical mortality were measured by Probit analysis. Based on the mortality of Oncorhynchus mykiss by the chemical exposure for 48 hrs, the LC50 was determine to be 15.8 v/v%. Based on LC50 value and as chemical readily biodegradable in water thus we concluded that chemical was consider as nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Based on the above studies, it can be concluded that the chemical was nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Short term toxicity to aquatic invertebrate:

Based on the various experimental data for the target chemical study have been reviewed to determine the toxic nature of target chemical test material on the mobility of aquatic invertebrates. The studies are as mentioned below: 

Short term toxicity of test chemical present in industrial wastewater was determine on the mobility of aquatic invertebrates. The toxicity test of test chemical with Daphnia pulex was performed according to the OECD Standard. Toxicity to Daphnia was evaluated by determining the percentage of immobile daphnids following a 48-hr exposure period in test solution. Study also involves the finding out whether the effect of pure phenol and formaldehyde to aquatic organisms was similar to that produced by the mixture of both in the wastewater. Chemical was analytically monitored. Standard sock solution were prepared in distilled water according to the standard method. Appropriate dilutions of industrial wastewater were then prepared using water from the source of the receiving stream. <24 h old neonates were used to test toxicity of test chemical. Daphnids were cultured in 3-L aquariums and beakers were illuminated for 12 hr per day with a pair of 40 W fluorescent lamps 4500 K and a 40WSylvania lamp. During this period, they were fed with dry yeast solution and algae Scenedesmus quadricauda three times a week. The pH and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. Based on the mobility of Daphnia pulex by the test chemical exposure for 48 hrs, the EC10, EC50 and EC90 was determine to be 2.9, 17.2 (Range: 12.2–24.2) and 100 % v/v, respectively. On the basis of above effect concentration (EC50) test material was considered to be not classified for short term toxicity to aquatic invertebrate.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of test chemical present in industrial wastewater on the aquatic invertebrates Daphnia pulex by providing the exposure period of 48 hrs. The untreated wastewater samples from a chemical industry producing test chemical were taken at the site of wastewater discharge into the river. The 24 h flow proportional wastewater samples were collected and transported to the laboratory in coolers with icepacks. The samples were stored in the dark at 4°C for analyses performed within three days, or frozen at –18°C until use. All wastewater samples were used for testing without any pre-treatment. Daphnids were cultured at 21 ± 1°C in 3-L aquariums containing 2.5 L of modified M4 medium and illuminated with fluorescent lamps for 12 h per day at a light intensity of approximately 1800 lux. The test animals were exposed with different concentrations of test chemicals. After the exposure of test chemical mobility of test organism were measured by Probit analysis. Based on the mobility of Daphnia pulex by the test chemical exposure for 48 hrs. The median effect concentration (EC50) of test material on  Daphnia pulex was observed to be 17.3 v/v% (range: 13.2–22.7v/v%). Based on EC50 value and as chemical readily biodegradable in water thus we concluded that chemical was consider as nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Hence, on the basis of effect concentration of test material on daphnia we can consider that the test chemical has no toxic effect on aquatic invertebrates.

Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria:

Following different studies includes experimental study for the target chemical to observe the toxicity of test chemical to aquatic algae.

In first study, short term toxicity of test chemical present in industrial wastewater was determine on the growth rate of aquatic algae. Toxicity to algae was evaluated by measuring the oxygen production and consumption rates following exposure to the test chemical. Standard sock solution were prepared in distilled water according to the standard method. Appropriate dilutions of industrial wastewater were then prepared using water from the source of the receiving stream. The pH and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. The oxygen production and consumption rates were measured on Warburg apparatus and the effective concentrations (EC10, EC50) for algae were calculated using linear regression analysis. Study also involves the finding out whether the effect of pure phenol and formaldehyde to aquatic organisms was similar to that produced by the mixture of both in the wastewater. Chemical was analytically monitored. Test was performed on ten days old Scenedesmus quadricauda for 24 hours of exposure period. The test organism was cultured in the nutrient solution prepared according to Holm Hansen under continuous illumination (3000 lx). Continuous illumination was provided by a fluorescent lamp (40 W, 4500 K) and Sylvania (40 W) lamp. Based on the oxygen production and consumption rates of algae Scenedesmus quadricauda by the test chemical exposure for 24 hrs, the EC10 and EC50  was determine to be 27.0 and 57.5 v/v%, respectively. On the basis of EC50 value and as chemical is readily biodegradable in water, we can concluded that test chemical was consider to be nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

The aim of the second study was to determine the effect of test chemical present in industrial wastewater on the aquatic green algae by providing the exposure period of 24 hrs. Toxicity to algae was evaluated by measuring the oxygen production and consumption rates following exposure to the test chemical. The untreated wastewater samples from a chemical industry producing test chemical were taken at the site of wastewater discharge into the river. The 24 h flow proportional wastewater samples were collected and transported to the laboratory in coolers with icepacks. The samples were stored in the dark at 4°C for analyses performed within three days, or frozen at –18°C until use. All wastewater samples were used for testing without any pre-treatment. The test organisms were exposed to different concentrations of test chemicals. Based on the oxygen production and consumption rates of algae Scenedesmus quadricauda by the test chemical exposure for 24 hrs, the median effect concentration (EC50) of test material was determined to be 57.5 v/v% . On the basis of EC50 value and as chemical is readily biodegradable in water, we can concluded that test chemical was consider to be nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

On the basis of above determined EC50 values and as chemical is readily biodegradable in water, we can concluded that test chemical was consider to be nontoxic and not classified as per the CLP classification criteria.

Toxicity to microorganism:

Aim of this study was to determine the effect of test chemical on the oxygen consumption rate which was associated with the peptone degradation of mixed bacterial culture. Test chemical present in the wastewater obtain from the site of chemical manufacturing industry. Standard sock solution were prepared in distilled water according to the standard method. Appropriate dilutions of industrial wastewater were then prepared using water from the source of the receiving stream. The pH and dissolved oxygen were measured daily. The oxygen production and consumption rates were measured on Warburg apparatus and the effective concentrations (EC10, EC50) for bacteria were calculated using linear regression analysis. Study also involves the finding out whether the effect of pure phenol and formaldehyde to aquatic organisms was similar to that produced by the mixture of both in the wastewater. Mixed bacterial culture was obtained from the settled nontoxic municipal wastewater. Based on the 35 % oxygen consumption rate which was associated with the peptone degradation of mixed bacterial culture in 120 hrs by the test material, the EC35 was determined to be 100 v/v%. As chemical was readily degrade thus we concluded that chemical was consider as nontoxic.