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EC number: 292-602-7 | CAS number: 90640-80-5 A complex combination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from coal tar having an approximate distillation range of 300°C to 400°C (572°F to 752°F). Composed primarily of phenanthrene, anthracene and carbazole
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial arthropods
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to non-target arthropods (aged residue studies) (NTA other than pollinators)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study with acceptable restrictions
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Studies on the effect of soil aging on the toxicity of pyrene and phenanthrene to a soil-dwelling springtail
- Author:
- Sverdrup LE, Jensen J, Krogh PH, Stenersen J
- Year:
- 2 002
- Bibliographic source:
- Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21, 489-492
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- ISO 11267 (Inhibition of Reproduction of Collembola by Soil Pollutants)
- Version / remarks:
- Version 1999
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Toxicity tests were performed using two test materials (phenanthrene and pyrene) and four different test substrates: a) freshly spiked soil, b) soil spiked for 10 days, c) soil spiked for 40 days, d) soil spiked for 120 days
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Application method:
- soil
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenanthrene
- EC Number:
- 201-581-5
- EC Name:
- Phenanthrene
- Cas Number:
- 85-01-8
- Molecular formula:
- C14H10
- IUPAC Name:
- phenanthrene
- Test material form:
- solid
- Details on test material:
- - Substance type: organic
- for additional information see study record
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): phenanthrene
- Source of test material: Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Analyticl purity: > 96 %
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- - Concentrations: samples of 50 and 200 mg/kg soil dw (fresh spiked soil),
samples of 25 and 400 mg/kg soil dw (10-d aged soil),
samples of 100 and 400 mg/kg soil dw (40- and 120-d aged soil)
- Sampling time: soil samples (2.5 g) were taken at the start of the exposure period.
Test substrate
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- - Method of mixing into soil or dung: acetone (4 ml) with test substance was added to each container and mixed thoroughly into soil (26 g dw soil/container).
- Controls: vehicle controls (soil treated with acetone but without test material)
- Chemical name of vehicle (organic solvent, emulsifier or dispersant): acetone
- Evaporation of vehicle before use: yes (containers containing the acetone/soil preparations were left under a fume hood for 24 h)
- Volume of test solution applied: 4 ml
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- Folsomia fimetaria
- Animal group:
- Collembola (soil-dwelling springtail)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Source: Permanently cultured at the Danish National Environmental Institute (Silkeborg, Denmark)
- Age at test initiation (mean and range, SD): 23 - 26 d
- Weight at test initiation (mean and range, SD): no data
CULTURING TECHNIQUE
- Method: mass-bred in petri dishes containing dampened charcoal/plaster of Paris mixture
- Photoperiod: 12:12 h (light:dark)
- Temperature: 20 ± 1 °C
- Feed: Baker's yeast
ACCLIMATION
- not specified
Study design
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Post exposure observation period:
- no data
Test conditions
- Test temperature:
- 20 ± 1°C
- pH (if soil or dung study):
- 6.2
- Humidity:
- 50% of water holding capacity; watering during storage (aging time) and exposure period if neccessary
- Photoperiod and lighting:
- - Photoperiod: 12:12 h (light:dark)
- Light intensity: 400 - 800 lux - Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test soils: toxicity tests were conducted with freshly spiked soil and spiked soil samples aged for 10, 40, and 120 d.
- Test container (material, size): Plastic cylinder (5.5 cm high, 6 cm diameter) with 1-mm mesh in the bottom; during incubation closed at top and bottom with lids
- Amount of soil or substrate: 26 g ± 0.05 g
- No. of organisms per container (treatment): 10 males and 10 females
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 4
- No. of replicates per control: 0 (only vehicle controls)
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 4
- Feeding regime: at the start of exposure and after 7 and 14 days, the test containers were opened for feeding and water control
- Type of food: baker's yeast, no further information
- Amount of food: no data
- Addition of water: after 7 and 14 days in case of water loss
SOURCE AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTRATE (if soil)
- Soil test substrate: Danish agricultural soil
- Geographic location: Askov, Jutland, Denmark
- Soil texture (if natural soil): sandy loam
- Composition: coarse sand (0.2 – 2 mm) 38.4 %,
fine sand (0.063 – 0.2 mm) 23.6 %,
coarse silt (0.02 – 0.063 mm) 10.0 %,
fine silt (0.002 – 0.02 mm) 12.3 %,
clay (<0.002 mm) 13 %,
humus 2.8 %,
- Organic carbon content: 1.6 %,
- Soil pH: 6.2, no adjustment
- Density: 1.135 g/cm³ dry soil
- Maximum water holding capacity (in % dry weight): no data
- CEC (Cation exchange capacity): 8.14 meq/100 g
- Pretreatment of soil prior to use: drying at 80 °C for 24 h, sieving (2 mm mesh)
- Stability and homogeneity of test material in the medium: no detailed data (test performed in closed vessels due to significant volatility of the test material)
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: 12:12 h (light:dark)
- Light intensity: 400 - 800 lux
- Opening of test containers after 7 and 14 d for feeding and addition of water (if necessary)
- Aging of soil samples containing test substance prior to test: 0, 10, 40, and 120 d (storage conditions during aging the same as test conditions)
- Addition of water: containers were opened every second week and/or at the start of the toxicity tests and water was added according to the water loss.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED: mortality, reproduction at end of exposure time (21 d)
VEHICLE CONTROL PERFORMED: yes (details see above)
TEST CONCENTRATIONS
- Spacing factor for test concentrations: geometric series with a factor of 2 (five test concentrations)
- Range finding study: no data - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Nominal: 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg soil (dw)
Recovery of concentrations at analysed levels after aging (see above: details on sampling):
0 d: ca. 75 - 95 %; 10 d: ca. 65 %; 40 d: ca. 50 %; 120 d: ca. 10% (values are taken from figure 1 of the publication in a rough estimate) - Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Remarks:
- geometric mean
- Effect conc.:
- 18 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks on result:
- other: effect concentration for a soil with 2 % organic carbon (geometric mean of four EC10 values for spiked soil aged for different time periods)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 29 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure in freshly spiked soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 23 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure in freshly spiked soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 9.1 - 38 mg/kg soil dw
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 18 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure 10 d after spiking
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure 10 d after spiking
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 12 - 16 mg/kg soil (dw)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 18 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure 40 d after spiking
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 14 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure 40 d after spiking
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 0 - 19 mg/kg soil (dw)
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 12 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure 120 d after spiking
- Remarks on result:
- other: recalculated to a standard soil with 2 % organic carbon
- Key result
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 9.4 mg/kg soil dw
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (initial)
- Conc. based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect:
- reproduction
- Remarks:
- exposure 120 d after spiking
- Remarks on result:
- other: 95% C.I.: 4.3 - 15 mg/kg soil (dw)
- Details on results:
- Four EC10 values for Folsomia fimetaria in sandy loam soil have been determined. The difference between the four values is the ageing of phenanthrene in the soil. Soils were spiked and toxicity testing started after 0, 10, 40, or 120 days after spiking. The EC10 values for these cases were 29, 17.5, 17.5, and 12 mg/kg soil dw after recalculation to a soil with 2 % organic carbon. The EC10 values are based on measured concentrations. The geometric mean of these EC10 values is 18 mg/kg soil dw, as well based on measured concentrations.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- The concentrations that caused a reduction in the reproductive output to 50 and 10 % (EC50 and EC10 values) were calculated on basis of measured concentrations and by linear interpolation. The confidence intervals were calculated by the inhibition concentration (ICp) method (Nordberg-King 1993, National Effluent Toxicity Assessment Center; Duluth, MN, USA).
The concentration that caused a 50 % reduction in survival (LC50 values) were estimated using probit analysis in SAS/INSIGHT Release 6.12.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
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