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EC number: 232-254-5 | CAS number: 7798-23-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Bioavailability Models for Predicting Copper Toxicity to Freshwater Green Microalgae as a Function of Water Chemistry
- Author:
- De Schamphelaere, K.C. and Janssen, C.R.
- Year:
- 2 006
- Bibliographic source:
- Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006; 40:4514-4522
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 201 (Alga, Growth Inhibition Test)
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Tests conducted in a range of test waters, with varying physico-chemistry (DOC, pH, Hardness)
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Copper sulphate
- EC Number:
- 231-847-6
- EC Name:
- Copper sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 7758-98-7
- Molecular formula:
- Cu.H2O4S
- IUPAC Name:
- copper(2+) sulfate
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Cu +2 delivered as Copper Sulphate
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- samples at T0 and Tend
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- no
- Details on test solutions:
- test solutions pre-equilibrated for 48 hrs prior to the test
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Scenedesmus quadricauda
- Details on test organisms:
- It was investigated, if an earlier-developed bioavailability model for predicting toxicity to growth rate of Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata could be extrapolated to other species, such as Chlorella vulgaris, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Scenedesmus quadricauda. Experimental toxicity bioassays were performed with Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
Study design
- Test type:
- static
- Water media type:
- freshwater
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 72 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- see attachement es0525051
- Test temperature:
- see attachement es0525051
- pH:
- see attachement es0525051
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Measured concentrations- 5 concentrations + 1 control
- Details on test conditions:
- Range of test waters : see attachement es0525051
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrationsopen allclose all
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 108 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 1
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 407 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 2
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 56 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 3
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 36 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 4
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 173 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 5
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 99 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 6
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 85 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 7
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 162 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 8
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 283 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 9
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 188 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 10
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 510 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 11
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 31 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 12
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 188 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 13
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 404 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 14
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 159 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 15
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 84 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 16
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 132 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlorella vulgaris / Test water: Ankeveen 17
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 178 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, pH 6
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 108 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, pH 7
- Key result
- Duration:
- 72 h
- Dose descriptor:
- EC10
- Effect conc.:
- 96 µg/L
- Nominal / measured:
- meas. (arithm. mean)
- Conc. based on:
- element (dissolved fraction)
- Basis for effect:
- growth rate
- Remarks on result:
- other: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, pH 8
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- See attachment es0525051
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not applicable
- Conclusions:
- Several EC10 values were obtained for C. vulgaris, C. reinhardti and P. Sucapitata depending on the water used for the study.
- Executive summary:
It was investigated whether an earlier-developed bioavailability model for predicting copper toxicity to growth rate of the freshwater alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata could be extrapolated to other species and toxicological effects (endpoints). Hardness and dissolved organic carbon did not significantly affect the toxicity of the free Cu2+ion to P.subcapitata (earlier study) andChlorella vulgaris (this study), but a higher pH resulted in an increased toxicity for both species. Regression analysis showed significant linear relationships between ECxpCu()“effect concentration” that produces x% adverse effect, expressed as pCu) -log of the Cu2+activity) and pH. By linking these regression models with a geochemical metal speciation model, dissolved copper concentrations that elicit a given adverse effect (ECxdissolved) can be predicted. Within the pH range investigated (5.5-8.7), slopes of the linear ECxpCuvs pH regression models varied between 1.301 and 1.472 depending on the species and the effect level (10% or 50%) considered.
In a statistical sense these slopes were all significantly different from one another (p<0.05), suggesting that this empirical regression model does not yet capture the full complexity of toxicological copper bioavailability to algae. However, we demonstrated that regression models with an “average” slope of 1.354 had predictive power very similar to those of regression models with species and effectspecific slopes. Additionally, the “average” regression model was further successfully validated for other species (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii andScenedesmus quadricauda) and for different toxicological effects/endpoints (growth rate, biomass yield, and phosphorus uptake rate). For all these toxicity datasets effect concentrations of copper could be predicted with this “average” model by errors of less than a factor of 2 in 94-100% of the cases. The success of this “average” model suggests the possibility that the pHbased linear regression model may form a sound conceptual basis for modeling the toxicological bioavailability of copper to green algae in regulatory assessments, although a full mechanistic understanding is lacking and should be the focus of future studies.
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