Alpha,alpha-trehalaseIUBMB 3.2.1.28

Genetic toxicity: in vitro

Administrative data

Endpoint:

in vitro gene mutation study in bacteria

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

09-11-2017 to 18-01-2018

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Data source

Reference

Reference Type:

study report

Title:

Unnamed

Year:

2018

Report date:

2018

Materials and methods

Test guideline

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 471 (Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay)

Version / remarks:

1997

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Type of assay:

bacterial reverse mutation assay

Test material

Test material information

Constituent 1

Reference substance name:

Active enzyme protein of trehalase (Cas no 9025-52-9, EC no 805-523-5, EC name alpha,alpha-trehalase, Enzyme class no. 3.2.1.28)

Molecular formula:

Not applicable

IUPAC Name:

Active enzyme protein of trehalase (Cas no 9025-52-9, EC no 805-523-5, EC name alpha,alpha-trehalase, Enzyme class no. 3.2.1.28)

Constituent 2

Reference substance name:

Protein as a constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Molecular formula:

Not available

IUPAC Name:

Protein as a constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Constituent 3

Reference substance name:

Inorganic salts as a constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Molecular formula:

Not available. See remarks.

IUPAC Name:

Inorganic salts as a constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Constituent 4

Reference substance name:

Carbohydrates constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Molecular formula:

Not available. See remarks.

IUPAC Name:

Carbohydrates constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Constituent 5

Reference substance name:

Lipids as a constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Molecular formula:

Not available. See remarks.

IUPAC Name:

Lipids as a constituent of enzyme deriving from the fermentation or extraction process

Test material form:

liquid

Details on test material:

- Lot/batch No.: PPT48569
- Expiration date of the lot/batch: August 2027

Method

Target gene:

Histidine and tryptophan locus in the genome of five strains of bacteria

Species / strain

Species / strain 1

Species / strain / cell type:

S. typhimurium TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 98 and TA 100

Species / strain 2

Species / strain / cell type:

E. coli WP2 uvr A pKM 101

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Metabolic activation system:

S-9 mix from Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver

Test concentrations with justification for top dose:

Preliminary test: No preliminary trials were carried out.
Experiment 1: 16, 50, 160, 500, 1600, 5000 μg/mL
Experiment 2: 160, 300, 625, 1250, 2500, 5000 μg/mL

Vehicle / solvent:

Vehicle for enzyme: Purified water.
Justification for choice of solvent/vehicle: Substance is water-soluble and any human exposure will be in aqueous solutions.
Solvent for the positive control: DMSO

Controls

Untreated negative controls:

yes

Negative solvent / vehicle controls:

yes

True negative controls:

no

Positive controls:

yes

Positive control substance:

4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide

2-nitrofluorene

other: N-methyl-N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine, ICR-191 mutagen, 2-aminoanthracene

Details on test system and experimental conditions:

METHOD OF APPLICATION: Preincubation in suspension, followed by plating on agar plates (treat and plate method)
- Cell density at seeding (if applicable): Overnight culture of approximately 10^8 to 10^9 cells/mL

DURATION
- Exposure duration, pre-incubation: The incubation mixtures were incubated with shaking at 37 ± 1 °C for 1 hour (treat and plate).
- Exposure duration: Same as preincubation for treat and plate
- Expression time (cells in growth medium): 3 days
NUMBER OF REPLICATIONS: 3

DETERMINATION OF CYTOTOXICITY
- Method: The background lawns of the plates were examined for signs of toxicity and the revertant counts assessed for any marked reduction in revertants compared to the concurrent vehicle controls.

Evaluation criteria:

For valid data, the test article was considered to be mutagenic if:
1. A concentration related increase in revertant numbers was ≥2-fold (in strains TA98, TA100, and WP2 uvrA pKM101) or ≥3-fold (in strains TA1535 and TA1537) the concurrent vehicle control values
2. The positive trends/effects described above were reproducible.
The test article was considered positive in this assay if both of the above criteria were met.
The test article was considered negative in this assay if neither of the above criteria were met.
Results which only partially satisfied the above criteria were dealt with on a case-by-case basis. Biological relevance was taken into account, for example consistency of response within and between concentrations and (where applicable) between experiments.

Statistics:

Not performed.

Results and discussion

Test results

Test results 1

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1535

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 2

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 1537

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 3

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 98

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 4

Key result

Species / strain:

S. typhimurium TA 100

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Test results 5

Key result

Species / strain:

E. coli WP2 uvr A pKM 101

Metabolic activation:

with and without

Genotoxicity:

negative

Cytotoxicity / choice of top concentrations:

no cytotoxicity

Vehicle controls validity:

valid

Untreated negative controls validity:

valid

Positive controls validity:

valid

Additional information on results:

TEST-SPECIFIC CONFOUNDING FACTORS
- Water solubility: Yes
- Precipitation: Precipitation is a concentration limiting factor, but no issues were reported in this study.
- Definition of acceptable cells for analysis: Viability and gene type control

HISTORICAL CONTROL DATA (with ranges, means and standard deviation and confidence interval (e.g. 95%)
- Positive historical control data: Yes
- Negative (solvent/vehicle) historical control data: Yes

Applicant's summary and conclusion

Conclusions:

It was concluded that trehalase, batch PPT48569 did not induce mutation in four histidine-requiring strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) of Salmonella typhimurium, and one tryptophan-requiring strain (WP2 uvrA pKM101) of Escherichia coli when tested under the conditions of this study. These conditions included treatments at concentrations up to 5000 μg TOS/mL (the maximum recommended concentration according to current regulatory guidelines), in the absence and in the presence of a rat liver metabolic activation system (S-9) using a modified Treat and Plate methodology.

Executive summary:

Trehalase, batch PPT48569 was assayed for mutation in four histidine-requiring strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) of Salmonella typhimurium, and one tryptophan-requiring strain (WP2 uvrA pKM101) of Escherichia coli, both in the absence and presence of metabolic activation by an Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver post-mitochondrial fraction (S-9), in two separate experiments. A 'treat and plate' procedure was used for all treatments in this study as trehalase, batch PPT48569 may contain free amino acids i.e. histidine and tryptophan (which may cause artefacts through growth stimulation in a standard plate-incorporation test).

All trehalase, batch PPT48569 treatments in this study were performed using formulations prepared in water for irrigation (purified water).

Mutation Experiment 1 treatments of all the tester strains were performed in the absence and in the presence of S-9, using final concentrations of trehalase, batch PPT48569 at 16, 50, 160, 500, 1600 and 5000 μg TOS/mL. Following these treatments, evidence of toxicity was observed in strain TA98 in the absence of S-9 only at 5000 μg TOS/mL.

Mutation Experiment 2 treatments of all the tester strains were performed in the absence and in the presence of S-9. The maximum test concentration of 5000 μg TOS/mL was retained for all strains. Narrowed concentration intervals were employed covering the range 160-5000 μg TOS/mL in order to examine more closely those concentrations of trehalase, batch PPT48569 approaching the maximum test concentration and considered therefore most likely to provide evidence of any mutagenic activity. Following these treatments, evidence of toxicity was observed at 5000 μg TOS/mL, in strains TA100 and TA1535 in the absence of S-9, and in strain TA98 in the presence of S-9.

The test article was completely soluble in the aqueous assay system at all concentrations treated, in each of the experiments performed. Vehicle and positive control treatments were included for all strains in each experiment. The mean numbers of revertant colonies all fell within acceptable ranges for vehicle control treatments, and were elevated by positive control treatments. Following trehalase, batch PPT48569 treatments of all the test strains in the absence and presence of S-9, no notable and concentration-related increases in revertant numbers were observed, and none that were ≥2-fold (in strains TA98, TA100 and WP2 uvrA pKM101) or ≥3-fold (in strains TA1535 and TA1537) the concurrent vehicle control. This study was considered therefore to have provided no evidence of any trehalase, batch PPT48569 mutagenic activity in this assay system.

It was concluded that trehalase, batch PPT48569 did not induce mutation in four histidine-requiring strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535 and TA1537) of Salmonella typhimurium, and one tryptophan-requiring strain (WP2 uvrA pKM101) of Escherichia coli when tested under the conditions of this study. These conditions included treatments at concentrations up to 5000 μg TOS/mL (the maximum recommended concentration according to current regulatory guidelines), in the absence and in the presence of a rat liver metabolic activation system (S-9) using a modified Treat and Plate methodology.