Potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate

Endpoint summary

Description of key information

 Acute oral toxicity: Two studies are available to assess the acute oral toxicity of potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate. Both studies indicate that potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate has a low potential for systemic toxicity following acute administration via the oral route. A weight of evidence approach has been implemented to reduce unnecessary animal testing. The LD50 of potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate is known to be > 2,000 mg/kg bw and is therefore not classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP). 
    
    
    
    
    

Acute inhalation toxicity: One key study is available to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of the analogous substance sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate. The key study (Signorin J, 1993) has been conducted according to the relevant guidelines (EU and US) and according to the principles of GLP. The acute inhalation median concentration (LC50) in male and female rats was estimated to be > 0.83 mg/L (the maximum attainable concentration). It is therefore anticipated that potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate is of equally low concern via the inhalation route.










  
  
  
  
  

Acute dermal toxicity: One key study and a number of supporting studies are provided. All studies support no classification. The key study (Moore, 2006) details the acute dermal toxicity of the analogue substance potassium pentahydrogen bis(phosphate) which has an LD50 of >2,000 mg /kg bw and is therefore not classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP). This classification can be read across to potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate on the basis of the argumentation provided below.

Key value for chemical safety assessment

Acute toxicity: via oral route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Study period:

No data

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

abstract

Justification for type of information:

Study on analogous substance submitted as supporting data only.

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: no data

Deviations:

not applicable

Principles of method if other than guideline:

After the approximate minimal lethal dose was determined groups of rats were fed in increasing doses at increments of 0. 1 fractional log intervals at 4 levels designed to blanket the toxicity range.

GLP compliance:

no

Remarks:

Study pre-dates GLP

Test type:

other: No data

Species:

rat

Strain:

not specified

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

No data

Route of administration:

oral: gavage

Vehicle:

water

Details on oral exposure:

VEHICLE
- Concentration in vehicle: 25 % aqueous solution

Doses:

5010, 6310, 7940 and 10000 mg/kg

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5 animals per dose, either 2 male and 3 female, or 3 male and 2 female.

Control animals:

not specified

Details on study design:

- Duration of observation period following administration: 7 days
- Necropsy of survivors performed: Yes
- Other examinations performed: Clinical signs

Statistics:

Calculation of the LD50 was done according to the method of E. J. Beer.

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

7 100 mg/kg bw

95% CL:

> 6 530 - < 7 740

Remarks on result:

other: 25 % aqueous solution

Mortality:

Survival time was several hours to one day.

Clinical signs:

other: Toxic signs included reduced appetite and activity (one to two days in survivors), increasing weakness, collapse and death.

Gross pathology:

At autopsy there was haemorrhagic areas of the lungs, slight liver discolouration and acute gastrointestinal inflammation. The viscera appeared normal by macroscopic examination in surviving animals.

Other findings:

No data

Table 1. Sample fed as a 25 % aqueous solution:

Animal No.	Sex	Weight (g)	Dose (mg/kg)	Fate
1	Female	225	5010	Survived
2	Male	230	5010	Survived
3	Female	215	5010	Survived
4	Male	210	5010	Survived
5	Female	215	5010	Survived
6	Male	220	6310	Survived
7	Female	210	6310	Died
8	Male	205	6310	Survived
9	Female	220	6310	Survived
10	Male	210	6310	Survived
11	Female	230	7940	Survived
12	Male	210	7940	Died
13	Female	205	7940	Died
14	Male	200	7940	Died
15	Female	210	7940	Died
16	Male	215	10000	Died
17	Female	225	10000	Died
18	Male	230	10000	Died
19	Female	250	10000	Died
20	Male	220	10000	Died

Interpretation of results:

not classified

Conclusions:

The single oral dose LD50 for male and female rats was placed at 7100 mg/kg with lower and upper limits of 6530 to 7740 mg/kg.

This study is considered to be sufficient for use as part of a weight of evidence approach for acute oral toxicity of potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate. Taken in conjunction with the additional study on potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate and the additional supporting data on analogue materials it is not considered to be scientifically justified to conducted further in vivo testing as potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate is considered not to be classified for acute toxicity via the oral route, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP).

Reference 2

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: oral

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

weight of evidence

Reliability:

4 (not assignable)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

documentation insufficient for assessment

Qualifier:

no guideline followed

Principles of method if other than guideline:

No details on methodology included within study report. 14 day acute toxicity screening study.

GLP compliance:

not specified

Test type:

standard acute method

Species:

rat

Strain:

not specified

Sex:

male

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

No data

Route of administration:

oral: unspecified

Vehicle:

water

Details on oral exposure:

No data

Doses:

4640 mg/kg

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5 animals per dose group

Control animals:

not specified

Details on study design:

- Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes
- Other examinations performed: clinical signs

Statistics:

No data

Preliminary study:

Not applicable

Sex:

male

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

> 4 640 mg/kg bw

Mortality:

1 of the 5 animals dosed with 4640 mg/kg of test material was recorded as dead at 2 hours post dosing.

Clinical signs:

other: Acute depression and pain reaction was noted at the 4640 mg/kg dose.

Gross pathology:

At autopsy, corrosion of the gastrointestinal tract was noted.

Other findings:

No data

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

The acute oral LD50 for monopotassium phosphate in male rats was determined to be > 4640 mg/kg.

This study is considered to be sufficient for use as part of a weight of evidence approach for acute oral toxicity of potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate. Taken in conjunction with the additional study on potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate and the additional supporting data on analogue materials it is not considered to be scientifically justified to conducted further in vivo testing as potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate is considered not to be classified for acute toxicity via the oral route, in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP).

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Quality of whole database:

LD50 > 2,000 mg/kg bw
Two studies are available to assess the acute oral toxicity of potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate in addition a number of supporting data on analogous substances are available to support the conclusion. All studies indicate that potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate has a low potential for systemic toxicity following acute administration via the oral route.

Acute toxicity: via inhalation route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: inhalation

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

No data

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.

The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category

Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity/alkalinity and buffering capacities of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on systemic toxicity. In addition, both salts have been shown to be of similar low toxicity in acute oral studies. These studies are supported by a number of acute oral studies on similar compounds which all show potassium and sodium orthophosphates to possess low systemic toxicity via the oral route (See section 7.2.1.) and therefore comparisons can be drawn to allow read-across for the acute inhalation endpoint.

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPP 81-3 (Acute inhalation toxicity)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Health Effects Test Guidelines, October 1984 (PB82-232984) Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 403 (Acute Inhalation Toxicity)

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.2 (Acute Toxicity (Inhalation))

Deviations:

no

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

other: FMC Acute Inhalation Toxicity Protocol Number 27

Deviations:

no

GLP compliance:

yes

Test type:

standard acute method

Limit test:

yes

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Laboratories, Kingston, NY.
- Age at study initiation: young adult
- Weight at study initiation: males: 274 ± 9.1; females 217 ± 7.3
- Fasting period before study: not reported
- Housing: Individually housed in stainless steel suspended rat cages. Desorb bedding was used in the litter pans.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: a minimum of 5 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 69 - 73ºF
- Humidity (%): 41 - 70 %
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 h dark/ 12 h light

Route of administration:

inhalation: dust

Type of inhalation exposure:

whole body

Vehicle:

other: unchanged (no vehicle)

Details on inhalation exposure:

GENERATION OF TEST ATMOSPHERE / CHAMBER DESCRIPTION
- Exposure apparatus: Rochester type exposure chamber
- Exposure chamber volume: 150 L
- Method of holding animals in test chamber: test animals were assigned to and housed in individual compartments of a wire mesh cage bank (all on the same horizontal level) during the exposure. The cage position assignment ensured equal distribution of both sexes throughout the cage bank.
- Source and rate of air: breathing grade compressed air
- System of generating particulates/aerosols: a BGI Wright dust feeder II was used to generate the test atmosphere. The test material was desiccated and packed into large dust cups. Breathing grade compressed air was metered to the Wright dust feeder through 1/4 inch teflon tubing by a Matheson® 605 rotameter with metal float. Rotameter back pressure was controlled using a Matheson®3104-C regulator. The dust feeder back pressure was controlled using a Marshalltown® back pressure gauge. The test material was made airborne by compressed air dispersing the material into the exposure chamber. The concentration of the test atmostphere was controlled by the delivery rate setting of the wright dust feeder.
- Method of particle size determination: the aerodynamic particle size distribution was determined by gravimetric analysis of the test material collected on the impactor stages and subsequent determination of the MMAD, geometric SD and other particule size parameters by logarithmic-probability plotting.
- Temperature, humidity, pressure in air chamber: Chamber and room air temperature and relative humidity were monitored continuously during the exposure with FMC wet/dry bulb hygrometers. Measurements were recorded at 30 min intervals.
At the end of the exposure, the chamber was cleared for 30 min by drawing room air through it at the same flow rate (31.9 L/min) prior to removing the animals.

TEST ATMOSPHERE
- Brief description of analytical method used: chamber air samples were taken on Gelman® Type A/E 47 mm glass fibre filters held in cassettes at approximately 1 h intervals during exposure to determine the airborne concentration of test material. The airborne concentration of the test material was determined gravimetrically by drawing a known amount of chamber air through the filter. The concentration was calculated by dividing filter weight gain by the sample volume. The samples were taken from the centre of the chamber directly over the animal exposure caging.
Atmospheric monitoring:
The chamber homogeneity determination showed that the test atmosphere was homogeneously distributed throughout the test chamber (cv = 7.10 %).
The dust feeder was operated at what was considered a maximum setting which would allow reliable operation. At this setting the delivery rate required the dust feeder to be manually assisted during the exposure. The chamber airflow was operated at as low flow rate which would allow timely chamber equilibrium and maintain a slight negative pressure in the chamber. The difference between gravimetric and nominal concentration was attributed to sedimentation of larger particles and / or adhesion of the test material to surfaces in the exposure chamber.


- Samples taken from breathing zone: yes
- MMAD (Mass median aerodynamic diameter) / GSD (Geometric st. dev.): The MMADs ranged from 5.87 to 6.82 μm with geometric standard deviations ranging from 2.55 to 2.92. The fraction of particles less than or equal to 1 μm in mass aerodynamic diameter, based on the log probability graphs, ranged from 0 to 3.6 %. The fraction of particles less than or equal to 10 μm in mass aerodynamic diameter, based on the log probability graphs, ranged from 65.9 to 69.1 %. These results indicated the test material was respirable in size to the rat. The MMAD represents the smallest size that could be acheived in this study. The material had a static electric charge when generated causing the particles to agglomerate and / or adhere to surfaces inside the chamber.

Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:

yes

Remarks:

chamber air samples were taken on Gelman® Type A/E 47 mm glass fibre filters held in cassettes at approximately 1 h intervals during exposure to determine the airborne concentration of test material

Duration of exposure:

4 h

Concentrations:

Nominal concentration: 37.35 mg/L
Mean analytical data ±SD (Gravimetric concentration): 0.83 ± 0.065 mg/L

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5/sex/dose

Control animals:

not specified

Details on study design:

- Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: the animals were observed for signs of toxicity and mortality at 15 min intervals during the first h of exposure , hourly for the remainder of the exposure, upon removal from the chamber, at 1 h post-exposure, twice daily thereafter for 13 days and once on day 14.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: yes, all animals were sacrificed and submitetd to gross necroscopy.
- Other examinations performed: body weights were recorded on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7 and 14.

Statistics:

None reported

Preliminary study:

No data

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect level:

> 0.83 mg/L air (analytical)

Exp. duration:

4 h

Mortality:

There were no deaths during the study.

Clinical signs:

other: The incidence of clinical signs were highest at the removal from chamber observations. Clinical signs noted during the exposure included lacrimation and squinting eyes. Clinical signs noted following the exposure incuded chromodacryorrhea, lacrimation, n

Body weight:

Most animals lost weight through day 1 of the study and then began to gain weight in a normal pattern. At termination all animals had exhibited increases in body weight over their day 0 values.

Gross pathology:

There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal necropsy.

Other findings:

no data

Table 4. The concentration presented should be considered the maximum available:

Exposure Date	Mean Analytical Data ± SD (mg/L)	Nominal Concentration (mg/L)	Mortality
	Gravimetric Concentration		# Dead / # Exposed
			Male	Female
1993-08-06	0.83 ± 0.065	37.35	0 / 5	0 / 5

Table 5. Mean body weights (g) ± SD:

	Study day
	0	1	2	4	7	14
Males	274 ± 9.1	270 ± 10.4	277 ± 11.1	293 ± 10.3	313 ± 10.6	348 ± 13.4
Females	217 ±7.3	218 ± 5.9	215 ± 6.1	222 ± 6.8	228 ± 9.9	238 ± 10.2

Table 6. Incidence of clinical signs: Male

Observation	Time after treatment
	Day 0										Day 1		Day 2		Day 3
	Hour
	PT	0.25	0.50	0.75	1	2	3	4	R	1PE	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Chromodacryorrhea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lacrimation	0	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	5	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Continued:

Observation	Day
	4		5		6		7		8		9		10		11		12		13		14
	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Chromodacryorrhea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lacrimation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

PE - Post exposure

PT - Prior to exposure

R - Removal from chamber

Incidence of clinical signs: Female

Observation	Day 0										Day 1		Day 2		Day 3
	Hour
	PT	0.25	0.50	0.75	1	2	3	4	R	1PE	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Lacrimation	0	2	3	3	3	3	2	0	5	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	3	3	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Continued:

Observation	Day
	4		5		6		7		8		9		10		11		12		13		14
	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Lacrimation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

PE - Post exposure

PT - Prior to exposure

R - Removal from chamber

Table 7. Individual body weights:

Animal #	Day 0 (g)	Day 1 (g)	Day 2 (g)	Day 4 (g)	Day 7 (g)	Day 14 (g)
Male
AC8941M	262	260	266	280	299	330
AC8942M	277	268	277	292	311	351
AC8943M	281	683	293	307	327	365
AC8944M	282	279	283	298	319	354
AC8945M	266	261	268	287	309	340
Mean	274	270	277	293	313	348
SD	± 9.1	± 10.4	± 11.1	± 10.3	± 10.6	± 13.4
Female
AC8951F	209	212	212	216	223	228
AC8952F	227	223	222	231	242	251
AC8953F	221	223	216	223	225	238
AC8954F	217	220	220	224	232	245
AC8955F	211	211	207	214	216	228
Mean	217	218	215	222	228	238
SD	± 7.3	± 5.9	± 6.1	± 6.8	± 9.9	± 10.2

AC - rat

M - Male

F - Female

Table 8. Individual necropsy findings:

Animal	Type, Time of Death	Term Body Weight (g)	Body Weight Change (g)	Internal Findings
Male
AC8941M	S (14)	330	+ 68	No gross lesions
AC8942M	S (14)	351	+ 74	No gross lesions
AC8943M	S (14)	365	+ 84	No gross lesions
AC8944M	S (14)	354	+ 72	No gross lesions
AC8945M	S (14)	340	+ 74	No gross lesions
Female
AC8951F	S (14)	228	+ 19	No gross lesions
AC8952F	S (14)	251	+ 24	No gross lesions
AC8953F	S (14)	238	+ 17	No gross lesions
AC8954F	S (14)	245	+ 28	No gross lesions
AC8955F	S (14)	228	+ 17	No gross lesions

AC - Rat

M - Male

F - Female

S ( ) - Sacrificed (study day)

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of this study, the test material caused no mortality when administered for 4 h to Sprague Dawley rats at a mean, maximum attainable concentration of 0.83 mg/L. Based on this, the LC50 for monosodium phosphate is considered to be greater than 0.83 mg/L. This study is considered to be acceptable and to adequately satisfy both the guideline requirement and the regulatory requirement for this endpoint.

As the study was conducted up to the maximum attainable concentration and in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate is not considered to be classified.

Reference 2

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: inhalation

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.

The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category

Both the Na+ and the K+ cation have a similar biological function and therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity/alkalinity and buffering capacities of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on systemic toxicity. In addition, both salts have been shown to be of similar low toxicity in acute oral studies. These studies are supported by a number of acute oral studies on similar compounds which all show potassium and sodium orthophosphates to possess low systemic toxicity via the oral route (See section 7.2.1.) and therefore comparisons can be drawn to allow read-across for the acute inhalation endpoint.

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Duration of exposure:

h

Preliminary study:

No data

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LC50

Effect level:

> 0.83 mg/L air (analytical)

Exp. duration:

4 h

Mortality:

There were no deaths during the study.

Clinical signs:

other: The incidence of clinical signs were highest at the removal from chamber observations. Clinical signs noted during the exposure included lacrimation and squinting eyes. Clinical signs noted following the exposure incuded chromodacryorrhea, lacrimation, n

Body weight:

Most animals lost weight through day 1 of the study and then began to gain weight in a normal pattern. At termination all animals had exhibited increases in body weight over their day 0 values.

Gross pathology:

There were no gross internal lesions observed in any animal necropsy.

Other findings:

no data

Table 4. The concentration presented should be considered the maximum available:

Exposure Date	Mean Analytical Data ± SD (mg/L)	Nominal Concentration (mg/L)	Mortality
	Gravimetric Concentration		# Dead / # Exposed
			Male	Female
1993-08-06	0.83 ± 0.065	37.35	0 / 5	0 / 5

Table 5. Mean body weights (g) ± SD:

	Study day
	0	1	2	4	7	14
Males	274 ± 9.1	270 ± 10.4	277 ± 11.1	293 ± 10.3	313 ± 10.6	348 ± 13.4
Females	217 ±7.3	218 ± 5.9	215 ± 6.1	222 ± 6.8	228 ± 9.9	238 ± 10.2

Table 6. Incidence of clinical signs: Male

Observation	Time after treatment
	Day 0										Day 1		Day 2		Day 3
	Hour
	PT	0.25	0.50	0.75	1	2	3	4	R	1PE	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Chromodacryorrhea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lacrimation	0	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	5	2	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Continued:

Observation	Day
	4		5		6		7		8		9		10		11		12		13		14
	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Chromodacryorrhea	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Lacrimation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

PE - Post exposure

PT - Prior to exposure

R - Removal from chamber

Incidence of clinical signs: Female

Observation	Day 0										Day 1		Day 2		Day 3
	Hour
	PT	0.25	0.50	0.75	1	2	3	4	R	1PE	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Lacrimation	0	2	3	3	3	3	2	0	5	3	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	3	3	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	5	5	5	5	5	5	2	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Continued:

Observation	Day
	4		5		6		7		8		9		10		11		12		13		14
	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM	AM	PM
Lacrimation	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Material on fur	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Nasal discharge	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Squinting eyes	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Death (cumulative)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

PE - Post exposure

PT - Prior to exposure

R - Removal from chamber

Table 7. Individual body weights:

Animal #	Day 0 (g)	Day 1 (g)	Day 2 (g)	Day 4 (g)	Day 7 (g)	Day 14 (g)
Male
AC8941M	262	260	266	280	299	330
AC8942M	277	268	277	292	311	351
AC8943M	281	683	293	307	327	365
AC8944M	282	279	283	298	319	354
AC8945M	266	261	268	287	309	340
Mean	274	270	277	293	313	348
SD	± 9.1	± 10.4	± 11.1	± 10.3	± 10.6	± 13.4
Female
AC8951F	209	212	212	216	223	228
AC8952F	227	223	222	231	242	251
AC8953F	221	223	216	223	225	238
AC8954F	217	220	220	224	232	245
AC8955F	211	211	207	214	216	228
Mean	217	218	215	222	228	238
SD	± 7.3	± 5.9	± 6.1	± 6.8	± 9.9	± 10.2

AC - rat

M - Male

F - Female

Table 8. Individual necropsy findings:

Animal	Type, Time of Death	Term Body Weight (g)	Body Weight Change (g)	Internal Findings
Male
AC8941M	S (14)	330	+ 68	No gross lesions
AC8942M	S (14)	351	+ 74	No gross lesions
AC8943M	S (14)	365	+ 84	No gross lesions
AC8944M	S (14)	354	+ 72	No gross lesions
AC8945M	S (14)	340	+ 74	No gross lesions
Female
AC8951F	S (14)	228	+ 19	No gross lesions
AC8952F	S (14)	251	+ 24	No gross lesions
AC8953F	S (14)	238	+ 17	No gross lesions
AC8954F	S (14)	245	+ 28	No gross lesions
AC8955F	S (14)	228	+ 17	No gross lesions

AC - Rat

M - Male

F - Female

S ( ) - Sacrificed (study day)

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

Potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate was considered to have an LC50 of greater than 0.83 mg/L as found in the source study performed with monosodium phosphate.

Executive summary:

Potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate was considered to have an LC50 of greater than 0.83 mg/L as found in the source study performed with monosodium phosphate. As explained in the justification for type of information, the differences in molecular structure between potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate and monosodium phosphate are unlikely to lead to differences in the acute toxicty that are higher than the typical experimental error of the test method.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Quality of whole database:

LC50 >830 mg/m3
One key study is available to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of the analogous substance sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate.

Acute toxicity: via dermal route

Link to relevant study records

Reference

Reference 1

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

experimental study

Adequacy of study:

key study

Study period:

2005-09-27 to 2006-07-07

Reliability:

1 (reliable without restriction)

Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:

guideline study

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.

The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category

Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and a K+ cation.Therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity/alkalinity and buffering capacities of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on systemic toxicity. In addition, both salts have been shown to be of similar low toxicity in acute oral studies. These studies are supported by a number of acute oral studies on similar compounds which all show potassium and sodium orthophosphates to possess low systemic toxicity via the oral route (See section 7.2.1.) and therefore comparisons can be drawn to allow read-across for the acute dermal endpoint.
Regarding the nature of the substances in question (inorganic, Molecular weight >100) the absorption through the dermal layer will be considerably less than via the gastro-intestinal tract (a route which has shown low systemic toxicity).

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

OECD Guideline 402 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)

Deviations:

not specified

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EPA OPPTS 870.1200 (Acute Dermal Toxicity)

Deviations:

not specified

Qualifier:

according to guideline

Guideline:

EU Method B.3 (Acute Toxicity (Dermal))

Deviations:

not specified

GLP compliance:

yes

Test type:

fixed dose procedure

Species:

rat

Strain:

Sprague-Dawley

Sex:

male/female

Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:

TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Ace Animals, Inc., Boyertown, PA.
- Age at study initiation: 9 - 10 weeks (young adult)
- Weight at study initiation: Males 298 - 320 g; females 206 - 220 g.
- Housing: Singly housed in suspended stainless steel caging with mesh floors which conform to the size recommendations in the most recent guide for the care and use of laboratory animals DHEW (NIH). Litter paper was placed beneath the case and was changed at least three times per week.
- Diet: Purina rodent chow #5012
- Water: Filtered tap water supplied ad libitum by automatic water dispenser.
- Acclimation period: 15 days

ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19 - 23 ºC
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12-h light/dark cycle

Type of coverage:

occlusive

Vehicle:

water

Details on dermal exposure:

TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: Dorsal area and trunk.
- % coverage: Approximately 10 % (2 inches by 3 inches)
- Type of wrap if used: A gauze pad and 3 inch Durapore tape.

REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Washing: Test site was gently cleansed of any residual test substance.
- Time after start of exposure: After 24 h.

TEST MATERIAL
- Amount applied: 2000 mg/kg bw. Individual doese were calculated based on the initial body weights and concentration of the test mixture.
- Concentration: 90 % w/w
- For solids, paste formed: Yes the test substance was moistened with distiled water to acheive a dry paste.

Duration of exposure:

24 h

Doses:

2000 mg/kg bw

No. of animals per sex per dose:

5/sex/dose

Control animals:

not specified

Details on study design:

- Duration of observation period following administration: 14 days
- Frequency of observations and weighing: body weights of the animals were recorded prior to test substance application (initial) and again on Days 7 and 14 (termination). Cage side observations for mortality, signs of gross toxicity and behavioural changes during the first several hours after application and at least once daily thereafter for 14 days. Observations included gross evaluation of skin and fur, eyes and mucous membranes, respiratory, circulatory, autonomic and central nervous systems, somatomotor activity and behaviour pattern. Particular attention was directed to observation of tremors, convulsions, salivation, diarrhoea and coma.
- Necropsy of survivors performed: Yes gross necropsies were performed on all animals. Tissues and organs of the thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined.

Statistics:

No data

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

> 2 000 mg/kg bw

Remarks on result:

other: The test substance was applied as a 90 % w/w mixture in distilled water.

Mortality:

All animals survived.

Clinical signs:

other: All animals appeared healthy and active during the study. There were no signs of gross toxicity, dermal irritation, adverse pharmacologic effects or abnormal behaviour.

Gross pathology:

No gross abnormalities were noted for any of the animals when necropsied at the conclusion of the 14-day observation period.

Other findings:

No data

Table 2. Individual body weights and doses:

Animal No.	Sex	Body weight			Dose*
		Initial	Day 7	Day 14
9342	M	307	363	400	0.68
9343	M	320	348	388	0.71
9344	M	312	338	376	0.69
9345	M	298	345	390	0.66
9346	M	307	369	416	0.68
9347	F	212	227	239	0.47
9348	F	215	239	248	0.48
9349	F	214	243	253	0.48
9350	F	220	236	254	0.49
9351	F	206	242	261	0.46

* The test substance was applied as a 90 % w/w mixture in distilled water.

Table 3. Individual cage-side observations:

Animal No.	Findings	Day of occurrence
Males
9342 – 9346	Active and healthy	0 - 14
Females
9347 - 9351	Active and healthy	0 - 14

Table 4. Individual necroscopy observations:

Animal No.	Tissue	Findings
Males
9342 – 9346	All tissues and organs	No gross abnormalities
Females
9347 - 9351	All tissues and organs	No gross abnormalities

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

Under the conditions of the study, the single dose acute dermal LD50 of PeKacid is greater than 2000 mg/kg bw in male and female rats.
This study is conducted according to the appropriate guidelines (EU AND US) and under the conditions of GLP and therefore the study is considered to be acceptable and to adequately satisfy both the guideline requirement and the regulatory requirement for this endpoint.
In addition, this study is suitable to fulfill the requirements for classification and labelling according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP).

Reference 2

Endpoint:

acute toxicity: dermal

Type of information:

read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)

Adequacy of study:

key study

Justification for type of information:

REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.

The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category

Both salts are monovalent inorganic phosphates, composed of a phosphate anion and a K+ cation.Therefore orthophosphate salts of these types are not considered to differ in their systemic toxicity profile; differences arise in their local effects profile due to the increasing or decreasing acidity/alkalinity and buffering capacities of the substances. This has been shown not to have an effect on systemic toxicity. In addition, both salts have been shown to be of similar low toxicity in acute oral studies. These studies are supported by a number of acute oral studies on similar compounds which all show potassium and sodium orthophosphates to possess low systemic toxicity via the oral route (See section 7.2.1.) and therefore comparisons can be drawn to allow read-across for the acute dermal endpoint.
Regarding the nature of the substances in question (inorganic, Molecular weight >100) the absorption through the dermal layer will be considerably less than via the gastro-intestinal tract (a route which has shown low systemic toxicity).

2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across: supporting information

Reason / purpose for cross-reference:

read-across source

Sex:

male/female

Dose descriptor:

LD50

Effect level:

> 2 000 mg/kg bw

Remarks on result:

other: The test substance was applied as a 90 % w/w mixture in distilled water.

Mortality:

All animals survived.

Clinical signs:

other: All animals appeared healthy and active during the study. There were no signs of gross toxicity, dermal irritation, adverse pharmacologic effects or abnormal behaviour.

Gross pathology:

No gross abnormalities were noted for any of the animals when necropsied at the conclusion of the 14-day observation period.

Other findings:

No data

Table 2. Individual body weights and doses:

Animal No.	Sex	Body weight			Dose*
		Initial	Day 7	Day 14
9342	M	307	363	400	0.68
9343	M	320	348	388	0.71
9344	M	312	338	376	0.69
9345	M	298	345	390	0.66
9346	M	307	369	416	0.68
9347	F	212	227	239	0.47
9348	F	215	239	248	0.48
9349	F	214	243	253	0.48
9350	F	220	236	254	0.49
9351	F	206	242	261	0.46

* The test substance was applied as a 90 % w/w mixture in distilled water.

Table 3. Individual cage-side observations:

Animal No.	Findings	Day of occurrence
Males
9342 – 9346	Active and healthy	0 - 14
Females
9347 - 9351	Active and healthy	0 - 14

Table 4. Individual necroscopy observations:

Animal No.	Tissue	Findings
Males
9342 – 9346	All tissues and organs	No gross abnormalities
Females
9347 - 9351	All tissues and organs	No gross abnormalities

Interpretation of results:

GHS criteria not met

Conclusions:

Potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate was considered to have an LC50 of greater than 2000 mg/kg bw as found in the source study performed with potassium pentahydrogen bis(phosphate).

Executive summary:

Potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate was considered to have an LC50 of greater than 2000 mg/kg bw as found in the source study performed with potassium pentahydrogen bis(phosphate). As explained in the justification for type of information, the differences in molecular structure between potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate and potassium pentahydrogen bis(phosphate) are unlikely to lead to differences in the acute toxicty that are higher than the typical experimental error of the test method.

Endpoint conclusion

Endpoint conclusion:

no adverse effect observed

Quality of whole database:

LD50 > 2000 mg/kg bw
One key study and a number of supporting studies are provided. All studies support no classification.

Justification for classification or non-classification

Acute toxicity: oral:The acute oral median dose (LD50) of potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate in the rat was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg/kg bw and is therefore not classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP).

Acute toxicity: inhalation:The acute inhalation median concentration (LC50) of the analogous substance sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate in male and female rats was estimated to be greater than 0.83 mg/L. The result was achieved at the maximum attainable concentration and is considered to be equivalent to a limit test conducted at 5 mg/L and therefore sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate is not considered to be classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP). In addition the authors state that the particles of sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate were prone to agglomeration and / or adherence to the surfaces of the chamber and therefore it stands to reason that this study is acceptable for assessment and no further animal testing is justified. This result is deemed to be adequate for read-across to potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate and therefore potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate is considered to be of a similar low risk for systemic toxicity via the inhalation route.

Therefore, it can be reliably concluded that potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate does not exhibit systemic toxicity via the inhalation route and should not be classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP). It is deemed scientifically unjustified to repeat this study with potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate in vivo.

Acute toxicity: dermal: the acute dermal median dose (LD50) of the analogous substance potassium pentahydrogen bis(phosphate) in rabbits was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg /kg bw and is therefore not classified according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP). This classification can be read across to potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate (see specific study records) . As data (Birch MD, 1973, Reliability 4) was provided on potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate to support this conclusion and due to the overall low toxicity of potassium and sodium orthophosphates by this route it is deemed scientifically unjustified to repeat this study with potassium dihydrogenorthophosphate in vivo and no classification according to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (EU CLP) is proposed.