Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
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EC number: 238-735-6 | CAS number: 14691-80-6
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Description of key information
No data available; a data waiver is submitted.
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
The standard requirement for chemicals manufactured or imported into the EU in quantities of >1,000 tpa includes an extended one generation reproductive toxicity test (EOGRTS). According to the Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) proposed in the ECHA guidance document on the information requirements and chemical safety assessment, Chapter R. 7a: Endpoint specific guidance, Section 7.6.6, if there is sufficient data to permit a robust conclusion on reproductive toxicity testing then no further testing will be required. The justification for not conducting a two-generation is based on the evaluation of existing data in laboratory animals, available data on similar or parent compounds, historical data and general characteristics of the test material. For the purpose of assessing the risk of reprotoxicity the following substances are considered to be similar enough to facilitate read across: - disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate (EC No. 231-835-0) - trisodium hydrogen diphosphate (EC No. 238-735-6) - tetrasodium pyrophosphate (EC No. 231-767-1) - tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (EC No. 230-785-7)
LABORATORY STUDIES: Negative In vitro mutagenicity and genotoxicity evidence suggests a low potential for germ cell mutagenicity. The following studies have been conducted on Na, and K pyrophosphates: Bacterial Reverse Mutation Assay; AMES (OECD 471) and In vitro cytogenicity study in mammalian cells (OECD 473). Whilst these studies look specifically at the effects in somatic cell lines the results are still relevant to the potential of the test material to induce mutagenicity in germ cell lines.
- Negative in vivo genotoxicity data. The results of a dominant lethal assay conducted on disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate are presented in Section 7.8.2 of this dossier. This study looks at the potential of a chemical substance to induce chromosomal aberrations in the germ cells of rats. As no effects are noted this can be used as part of the evidence against performing studies to investigate the effects on reprotoxicity. -Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity studies similar to OECD 414 have been conducted on the following substances on behalf of the United States Food and Drug Administration; disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate (sodium acid pyrophosphate) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The studies were conducted in four laboratory animal models; rat, mouse, hamster and rabbit. A range of dose levels up to a high dose of 335 mg/kg bw (mouse, disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate), 169 mg/kg bw (rat, disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate), 166 mg/kg bw (hamster, disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate), 128 mg/kg bw (rabbit, disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate), 130 mg/kg bw (mouse, tetrasodium pyrophosphate) and 138 mg/kg bw (rat, tetrasodium pyrophosphate) were used. The material was administered by oral intubation for ten consecutive days for rats and mice covering the gestation days 6 to 15. Although the studies were conducted prior to the implementation of Good Laboratory Practice, the study design and content were of sufficient standard to allow meaningful evaluation. The results showed no evidence of developmental toxicity to the foetus of any species or any other adverse effects to the foetus or mother at any dose level. It can therefore be concluded that sodium and potassium orthophosphates are not developmental toxicants at relatively high levels. The lack of effects on maternal toxicity or offspring development at dose levels well in excess of normal human exposure suggests that sodium and potassium pyrophosphates are not a significant risk to the reproductive process and further studies are unlikely to show any significant effects.
GENERAL DISCUSSION: The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the pyrophosphate only contains two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classed as terminal phosphorus. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH group groups on each P and can therefore occur in the -1, -2, -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent on upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). As pyrophosphates are ionic in nature they will readily dissociate into their cations and anions in solution. Sodium and potassium cations are not considered to pose a risk of reprotoxicity as they are essential micronutrients that are well regulated by the homeostatic mechanisms in the body. In addition, the recommended daily intakes of sodium and potassium for young adults are 1500 mg/day/person and 4700 mg/day/person respectively (1). These levels are well above the levels that would be expected in a reprotoxicity study and as such the sodium or potassium cation can be discounted from further discussion. The pyrophosphate anion is hydrolysed to orthophosphate by ubiquitous alkaline phosphatase activity. Orthophosphate then goes on to take part in various physiological processes. The World Health Organisation, reports that the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) of phosphates is 70 mg/kg bw (2), this value is considered to be well below that observed for developmental toxicity and as such human exposure is likely to be considerably less that the level required for reprotoxicity testing. Sodium and potassium pyrophosphates are frequently used as food additives. The contribution of food supplements to phosphorus intake is low. No evidence exists to show that sodium or potassium pyrophosphates are likely to pose a risk of reproductive or developmental toxicity. The main toxicological finding in feeding studies with high levels of phosphates is nephrocalcinosis (the rat is known to be more susceptible to these effects (2, see also IUCLID section 7.5.), these effects are not considered to be relevant to reproductive toxicity. In conclusion, an additional two generation reproduction study in the rat is unlikely to result in providing further evidence of reproductive toxicity as the existing studies have demonstrated a lack of effect at dose levels well in excess of expected human exposure. A study would therefore be scientifically and ethically unjustified.
(1) Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride and sulphate. www.nap.edu. The National Academies. U.S.A. (2)Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. Twenty-sixth report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee of food additives. World Health Organisation. Technical Report Series 683. 1982. ISBN92 4 120683 7
Effects on developmental toxicity
Description of key information
A weight of evidence approach based on the use of data from analogous substances has been used to assess the developmental toxicity of trisodium hydrogen diphosphate. A study on disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate was conducted on mice, rats, hamsters and rabbits (Morgareidge, 1973) and a study on tetrasodium pyrophosphate was conducted in mice and rats (Bailey, 1974). These studies are considered to be adequate to fulfil this endpoint as part of a weight of evidence approach. Potassium and sodium pyrophosphates are not considered to be developmental toxicants.
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
(1) The source and target substances are both inorganic salts of a monovalent cation from Group 1A of the periodic table, sodium or potassium, and pyrophosphoric acid. Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74- anion as common functional groups.
(2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74-anion.
(3) The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way. In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the genotoxicity of the substances therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: no data
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Adult female golden hamsters were mated with mature males (1:1). Observation of motile sperm in the vaginal smear was considered as Day 0 of gestation. Dosing by oral intubation with a control (Vehicle at level equivalent to group receiving the highest dose or aspirin at 250 mg/kg) or test article in a water suspension at 1.66, 7.71, 35.8 and 166.0 mg/kg was carried out daily on Days 6 to 10 of gestation. Observations of body weight, appearence, behaviour, and food consumption were performed. On Day 14 of gestation all dams underwent Caesarean section. Implantation sites, resorption sites and live/dead foetuses recorded. Body weights of live pups recorded. Genital tract of each dam examined for anatomical normality. All foetuses examined grossly for presence of external congenital abnormalities. One third foetuses of each litter underwent detailed visceral examination and the remaining two thirds were cleared in potassium hydroxide, stained with alizarin red S dye and examined for skeletal defects.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study predates GLP
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- hamster
- Strain:
- other: Golden
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Outbred
- Age at study initiation: No data
- Weight at study initiation: 122.2 - 133.4 g
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: Individually housed in mesh-bottomed cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: No data
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): No data
- Humidity (%): No data
IN-LIFE DATES: No data - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
VEHICLE: Water
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 1 mL/kg bw at doses equal to or below 250 mg/kg bw and 2 mL/kg at doses up to 500 mg/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: 1:1 mating
- Proof of pregnancy: appearence of motile sperm in vaginal smear - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 5 days (Day 6 to Day 10 of gestation)
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- 14 days
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Table 1 Number of animals dosed
Material Dose (mg/kg) Total
Mated Pregnant
Sham 0.0 22 20
Aspirin 250 22 21
FDA 71-81 1.66 22 20
7.71 24 20
35.8 22 21
166.0 22 22 - Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- other: positive control: 250 mg/kg aspirin
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Appearence, behaviour, food consumption and weight observed daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights recorded on days 0, 6, 8, 10 and 14.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 14
- Organs examined: uterus and genital tract - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No
- Number of corpora lutea: No
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of resorptions: Yes - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes
- Skeletal examinations: Yes
- Head examinations: Yes - Statistics:
- No data
- Indices:
- No data
- Historical control data:
- No
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 166 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 166 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, the test material administered to pregnant hamsters for 5 days up to a dose level of 166 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 166 mg/kg bw.
This study is considered to be adequate and reliable for the purpose of registration under REACH (Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006) and for classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) as part of a weight of evidence approach. - Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
(1) The source and target substances are both inorganic salts of a monovalent cation from Group 1A of the periodic table, sodium or potassium, and pyrophosphoric acid. Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74- anion as common functional groups.
(2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74-anion.
(3) The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way. In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the genotoxicity of the substances therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: no data
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Adult female albino CD-1 mice were mated with young adult males. Observation of a vaginal sperm plug was considered as Day 0 of gestation. Dosing by oral intubation with a control (Vehicle at level equivalent to group receiving the highest dose or aspirin at 150 mg/kg) or test article in a water suspension (10 mL/kg bw) at 3.35, 15.6, 72.3 and 335.0 mg/kg was carried out daily on Days 6 to 15 of gestation. Observations of body weight, appearence, behaviour, and food consumption were performed. On Day 17 of gestation all dams underwent Caesarean section. Implantation sites, resorption sites and live/dead foetuses recorded. Body weights of live pups recorded. Urogenital tract of each dam examined for anatomical normality. All foetuses examined grossly for presence of external congenital abnormalities. One third foetuses of each litter underwent detailed visceral examination and the remaining two thirds were cleared in potassium hydroxide, stained with alizarin red S dye and examined for skeletal defects.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study predates GLP
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- mouse
- Strain:
- other: albino CD-1
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Outbred
- Age at study initiation: No data
- Weight at study initiation: 26.3 - 29.3 g
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: Gang housing in disposable plastic cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: No data
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): No data
- Humidity (%): No data
IN-LIFE DATES: No data - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
VEHICLE: Water
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 10 mL/kg bodyweight - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: cohoused
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug referred to as day 0 of pregnancy - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 days (Day 6 to Day 15 of gestation)
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- 17 days
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Table 1 Number of animals dosed
Material Dose (mg/kg) Total
Mated Pregnant
Sham 0.0 25 25
Aspirin 150.0 24 21
FDA 71-61 3.35 25 23
15.6 25 23
72.3 24 23
335.0 25 22 - Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- other: positive control: 150 mg/kg aspirin
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Appearence, behaviour, food consumption and weight observed daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights recorded on days 0, 6, 11, 15 and 17.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 17
- Organs examined: uterus and urogenital tract - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No
- Number of corpora lutea: No
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of resorptions: Yes - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes: one third per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: one third per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: two thirds per litter
- Head examinations: Yes: two thirds per litter - Statistics:
- No data
- Indices:
- No data
- Historical control data:
- No
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 335 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 335 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, the test material administered to pregnant mice for 10 days up to a dose level of 335 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 335 mg/kg bw.
This study is considered to be adequate and reliable for the purpose of registration under REACH (Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006) and for classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) as part of a weight of evidence approach. - Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
(1) The source and target substances are both inorganic salts of a monovalent cation from Group 1A of the periodic table, sodium or potassium, and pyrophosphoric acid. Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74- anion as common functional groups.
(2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74-anion.
(3) The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way. In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the genotoxicity of the substances therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: no data
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Adult female Dutch-belted rabbits were dosed on Day 0 with a single injection of 0.4 mL human chorionic gonadotropin (400 IU) via the marginal ear vein. After three hours each doe was artificially inseminated with 0.3 mL diluted semen from a donor buck using 20 x 10E06 motile sperm. Dosing by oral intubation with a control (Vehicle at level equivalent to group receiving the highest dose) or test article in a water suspension at 1.28, 5.95, 27.6 and 128.0 mg/kg was carried out daily on Days 6 to 18 of gestation. The positive control 6-aminonicotinamide at 2.5 mg/kg was dosed on Day 9. Observations of body weight, appearence, behaviour, and food consumption were performed. On Day 29 all does underwent Caesarean section. Number of corpora lutea, implantation sites, resorption sites and live/dead foetuses recorded. Body weights of live pups recorded. Urogenital tract of each dam examined for anatomical normality. All foetuses examined grossly for presence of external congenital abnormalities. Live foetuses of each litter were then placed in an incubator for 24 hours for evaluation of neonatal survival. All pups underwent detailed visceral examination. All foetuses were cleared in potassium hydroxide, stained with alizarin red S dye and examined for skeletal defects.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study predates GLP
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rabbit
- Strain:
- Dutch
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Outbred
- Age at study initiation: No data
- Weight at study initiation: 2.17 - 2.51 kg
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: Individually housed in mesh-bottomed cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: No data
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): No data
- Humidity (%): No data
IN-LIFE DATES: No data - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
VEHICLE: Water
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 1 mL/kg bw at doses equal to or below 250 mg/kg bw and 2 mL/kg at doses up to 500 mg/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: artificial insemination
- Proof of pregnancy: No data - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 13 days (Day 6 to Day 18 of gestation)
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- 29 days
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Table 1 Number of animals dosed
Material Dose (mg/kg) Total
Mated Pregnant
Sham 0.0 17 11
6-AN 2.5 15 10
FDA 71-61 1.28 15 12
5.95 16 12
27.6 20 9
128.0 15 11 - Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- other: positive control: 2.5 mg/kg 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN)
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Appearence, behaviour, food consumption and weight observed daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights recorded on days 0, 6, 12, 18 and 29.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 29
- Organs examined: uterus and urogenital tract - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No
- Number of corpora lutea: Yes
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of resorptions: Yes - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes
- Skeletal examinations: Yes
- Head examinations: Yes - Statistics:
- No data
- Indices:
- No data
- Historical control data:
- No
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 128 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
No dose related response observed. - Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 128 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, the test material administered to pregnant rabbits for 13 days up to a dose level of 128 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 128 mg/kg bw.
This study is considered to be adequate and reliable for the purpose of registration under REACH (Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006) and for classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) as part of a weight of evidence approach. - Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- No data
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Justification for type of information:
- REPORTING FORMAT FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
1. HYPOTHESIS FOR THE ANALOGUE APPROACH
In accordance with REACH Annex XI, Section 1.5, of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the standard testing regime may be adapted in cases where a grouping or read-across approach has been applied.
The similarities may be based on:
(1) a common functional group
(2) the common precursors and/or the likelihood of common breakdown products via physical or biological processes, which result in structurally similar chemicals; or
(3) a constant pattern in the changing of the potency of the properties across the category
(1) The source and target substances are both inorganic salts of a monovalent cation from Group 1A of the periodic table, sodium or potassium, and pyrophosphoric acid. Thus, they all share the Na+ or K+ cation and the P2O74- anion as common functional groups.
(2) All members of the group will ultimately dissociate into the common breakdown products of the Na+ or K+ cations and the P2O74-anion.
(3) The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way. In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the genotoxicity of the substances therefore as the both ionic components of the substance are common the results of toxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
2. SOURCE AND TARGET CHEMICAL(S) (INCLUDING INFORMATION ON PURITY AND IMPURITIES)
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
3. ANALOGUE APPROACH JUSTIFICATION
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’.
4. DATA MATRIX
See read-across justification report under Section 13 ‘Assessment Reports’. - Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- read-across: supporting information
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: no data
- Deviations:
- not specified
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Adult female albino (Wistar derived stock) rats were mated with young adult males. Observation of a vaginal sperm plug was considered as Day 0 of gestation. Dosing by oral intubation with a control (Vehicle at level equivalent to group receiving the highest dose or aspirin at 250 mg/kg) or test article in a water suspension at 1.69, 9.24, 42.95 and 169.0 mg/kg was carried out daily on Days 6 to 15 of gestation. Observations of body weight, appearence, behaviour, and food consumption were performed. Daily room temperature was recorded. On Day 20 of gestation all dams underwent Caesarean section. Number of implantation sites, resorption sites and live/dead foetuses recorded. Body weights of live pups recorded. Urogenital tract of each dam examined for anatomical normality. All foetuses examined grossly for presence of external congenital abnormalities. One third foetuses of each litter underwent detailed visceral examination and the remaining two thirds were cleared in potassium hydroxide, stained with alizarin red S dye and examined for skeletal defects.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Remarks:
- Study predates GLP
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Outbred
- Age at study initiation: No data
- Weight at study initiation: 214 - 225 g
- Fasting period before study: No data
- Housing: Individual housing in mesh bottom cages
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: No data
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): Not recorded
- Humidity (%): Not recorded
IN-LIFE DATES: No data - Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- water
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
VEHICLE: Water
- Amount of vehicle (if gavage): 1 mL/kg bw at doses equal to or below 250 mg/kg bw and 2 mL/kg at doses up to 500 mg/kg bw - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on mating procedure:
- - Impregnation procedure: No data
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug referred to as day 0 of pregnancy - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 10 days (Day 6 to Day 15 of gestation)
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Duration of test:
- 20 days
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Table 1 Number of animals dosed
Material Dose (mg/kg) Total
Mated Pregnant
Sham 0.0 25 23
Aspirin 250.0 24 21
FDA 71-61 1.69 25 24
9.24 25 24
42.95 24 24
169.0 25 21 - Control animals:
- yes, sham-exposed
- other: positive control: 250 mg/kg aspirin
- Maternal examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Appearence, behaviour, food consumption and weight observed daily.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: No
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights recorded on days 0, 6, 11, 15 and 20.
POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS: Yes
- Sacrifice on gestation day 20
- Organs examined: uterus and urogenital tract - Ovaries and uterine content:
- The ovaries and uterine content was examined after termination: Yes
Examinations included:
- Gravid uterus weight: No
- Number of corpora lutea: No
- Number of implantations: Yes
- Number of resorptions: Yes - Fetal examinations:
- - External examinations: Yes: one third per litter
- Soft tissue examinations: Yes: one third per litter
- Skeletal examinations: Yes: two thirds per litter
- Head examinations: Yes: two thirds per litter - Statistics:
- No data
- Indices:
- No data
- Historical control data:
- No
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Maternal toxic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 169 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:no effects
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- > 169 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no effects observed
- Abnormalities:
- no effects observed
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, the test material administered to pregnant rats for 10 days up to a dose level of 169 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 169 mg/kg bw.
This study is considered to be adequate and reliable for the purpose of registration under REACH (Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006) and for classification and labelling in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 (EU CLP) as part of a weight of evidence approach.
Referenceopen allclose all
Dose (mg/kg) |
Sham |
Aspirin |
1.66 |
7.71 |
35.8 |
166.0 |
Pregnancies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
20 |
21 |
20 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
Died or aborted (before Day 14) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
To term (on Day 14) |
20 |
21 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
21 |
Live litters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
20 |
21 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
21 |
Implant Sites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
298 |
311 |
292 |
289 |
290 |
300 |
Average/dam* |
14.9 |
14.8 |
14.6 |
14.5 |
14.5 |
14.3 |
Resorptions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No* |
1 |
8 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
Dams with 1 or more sites resorbed |
1 |
6 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
5 |
Dams with all sites resorbed |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent partial resorptions |
5.00 |
28.6 |
5.00 |
5.00 |
5.00 |
23.8 |
Per cent complete resorptions |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Live foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No |
295 |
303 |
291 |
288 |
289 |
292 |
Average/dam* |
14.8 |
14.4 |
14.6 |
14.4 |
14.5 |
13.9 |
Sex ratio (M/F) |
0.89 |
0.94 |
0.81 |
0.78 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
Dead Foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Dams with 1 or more dead |
2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Dams with all dead |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent partial dead |
10.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent all dead |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Average foetus weight (g) |
1.70 |
1.72 |
1.72 |
1.82 |
1.82 |
1.75 |
* Includes only those dams examined at term
** Positive control: 250 mg/kg
Table 3 Summary of skeletal findings
Findings |
Dose (mg/kg) |
|||||
Sham |
Aspirin |
1.66 |
7.71 |
35.8 |
166.0 |
|
Live foetuses examined (at term) |
204/20 |
209/21 |
200/20 |
199/20 |
202/20 |
202/21 |
Sternebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
131/20 |
85/20 |
124/20 |
69/17 |
88/18 |
80/20 |
Scrambled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bipartite |
18/9 |
16/11 |
22/14 |
20/11 |
15/9 |
25/13 |
Fused |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
8/2 |
|
1/1 |
6/3 |
5/3 |
|
Missing |
53/14 |
48/13 |
49/12 |
39/10 |
33/10 |
51/14 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ribs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fused/split |
|
|
|
|
|
2/1 |
Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than 12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
More than 13 |
62/17 |
56/13 |
46/16 |
69/17 |
38/13 |
60/16 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vertebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
2/2 |
15/5 |
|
1/1 |
|
8/2 |
Scrambled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fused |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra ctrs. oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scoliosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tail defects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Skull |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete closure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Craniostosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extremities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
4/4 |
17/6 |
|
6/4 |
|
13/3 |
Missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyoid; missing |
6/6 |
14/6 |
5/4 |
4/2 |
2/1 |
13/3 |
Hyoid; reduced |
7/7 |
6/5 |
9/7 |
7/3 |
6/5 |
8/6 |
* Numerator = Number of foetuses affected; Denominator = Number of litters affected
** Positive control: 250 mg/kg
Table 4 Summary of soft tissue abnormalities
Material |
Dose level (mg/kg) |
Dam |
Number of pups |
Description |
Sham |
0.0 |
S 5908 |
1 |
Meningoencephalocele |
|
|
S 5914 |
1 |
Hydrocephalus |
Aspirin |
250.0 |
A 5912 |
1 |
Hepatomegaly |
FDA 71-61 |
1.66 |
M 5013 |
1 |
Hydrocephalus |
FDA 71-61 |
166.0 |
M 5092 |
4 |
Hydrocephalus |
|
|
|
2 |
Hydromyelia |
Table 2 Reproduction data
Dose (mg/kg) |
Sham |
Aspirin** |
3.35 |
15.6 |
72.3 |
335.0 |
Pregnancies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
25 |
21 |
23 |
23 |
23 |
22 |
Died or aborted (before Day 17) |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
To term (on Day 17) |
25 |
21 |
23 |
23 |
23 |
22 |
Live litters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
25 |
20 |
23 |
23 |
23 |
21 |
Implant Sites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
286 |
254 |
280 |
279 |
265 |
256 |
Average/dam* |
11.4 |
12.1 |
12.2 |
12.1 |
11.5 |
11.6 |
Resorptions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No* |
17 |
37 |
8 |
3 |
10 |
24 |
Dams with 1 or more sites resorbed |
10 |
13 |
6 |
2 |
9 |
9 |
Dams with all sites resorbed |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
Per cent partial resorptions |
40.0 |
61.9 |
26.1 |
8.70 |
39.1 |
40.9 |
Per cent complete resorptions |
-- |
4.76 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
4.55 |
Live foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No |
264 |
217 |
271 |
274 |
255 |
229 |
Average/dam* |
10.6 |
10.3 |
11.8 |
11.9 |
11.5 |
10.4 |
Sex ratio (M/F) |
0.96 |
0.75 |
0.75 |
0.73 |
0.82 |
0.84 |
Dead Foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
5 |
0 |
1 |
2 |
0 |
3 |
Dams with 1 or more dead |
4 |
-- |
1 |
2 |
-- |
3 |
Dams with all dead |
0 |
-- |
0 |
0 |
-- |
0 |
Per cent partial dead |
16.0 |
-- |
4.35 |
8.70 |
-- |
13.6 |
Per cent all dead |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Average foetus weight (g) |
0.88 |
0.84 |
0.84 |
0.89 |
0.86 |
0.85 |
* Includes only those dams examined at term
** Positive control: 150 mg/kg
Table 3 Summary of skeletal findings
Findings |
Dose (mg/kg) |
|||||
Sham |
Aspirin** |
3.35 |
15.6 |
72.3 |
335.0 |
|
Live foetuses examined (at term) |
183/25 |
154/20 |
188/23 |
190/23 |
176/23 |
159/21 |
Sternebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
23/10 |
34/13 |
19/11 |
45/13 |
33/13 |
29/9 |
Scrambled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bipartite |
5/4 |
6/5 |
9/7 |
10/9 |
5/3 |
9/6 |
Fused |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
1/1 |
Missing |
35/14 |
26/11 |
27/11 |
39/8 |
30/10 |
14/6 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ribs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
|
|
3/1 |
|
2/1 |
|
Fused/split |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
|
Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than 12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
More than 13 |
12/7 |
37/15 |
34/15 |
32/14 |
38/11 |
31/15 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vertebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
4/3 |
9/5 |
12/4 |
8/3 |
4/2 |
4/2 |
Scrambled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fused |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra ctrs. oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scoliosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tail defects |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Skull |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete closure |
|
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
Missing |
|
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
Craniostosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other; facial bones, inc |
|
|
|
1/1 |
|
|
Extremities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
4/3 |
6/4 |
12/6 |
7/3 |
7/3 |
4/2 |
Missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyoid; missing |
29/12 |
35/15 |
39/15 |
52/16 |
46/15 |
33/13 |
Hyoid; reduced |
17/13 |
23/13 |
24/12 |
18/10 |
17/13 |
23/10 |
* Numerator = Number of foetuses affected; Denominator = Number of litters affected
** Positive control: 150 mg/kg
Table 4 Summary of soft tissue abnormalities
Material |
Dose level (mg/kg) |
Dam |
Number of pups |
Description |
Aspirin |
150.0 |
A 3911 |
1 |
Microblepharia Gastroschisis |
FDA 71-61 |
3.35 |
M 3010 |
1 |
Umbilical hernia |
FDA 71-61 |
15.6 |
M3033 |
1 |
Umbilical hernia |
|
|
M 3053 |
1 |
Hydrocephalus |
FDA 71-61 |
72.3 |
M3078 |
1 |
Hydrocephalus |
Table 2 Reproduction data
Dose (mg/kg) |
Sham |
6-AN |
1.28 |
5.95 |
27.6 |
128.0 |
Pregnancies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
11 |
10 |
12 |
12 |
9 |
11 |
Died or aborted (before Day 29) |
1 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
To term (on Day 29) |
10 |
10 |
12 |
10 |
9 |
11 |
Corpora Lutea |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total no. |
175 |
132 |
146 |
191 |
140 |
159 |
Average/dam mated |
14.6 |
12.0 |
12.2 |
13.6 |
9.33 |
12.2 |
Live litters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
10 |
6 |
12 |
9 |
9 |
11 |
Implant Sites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
53 |
42 |
70 |
64 |
44 |
80 |
Average/dam* |
5.30 |
4.20 |
5.83 |
6.40 |
4.89 |
7.27 |
Resorptions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No* |
-- |
18 |
3 |
9 |
1 |
7 |
Dams with 1 or more sites resorbed |
-- |
6 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
5 |
Dams with all sites resorbed |
-- |
4 |
-- |
1 |
-- |
-- |
Per cent partial resorptions |
-- |
60.0 |
16.7 |
30.0 |
11.1 |
45.5 |
Per cent complete resorptions |
-- |
40.0 |
-- |
10.0 |
-- |
-- |
Live foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No |
52 |
19 |
67 |
55 |
43 |
73 |
Average/dam* |
5.20 |
1.90 |
5.58 |
5.50 |
4.78 |
6.64 |
Sex ratio (M/F) |
0.73 |
5.00 |
0.63 |
1.04 |
1.26 |
0.92 |
Dead Foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
1 |
5 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
73 |
Dams with 1 or more dead |
1 |
2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Dams with all dead |
-- |
-- |
- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent partial dead |
10.0 |
20.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent all dead |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Average foetus weight (g) |
42.2 |
29.7 |
37.0 |
36.0 |
40.0 |
35.8 |
* Includes only those dams examined at term
** Positive control: 2.5 mg/kg 6-AN dosed on Day 9
Table 3 Summary of skeletal findings
Findings |
Dose (mg/kg) |
|||||
Sham |
6-AN |
1.28 |
5.95 |
27.6 |
128.0 |
|
Live foetuses examined (at term) |
52/10 |
19/6 |
67/12 |
55/9 |
43/9 |
72/11a |
Sternebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
2/2 |
1/1 |
|
1/1 |
2/2 |
|
Scrambled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bipartite |
|
1/1 |
|
1/1 |
|
1/1 |
Fused |
|
3/2 |
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
1/1 |
2/1 |
|
|
6/4 |
Missing |
|
2/2 |
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ribs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fused/split |
|
5/2 |
|
|
3/1 |
|
Wavy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Less than 12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
More than 13 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vertebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scrambled |
|
4/2 |
|
|
|
|
Fused |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra ctrs. oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scoliosis |
|
4/3 |
|
|
|
|
Tail defects |
|
13/4 |
|
|
1/1 |
1/1 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Skull |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete closure |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
|
Missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Craniostosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other; facial bones, inc |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
|
Extremities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
* Numerator = Number of foetuses affected; Denominator = Number of litters affected
** Positive control: 2.5 mg/kg 6-AN dosed on Day 9
a One pup lost in processing
Table 4 Summary of soft tissue abnormalities
Material |
Dose level (mg/kg) |
Dam |
Number of pups |
Description |
6-AN |
2.5 |
Z 6479 |
1 |
Medial rotation of hind limbs |
|
|
Z 6488 |
1 |
Medial rotation of hind limbs |
|
|
Z 6489 |
1 |
Siamese pups (combined stomach and head) |
|
|
Z 6490 |
3 |
Anopia, Medial rotation of hind limbs |
|
|
|
2 |
Anopia |
FDA 71-61 |
27.6 |
M 6051 |
2 |
Anopia |
Dose (mg/kg) |
Sham |
Aspirin |
1.69 |
9.24 |
42.95 |
169.0 |
Pregnancies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No. |
23 |
21 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
21 |
Died or aborted (before Day 20) |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
To term (on Day 20) |
23 |
20 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
21 |
Live litters |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
23 |
18 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
21 |
Implant Sites |
|
|
293 |
|
|
|
Total No. |
283 |
234 |
12.2 |
284 |
287 |
254 |
Average/dam* |
12.3 |
11.7 |
|
11.8 |
12.0 |
12.1 |
Resorptions |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No* |
4 |
35 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
-- |
Dams with 1 or more sites resorbed |
2 |
5 |
4 |
4 |
3 |
-- |
Dams with all sites resorbed |
-- |
2 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent partial resorptions |
8.70 |
25.0 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
12.5 |
-- |
Per cent complete resorptions |
-- |
10.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Live foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No |
279 |
197 |
288 |
280 |
283 |
254 |
Average/dam* |
12.1 |
9.85 |
12.0 |
11.7 |
11.8 |
12.1 |
Sex ratio (M/F) |
1.08 |
0.80 |
1.27 |
1.00 |
0.98 |
1.03 |
Dead Foetuses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total No.* |
-- |
2 |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Dams with 1 or more dead |
-- |
2 |
1 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Dams with all dead |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent partial dead |
-- |
10.0 |
4.17 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Per cent all dead |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
-- |
Average foetus weight (g) |
3.65 |
2.41 |
3.71 |
3.78 |
3.78 |
3.75 |
* Includes only those dams examined at term
** Positive control: 250 mg/kg
Table 3 Summary of skeletal findings
Findings |
Dose (mg/kg) |
|||||
Sham |
Aspirin |
1.69 |
9.24 |
42.95 |
169.0 |
|
Live foetuses examined (at term) |
191/23 |
137/18 |
198/24 |
193/24 |
196/24 |
176/21 |
Sternebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
71/20 |
86/16 |
83/19 |
54/19 |
61/16 |
47/17 |
Scrambled |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bipartite |
|
7/5 |
|
|
2/2 |
4/3 |
Fused |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Missing |
7/6 |
117/7 |
9/7 |
15/8 |
1/1 |
5/4 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ribs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
1/1 |
3/2 |
3/2 |
|
|
1/1 |
Fused/split |
|
14/4 |
|
|
|
|
Wavy |
14/8 |
54/14 |
34/9 |
12/7 |
15/8 |
13/8 |
Less than 12 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
More than 13 |
1/1 |
89/15 |
6/5 |
3/3 |
|
6/5 |
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vertebrae |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
6/5 |
120/17 |
12/4 |
21/11 |
5/4 |
10/8 |
Scrambled |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
|
Fused |
|
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
Extra ctrs. oss. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Scoliosis |
|
3/3 |
|
|
|
|
Tail defects |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Skull |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete closure |
23/10 |
60/13 |
50/16 |
31/12 |
25/13 |
20/11 |
Missing |
|
9/4 |
|
|
|
|
Craniostosis |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other |
|
1/1 |
|
|
|
|
Extremities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incomplete oss. |
|
4/3 |
|
|
|
|
Missing |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Extra |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hyoid; missing |
19/11 |
69/17 |
37/15 |
14/9 |
26/13 |
7/6 |
Hyoid; reduced |
7/5 |
20/8 |
38/14 |
27/12 |
35/16 |
28/12 |
* Numerator = Number of foetuses affected; Denominator = Number of litters affected
** Positive control: 250 mg/kg
Table 4 Summary of soft tissue abnormalities
Material |
Dose level (mg/kg) |
Dam |
Number of pups |
Description |
Aspirin |
250.0 |
A 4910 |
1 |
Encepalomyelocele |
|
|
A 4913 |
1 |
Exencephaly; exophthalmos |
|
|
A 4917 |
1 |
Renal agenesis |
|
|
A 4921 |
1 |
Encephalomyelocele; gastroschisis |
|
|
A 4923 |
3 |
Encephalomyelocele |
|
|
|
1 |
Exophthalmos; gastroschisis |
|
|
A 4925 |
2 |
Encepalomyelocele |
FDA 71-61 |
42.95 |
M 4076 |
1 |
Gastroschisis |
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Additional information
READ-ACROSS JUSTIFICATION:
Read-across between the following sodium and potassium pyrophosphates;
- disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate
- trisodium hydrogen pyrophosphate
- tetrasodium pyrophosphate
- tetrapotassium pyrophosphate
Can be justified on the following basis; All substance contain a pyrophosphate anion and either a sodium or a potassium cation.
The pyrophosphate ion is the simplest form of a condensed phosphate group. A condensed phosphate anion has one or several P-O-P bonds. As the group contains only two phosphate groups, both of the phosphorus ions are classified as “terminal phosphorus”. The pyrophosphate can undergo ionisation with loss of H+ from each of the two –OH groups on each P and therefore can occur in the -1, -2 -3 or -4 state. The degree of ionisation is dependent upon the associated cations and the ambient pH (if in solution). Therefore the above substances have a pyrophosphate anion that is likely to behave in a similar way.
In addition, the sodium and potassium cations are key elements in various cellular processes their import and export over cell membranes is regulated via pore systems and usually tightly regulated. As such, the presence of varying quantities of such cations is not expected to have an impact on the genotoxicity of the substances detailed above therefore as the pyrophosphate anion is common the results of genotoxicity studies can be reliably read-across within the group.
Justification for selection of Effect on developmental
toxicity: via oral route:
No selection made for the following reason: In accordance with Annex
XI, Section 1.2 of Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH) the endpoint
for 'developmental toxicity' has been fulfilled using a weight of
evidence approach with data on disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate and
tetrasodium pyrophosphate on a number of tests animal species. As this
data concludes that no adverse effects were noted in any of the test
animals it is not considered possible to select one endpoint that
defines the endpoint conclusion.
Justification for classification or non-classification
he following results were reported on the analogous substances:
Under the conditions of the study on tetrasodium pyrophosphate,administered to pregnant mice for 10 days up to a dose level of 130 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 130 mg/kg bw.
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate administered to pregnant rats for 10 days up to a dose level of 138 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 138 mg/kg bw.
Under the conditions of the study on disodium dihydrogenpyrophosphate, the test material administered to pregnant mice for 10 days up to a dose level of 335 mg/kg bw showed no maternal or developmental toxicity. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity in mice is > 335 mg/kg bw. When the test material was administered to pregnant rats for 10 days up to a dose level of 169 mg/kg bw no maternal toxicity or developmental toxicity was observed. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 169 mg/kg bw.
When the test material was administered to pregnant hamsters for 10 days up to a dose level of 166 mg/kg bw no maternal toxicity or developmental toxicity was observed. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 166 mg/kg bw.
When the test material was administered to pregnant rabbits for 10 days up to a dose level of 128 mg/kg bw no maternal toxicity or developmental toxicity was observed. The NOAEL for both maternal and foetal toxicity is > 128 mg/kg bw.
It is not considered to be scientifically justified to further investigate the effects of trisodium hydrogen diphosphate on reprotoxicity, developmental or maternal toxicity and as such no classification is proposed for this endpoint and no further studies are deemed necessary.
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
