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Reference
Endpoint:
other: Minimum Ignition Temperature in cloud (MITcloud), Minimum Ignition Concentration (MIC) and Lower Oxygen Concentration (LOC)
Type of information:
experimental study
Adequacy of study:
key study
Study period:
From 19/06/2018 to 30/10/2018
Reliability:
1 (reliable without restriction)
Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
guideline study
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: VDI recommendations (Ref: VDI Richtlinien 2263 /Dust fire and Dust explosions /test methods for the determination of the safety characteristic of dusts Mai 1990)
Version / remarks:
May 1990
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: EN 14034-2
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: EN 14034-3
Qualifier:
according to guideline
Guideline:
other: EN 14034-4
GLP compliance:
no
Results:
- Minimum Ignition Temperature in cloud (MITcloud) measurement:
No inflammation was obtained, even at the maximum oven temperature of 600°C. Minimum Ignition Temperature (cloud) > 600°C (see Table 2 in the field "Any other information on results incl. tables").

- Minimum Ignition Concentration (MIC) measurement:
The Minimum Ignition Concentration (MIC) of cerium oxide dust was greater than 2000 g/m3 (see Table 3). The cerium oxide dust is not explosive.

- Lower Oxygen Concentration (LOC) measurement:
* Particle size distribution results: As a pre-requisite to the LOC measurement, the particle size distribution was determined. The median value was 5 µm and 100% of particles presented a size < 32 µm (see Table 4 and Figure 1).
* LOC results: The test results were negative and the cerium oxide dust is not explosive (see Table 5).

Table 1. Results summary

Sample  Particle size  Moisture (%)  MITcloud (°C)  MIC (g/m3)  LOC (%) 
 Cerium oxide nano  "as received" (100% < 63 µm; Median value= 5 µm), details are reported in Table 4

0.83 (MITcloud at 80°C)

0.21 (MIC at 80°C)

0.93 (LOC at 105°C)

  > 600 (Table 2)  > 2000 (Table 3) Not explosive (Table 5)

Table 2. Results of MIT in cloud measurement

Temperature (°C)  Dust volume (mL)  Result (+ or -)  Remarks 
 600  5 mL  -  No ignition
 600  5 mL  -  No ignition
 600  5 mL  -  No ignition
 600  2.5 mL  -  No ignition
 600  2.5 mL  -  No ignition
 600  2.5 mL  -  No ignition
 600  1.25 mL  -  No ignition
 600  1.25 mL  -  No ignition
 600  1.25 mL  -  No ignition

Table 3. Results of MIC measurement

Test  Series  Conc. (g/m3)  Pm (bar)  dP/dt (bar/s)  tv eff (ms)   
 1  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 2  1  250  .0  0  61  No effect
 3  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 4  1  500 .0  0  61  No effect
 5  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 6  1  1000  .0  0  60  No effect
 7  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 8  1  750  .0  0  61  No effect
 9  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 10  1  1250  .0  0  60  No effect
 11  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 12  1  1500  .0  0  60  No effect
 13  1  0  .0  0  60  No effect
 14  1  2000  .0  0  60  No effect

Table 4. Particle size distribution

 Particle size diameter (µm)  Volume % <  Volume % >  Volume %
 0  0  100  86.8
 10  86.8  13.2  12.4
 20  99.2  0.79  0.74
 25  99.9  0.057  0.056
 32  100  0.00014  0.00014
 50  100  0  0
 63  100  0  0
 71  100  0  0
 75  100  0  0
 90  100  0  0
 100 100  0  

Table 5. Results of LOC measurement

Test  Series  Conc. (g/m3)  Pm (bar)  dP/dt (bar/s)  tv eff (ms)   O2 (%)  Ignition energy= 2 x 1kJ
 1  1  0  .0  0  60  20.8  control
 2  1  60  .0  0  60  20.8  
 3  1  125  .0  0  60  20.8  
 4  1  250  .0  0  60  20.8  
 5  1  500  .0  0  60  20.8  
 6  1  750  .0  0  60  20.8  
 7  1  1000  .0  0  60  20.8  
 8  1  1250  .0  0  60  20.8  
 9  1  1500  .0  0  60  20.8  
 10  1  1750  .0  0  60  20.8  
 11  1  2000  .0  0  59  20.8  
Conclusions:
The Minimum Ignition Temperature in cloud (MITcloud) of cerium oxide was greater than 600°C because no inflammation was obtained until this maximum oven temperature.
The Minimum Ignition Concentration (MIC) was greater than 2000 g/m3.
The result of the Lower Oxygen Concentration (LOC) measurement was negative.
Thus, the cerium oxide dust is not explosive.
Executive summary:

The dust flammability of cerium dioxide was investigated in a non-GLP compliant study through the determination of the following parameters:

- Minimum Ignition Temperature in cloud (MITcloud) according to VDI Recommendation (VDI Richtlinien  2263 / Dust fire and Dust explosions / test methods for the determination of the safety characteristic of dusts Mai 1990).

- Minimum Ignition concentration (MIC) according to PR EN 14034-2 Standard.

- Lower oxygen concentration (LOC) according to VDI 2263 Standard.

The Minimum Ignition Temperature in cloud (MITcloud) of cerium oxide was greater than 600°C because no inflammation was obtained until this maximum oven temperature. The Minimum Ignition Concentration (MIC) was greater than 2000 g/m3. The result of the Lower Oxygen Concentration (LOC) measurement was negative.

Thus, the cerium oxide dust is not explosive.

Description of key information

The dust is not explosive.

Additional information

One dust explosiveness study was performed on the nano form of cerium dioxide. It was scored as Klimisch 1 and selected as a key study. It concludes that the dust is not explosive.